The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION AT COLUMBUS
EDWARD L. YOUNG,
Petitioner, : Case No. 2:24-cv-1564
- vs - District Judge Michael H. Watson
Magistrate Judge Michael R. Merz
WILLIAM COOL, WARDEN, Ross
Correctional Institution,
:
Respondent.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This habeas corpus case, brought pro se by Petitioner Edward Young pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, is before the Court for decision on the merits on the following filings: the Petition (ECF
No. 1), the State Court Record (ECF No. 8), and the Return of Writ (ECF No. 9). Although the
Court set a reply deadline and extended it on Petitioner’s Motion to December 1, 2024 (ECF No.
12), Petitioner failed to file a reply by the deadline, which has now passed. The case is therefore
ripe for decision.
Litigation History
On February 1, 2021, a Coshocton County Grand Jury indicted Petitioner on two counts of
aggravated murder and one count of having weapons while under disability. (Indictment, State Court
Record, ECF No. 8, Ex. 1). The victims were Joshua Jones, Petitioner’s brother-in-law (Count One)
and his spouse Martha Young (Count Two). Each aggravated murder count contained a firearm
specification, a repeat violent offender specification, and a forfeiture of a weapon specification. Id.
Petitioner initially pleaded not guilty, later changed his plea to not guilty by reason of insanity, and
then withdrew the NGRI plea after the trial court disallowed it because he had refused to participate in
a mental evaluation. A trial jury found Petitioner guilty on all counts and specifications, but the
forfeiture and repeat violent offender specifications were dismissed post-verdict. Young was sentenced
to consecutive terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the murder of his spouse
and brother-in-law, and three years for each of the firearm specifications (Judgment, State Court
Record 8, Ex. 12).
Represented by new counsel, Petitioner appealed to the Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals,
raising the following Assignments of Error:
1. The trial court erred and deprived appellant of due process of
law as guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment to the United
States Constitution and Article One Section Ten of the Ohio
Constitution by finding him guilty of aggravated murder and
having weapons while under disability as those verdicts were not
supported by sufficient evidence and were also against the
manifest of the evidence.
2. The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by closing and
locking the courtroom during his jury trial, in violation of his
right to a public trial and due process of law pursuant to the Sixth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
and Article One Section Ten of the Ohio Constitution.
3. The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by permitting
testimony at his jury trial in violation of Doyle v. Ohio, thereby
depriving him of due process of law pursuant to the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and
Article One Section Ten of the Ohio Constitution.
4. Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective thereby depriving him
of the right to effective assistance of counsel pursuant to the
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution.
(Appellant’s Brief, State Court Record, ECF No. 8, Ex. 14, PageID 83). The Fifth District overruled
these assignments of error and affirmed the conviction. State v. Young, 2022-Ohio-4726 (Ohio App.
5th Dist. Dec. 28, 2022). The Ohio Supreme Court declined jurisdiction over a subsequent appeal.
State v. Young, 169 Ohio St.3d 1491 (2023).
On March 27, 2023, Young filed a pro se application to reopen his appeal pursuant to App. R.
26(B). (State Court Record, ECF No. 8, Ex. 22). Young claimed ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel when counsel failed to raise the following assignments of error:
1. Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to move
to bifurcate the charge of having a weapon while under disability
denying Appellant’s right to a fair trial in violation of the Fifth,
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Art. I Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.
2. Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to object
to autopsy photos of the deceased being introduced during trial
and submitted to the jury for deliberations violating Appellant’s
right to effective assistance of counsel and denying Appellant’s
right to a fair trial in violation of the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution and Art. I Section
10 of the Ohio Constitution.
3. Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to request
that Juror No. 10 be replaced by an alternate for sleeping during
trial violating Appellant’s right to effective assistance of counsel
and denying Appellant’s right to a fair trial in violation of the
Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Art. I Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.
4. The cumulative effect of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
deprived the Appellant of a fair trial in violation of the Fifth,
Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Art. I Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.
Id. The Fifth District denied relief and the docket does not reflect a further appeal to the Supreme
Court of Ohio.
Petitioner filed his Petition in this Court by depositing it in the prison mailing system on
March 25, 2024 (ECF No. 1, PageID 15). He pleads the following Grounds for Relief:
Ground One: The trial court erred and deprived Appellant of due
process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution and Article One Section Ten of the Ohio
Constitution by finding him guilty of aggravated murder and having
weapons while under disability as those verdicts were not supported
by sufficient evidence and were also against the manifest weight of
the evidence.
Ground Two: The trial court erred to the prejudice of Appellant by
closing and locking the courtroom during his jury trial, in violation
of his right to a public trial and due process of law pursuant to the
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
and Article One Section Ten of the Ohio Constitution.
Ground Three: A criminal Defendant’s right to due process of law
pursuant to the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United
States Constitution and Article One Section Ten of the Ohio
Constitution, is violated where the State elicits testimony reflecting
the Defendant’s invocation of his right to legal counsel.
Ground Four: Trial Counsel was ineffective in failing to object to
substantive violations of the Defendant’s constitutional rights,
where those objections would have likely led to a different outcome
which is a denial of the right to due process and effective assistance
of trial counsel, as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments of United States Constitution and the Ohio
Constitution.
(Petition, ECF No. 1).
Analysis
Ground One: Sufficiency and Weight of the Evidence
In his First Ground for Relief, Petitioner claims he was convicted on insufficient evidence and
against the manifest weight of the evidence in violation of both the Ohio and federal Constitutions.
Federal habeas corpus is available only to correct federal constitutional violations. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(a); Wilson v. Corcoran, 562 U.S. 1 (2010); Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 780
(1990); Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209 (1982), Barclay v. Florida, 463 U.S. 939 (1983). "[I]t is
not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state court determinations on state law
questions. In conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a conviction
violated the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62,
67-68 (1991); see also Elmendorf v. Taylor, 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 152, 160 (1825)(Marshall C. J.);
Bickham v. Winn, 888 F.3d 248 (6th Cir. Apr. 23, 2018)(Thapar, J. concurring). The Magistrate
Judge will therefore not attempt to analyze Petitioner’s claims of violation of the Ohio Constitution
in either this or the other Grounds for Relief.
A conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence does not violate the United States
Constitution and therefore a claim to that effect is not cognizable in federal habeas corpus.
Johnson v. Havener, 534 F.2d 1232 (6th Cir. 1986). This Report will therefore not attempt to
analyze Petitioner’s manifest weight claim.
An allegation that a verdict was entered upon insufficient evidence does state a claim under
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970); Johnson v. Coyle, 200 F.3d
987, 991 (6th Cir. 2000); Bagby v. Sowders, 894 F.2d 792, 794 (6th Cir. 1990)(en banc). In order
for a conviction to be constitutionally sound, every element of the crime must be proved beyond a
reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 364.
[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt . . . . This familiar standard gives full play to the
responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, to weigh the evidence and to draw reasonable inferences
from basic facts to ultimate facts.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 319; Smith v. Nagy, 962 F.3d 192, 205 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting
Jackson). This standard “must be applied with explicit reference to the substantive elements of
the criminal offense as defined by state law.” Id. (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324). This rule
was recognized in Ohio law at State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259 (1991). Of course, it is state law
which determines the elements of offenses; but once the state has adopted the elements, it must
then prove each of them beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winship, supra. A sufficiency challenge
should be assessed against the elements of the crime, not against the elements set forth in an
erroneous jury instruction. Musacchio v. United States, 577 U.S. 237 (2016).
In cases such as Petitioner’s challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and filed after
enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Pub. L. No 104-132, 110
Stat. 1214)(the “AEDPA”), two levels of deference to state decisions are required:
In an appeal from a denial of habeas relief, in which a petitioner
challenges the constitutional sufficiency of the evidence used to
convict him, we are thus bound by two layers of deference to groups
who might view facts differently than we would. First, as in all
sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges, we must determine
whether, viewing the trial testimony and exhibits in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L.
Ed. 2d 560 (1979). In doing so, we do not reweigh the evidence, re-
evaluate the credibility of witnesses, or substitute our judgment for
that of the jury. See United States v. Hilliard, 11 F.3d 618, 620 (6th
Cir. 1993). Thus, even though we might have not voted to convict a
defendant had we participated in jury deliberations, we must uphold
the jury verdict if any rational trier of fact could have found the
defendant guilty after resolving all disputes in favor of the
prosecution. Second, even were we to conclude that a rational trier
of fact could not have found a petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt, on habeas review, we must still defer to the state appellate
court's sufficiency determination as long as it is not unreasonable.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d 191, 205 (6th Cir. 2009). In a sufficiency of the evidence habeas corpus
case, deference should be given to the trier-of-fact's verdict under Jackson v. Virginia and then to
the appellate court's consideration of that verdict, as commanded by AEDPA. Tucker v. Palmer,
541 F.3d 652 (6th Cir. 2008); accord Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 531 (6th Cir. 2011)(en banc);
Parker v. Matthews, 567 U.S. 37, 43 (2012).
Petitioner raised his evidentiary claims together in his first Assignment of Error on direct
appeal and the Fifth District decided it as follows:
{¶20} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues his
convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence and are against
the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.
{¶21} The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight
of the evidence are both quantitatively and qualitatively different.
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d
541, paragraph two of the syllabus. The standard of review for a
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is set forth in State v.
Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991) at paragraph two
of the syllabus, in which the Ohio Supreme Court held, “An
appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence
admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed,
would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Thus, an appellate court's role
is limited. It does not ask whether the evidence should be believed
or assess the evidence's “credibility or effect in inducing belief.”
State v. Jones, 166 Ohio St.3d 85, 2021-Ohio-3311, 182 N.E.3d
1161, reconsideration denied, 165 Ohio St.3d 1458, 2021-Ohio-
4033, 176 N.E.3d 767, and cert. denied, 213 L.Ed.2d 1005, 142
S.Ct. 2766, citing State v. Richardson, 150 Ohio St.3d 554, 2016-
Ohio-8448, 84 N.E.3d 993, ¶ 13, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at
386, 678 N.E.2d 541. Instead, it asks whether the evidence against
a defendant, if believed, supports the conviction. Id., citing
Thompkins at 390, 678 N.E.2d 541 (Cook, J., concurring).
{¶22} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest
weight of the evidence, the court of appeals functions as the
“thirteenth juror,” and after “reviewing the entire record, weighs the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of
witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be overturned, and a
new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.
Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the
evidence and ordering a new trial should be reserved for only the
“exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the
conviction.” Id.
{¶23} Appellant was found guilty of two counts of aggravated
murder pursuant to R.C. 2903.01(A), which states in pertinent part,
“No person shall purposely, and with prior calculation and design,
cause the death of another.” “ ‘Prior calculation and design’ are not
defined in the Revised Code but is more than just an instantaneous
decision to kill; it encompasses planning ‘a scheme designed to
carry out the calculated decision to cause the death.’ ” State v.
Calvert, 5th Dist. Guernsey No. 03CA19, 2004-Ohio-6366, ¶ 49,
citing State v. Jones, 91 Ohio St.3d 335, 348, 2001-Ohio-57, 744
N.E.2d 1163, internal citations omitted. Prior calculation and design
are considered “a more stringent element than premeditation.” Id.,
citing State v. Green, 90 Ohio St.3d 352, 357, 738 N.E.2d 1208,
internal citation omitted.
{¶24} Appellant argues there is no evidence of prior calculation and
design in the instant case; he did not recall the murders and his
motive was unclear, and he asserts that “* * *the shootings appear
to be the instantaneous result of an argument between the three
parties.” Brief, 4.
{¶25} In State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 18–20, 676 N.E.2d 82,
88–89 (1997), the Ohio Supreme Court considered the meaning of
“prior calculation and design,” noting the following at page 19:
* * * *
According to [the 1973 Technical Committee Comment to
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 511, a Legislative Service Commission
summary], “the phrase ‘prior calculation and design’ [was
employed] to indicate studied care in planning or analyzing
the means of the crime as well as a scheme encompassing
the death of the victim. Neither the degree of care nor the
length of time * * * are critical factors in themselves, but
they must amount to more than momentary deliberation.”
In State v. Cotton (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 8, 10 O.O.3d 4,
381 N.E.2d 190, at paragraph one of the syllabi, we agreed
that “ ‘prior calculation and design’ is a more stringent
element than the ‘deliberate and premeditated malice’
which was required under prior law.” The General
Assembly's apparent intention “was to require more than
the few moments of deliberation permitted in common law
interpretations of the former murder statute, and to require
a scheme designed to implement the calculated decision to
kill.” Id., 56 Ohio St.2d at 11, 10 O.O.3d at 6, 381 N.E.2d
at 193. Also, in Cotton, at paragraph two of the syllabus,
we held that “[i]nstantaneous deliberation is not sufficient
to constitute ‘prior calculation and design.’ ”
* * * *.
In State v. Jenkins, 48 Ohio App.2d at 102, 2 O.O.3d at 75,
355 N.E.2d at 828, the court of appeals found three factors
important in determining whether prior calculation and
design exists: (1) Did the accused and victim know each
other, and if so, was that relationship strained? (2) Did the
accused give thought or preparation to choosing the murder
weapon or murder site? and (3) Was the act drawn out or
“an almost instantaneous eruption of events”?
Our review of the preceding cited cases convinces us that
it is not possible to formulate a bright-line test that
emphatically distinguishes between the presence or
absence of “prior calculation and design.” Instead, each
case turns on the particular facts and evidence presented at
trial.
State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 19, 676 N.E.2d 82 (1997).
{¶26} In the instant case, appellant knew both victims well, and his
relationship with Jane had become strained over appellant's belief
that Jane had an incestuous relationship with John, an allegation he
made to Andrews and to which he obliquely referred when Mary
found him at the bottom of the steps, standing over John's body.
{¶27} The evidence admitted at trial also showed deliberation and
planning. Appellant told Andrews he recalled Jane leaving the house
in the direction of John's house; appellant re-entered the residence
before following her. Police found an empty firearm case in
appellant's house with the make, model, and serial number matching
the weapon that killed Jane and John.
{¶28} The final issue is whether appellant acted with “more than
momentary deliberation,” or whether the act was “an almost
instantaneous eruption of events.” Taylor, supra. * * * *. Appellant
retrieved the weapon, followed Jane to John's residence, and argued
with both before he shot them. “Prior calculation and design can be
found even when the killer quickly conceived and executed the plan
to kill within a few minutes,” State v. Coley, 93 Ohio St.3d 253, 264,
754 N.E.2d 1129 (2001), as long as the killer's actions “went beyond
a momentary impulse and show that he was determined to complete
a specific course of action,” State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214,
2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 46. Appellant fired ten shots
inside John's residence, and one was to John's head. A shot to the
head at close range “bespeaks a calculated, execution-style murder.”
State v. Campbell, 90 Ohio St.3d 320, 330, 738 N.E.2d 1178, 1193
(2000), citing State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio St.3d 543, 570, 687 N.E.2d
685 (1997).
{¶29} Although “the events here took place in short order,” a juror
could reasonably infer appellant “had adopted and carried out a plan
to kill.” Jones, supra, 2021-Ohio-3311, at ¶ 26. Appellee presented
sufficient evidence of prior calculation and design, and the jury did
not lose its way in finding appellant guilty of aggravated murder.
{¶30} Appellant's convictions upon two counts of aggravated
murder are supported by sufficient evidence and are not against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant's first assignment of
error is overruled.
State v. Young, supra.
Under the AEDPA when a state court decides a federal constitutional issue on the merits,
its decision is entitled to deference unless it is an objectively unreasonable application of clearly
established federal law as embodied in precedent from the United States Supreme Court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1). The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized the authority of Jackson in Jenks, supra.
Upon review under § 2254(d)(1), the Magistrate Judge concludes the Fifth District’s decision is
not an objectively unreasonable application of Jackson, particularly in the absence of a reply by
Petitioner. Ground One is without merit.
Ground Two: Denial of Right to Public Trial
In his Second Ground for Relief, Petitioner asserts he was denied his right to a public trial
when the trial judge prohibited ingress and egress from the courtroom during testimony of the
deputy coroner.
Petitioner presented this claim as his Second Assignment of Error on direct appeal and the
Fifth District decided it as follows:
{¶31} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues the trial
court committed structural error in closing the courtroom to the
public during the testimony of the coroner. We disagree.
{¶32} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as
applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees
that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right
to a speedy and public trial.” Section 10, Article I of the Ohio
Constitution also guarantees an accused the right to a public trial.
The right to a public trial is not absolute, and in some instances must
yield to other interests, such as those essential to the administration
of justice. A trial judge has authority to exercise control over the
proceedings and the discretion to impose control over the
proceedings. Nonetheless, the abridgement of a defendant's right to
a public trial may occur only when necessary, and any closure must
be narrowly drawn and applied sparingly. See, State ex rel. The
Repository, Div. of Thompson Newspapers, Inc. v. Unger, 28 Ohio
St.3d 418, 421, 504 N.E.2d 37 (1986); State v. Lane, 60 Ohio St.2d
112, 121, 397 N.E.2d 1338 (1979).
{¶33} In Waller v. Georgia, the Supreme Court established the test
for determining whether a courtroom closure violates a criminal
defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a public trial: “The
presumption of openness may be overcome only by an overriding
interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher
values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest. The interest is
to be articulated along with findings specific enough that a
reviewing court can determine whether the closure order was
properly entered.” 467 U.S. 39, 48, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31
(1984), internal citation omitted. In the same opinion, the Supreme
Court articulated the test as a four-factor analysis: [(1)] the party
seeking to close a public hearing must advance an overriding interest
that is likely to be prejudiced, [(2)] the closure must be no broader
than necessary to protect that interest, [(3)] the trial court must
consider reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and [(4)]
it must make findings adequate to support the closure. Id. at 48.
Courts frequently call this the “Waller test.”
{¶34} The Supreme Court of Ohio in Drummond subsequently
modified the Waller test in cases where the trial closure is partial
rather than total. In Drummond, the court concluded “[w]hen a trial
judge orders a partial, as opposed to a total, closure of a court
proceeding, a ‘substantial reason’ rather than Waller's ‘overriding
interest’ will justify the closure.” 111 Ohio St.3d 14, 53, 2006-Ohio-
5084, 854 N.E.2d 1038.
{¶35} In the instant case, prior to the testimony of Dr. Lee, the
deputy coroner who autopsied both victims, the following statement
was made by the trial court:
The time is now 10:04 a.m., and we have reconvened in
Case 21-CR-0013. The defendant is present accompanied
by counsel as is the prosecuting attorney and assistant
prosecutor. All 12 members of the jury are present as well
as the two alternates. It's at this time that the state has
advised the court they will call Dr. Lee who is a forensic
pathologist. Once Dr. Lee comes in and takes the witness
stand, I just want to note for the record the doors will be
locked so that there can be no further entrance during his
testimony.
T. 252.
{¶36} The closure of the courtroom was a partial closure because it
was closed only during the testimony of one witness, and it appears
from the record that the trial court prevented persons from entering
and leaving during the testimony but did not clear the courtroom
altogether. After Lee's testimony concluded, the trial court stated the
courtroom could now be unlocked, and appellee asked for a moment
to “alert the victim's family that Dr. Lee's testimony is concluded
and that we're moving onto the next phase of the trial.” T. 280-281.
{¶37} The trial court offered no explanation for closure of the
courtroom, and neither party objected. The trial court did not make
any findings or otherwise address the Waller and Drummond
factors, supra. Appellant argues the sua sponte closure of the
courtroom violated his right to a public trial and requires reversal.
{¶38} We note the Ohio Supreme Court recently decided a case
which originally arose in this District, directly addressing the nature
of structural error when a defendant is denied the right to a public
trial due to a courtroom closure. In State v. Bond, 2022-Ohio-4150,
the Ohio Supreme Court found that a public-trial violation may
occur, and the violation may be structural error, but in the absence
of objection by the defendant, such error may not require correction.
{¶39} Bond is instructive to our analysis of the instant case. We do
find a public-trial violation because the record does not establish the
trial court made any Waller analysis, or offered any explanation, for
the sua sponte closure of the courtroom. State v. Bond, 2022-Ohio-
4150, ¶ 15. Neither party objected to the closure. While a public-
trial error is structural error, it is not necessarily correctible error
when the defendant failed to object. Id., ¶ 16.
{¶40} The Court found that a plain-error analysis must be applied
to determine whether the public-trial violation affected the
defendant's substantial rights, and that the appropriate test is not
whether the violation affected the outcome of the trial because “a
structural error may affect substantial rights even if the defendant
cannot show that the outcome of the trial would have been different
had the error not occurred.” Id., at ¶ 32. Nor, however, does
structural error require automatic reversal. Id., at ¶ 33.
{¶41} The issue is more subjective and requires an evaluation of the
courtroom closure in the context of the entire trial. “[T]he final
consideration in the plain-error analysis is whether correcting the
error is required to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice or
whether the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id., citing Olano, 507 U.S. at
736, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508; Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372
N.E.2d 804, paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶42} The issue posed by the instant case is whether the public-trial
violation in warrants correction. In Bond, the Ohio Supreme Court
concluded the violation did not require correction:
Here, the courtroom closure occurred during the state's
presentation of evidence, after an eyewitness finished
testifying. The courtroom closure was a partial one; the
trial court permitted Bond's immediate family members
and the victim's immediate family members to attend the
remainder of the trial. According to the state, the courtroom
was closed only to the two individuals involved in the
hallway disruption during the court's recess. Bond has not
asserted that any specific person attempted to enter the
courtroom and was denied access. Although the court's
order limiting access to the courtroom was effective
through the end of the trial, Bond has not asserted that any
harm resulted from the closure. For example, he has not
suggested that any of the trial participants failed to fulfill
their duties appropriately during the remainder of trial or
that the judge or prosecutor engaged in misconduct that
went unnoticed because of the courtroom closure. The
record indicates that the jurors were unaware of the judge's
decision to limit courtroom access. While these factors
might weigh differently in the context of a Waller analysis
or if considered after an objection to the closure made in
the trial court, we review the facts here in the context of a
plain-error analysis, which means that Bond has the burden
to show, within the plain-error framework, that the public-
trial violation so affected the fairness of the proceeding as
to require correction. Because Bond has not made that
showing, we conclude that the public-trial violation in his
trial did not rise to the level of a plain error that must be
corrected.
State v. Bond, 2022-Ohio-4150, ¶ 37.
{¶43} In the instant case, closure of the courtroom was partial and
access to the courtroom was limited for the testimony of one
witness. Appellant has not asserted that anyone attempted to enter
the courtroom and was denied access, and he has not described any
harm resulting from closure of the courtroom during this testimony.
Id. Appellant has the burden to show that the public-trial violation
so affected the fairness of the proceeding as to require correction,
but he makes no showing beyond the fact of the violation itself. Id.
We thus conclude the public-trial violation did not rise to the level
of a plain error that must be corrected. Id.
{¶44} Appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.
State v. Young, supra.
Respondent argues this claim is barred by procedural default in that there was no
contemporaneous objection to the judge’s action. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals requires a
four-part analysis when the State alleges a habeas claim is precluded by procedural default. Barton
v. Warden, S. Ohio Corr. Facility, 786 F.3d 450, 464 (6th Cir. 2015), Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d
286, 290 (6th Cir. 2010)(en banc); Eley v. Bagley, 604 F.3d 958, 965 (6th Cir. 2010); Reynolds v.
Berry, 146 F.3d 345, 347-48 (6th Cir. 1998), citing Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir.
1986); accord Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 601-02 (6th Cir. 2001); Jacobs v. Mohr, 265 F.3d 407,
417 (6th Cir. 2001).
First the court must determine that there is a state procedural rule
that is applicable to the petitioner's claim and that the petitioner
failed to comply with the rule.
. . . .
Second, the court must decide whether the state courts actually
enforced the state procedural sanction, citing County Court of Ulster
County v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 149, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 60 L.Ed.2d 777
(1979).
Third, the court must decide whether the state procedural forfeiture
is an "adequate and independent" state ground on which the state
can rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional claim.
Once the court determines that a state procedural rule was not
complied with and that the rule was an adequate and independent
state ground, then the petitioner must demonstrate under Sykes that
there was "cause" for him to not follow the procedural rule and that
he was actually prejudiced by the alleged constitutional error.
Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986); accord, Hartman v. Bagley, 492 F.3d 347, 357
(6th Cir. 2007), quoting Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 576 (6th Cir. 2002). A habeas petitioner
can overcome a procedural default by showing cause for the default and prejudice from the asserted
error. Atkins v. Holloway, 792 F.3d 654, 657 (6th Cir. 2015).
Ohio has a relevant procedural rule requiring contemporaneous objection to trial court
error. Ohio’s contemporaneous objection rule — that parties must preserve errors for appeal by
calling them to the attention of the trial court at a time when the error could have been avoided or
corrected, set forth in State v. Glaros, 170 Ohio St. 471 (1960), paragraph one of the syllabus; see
also State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St. 3d 144, 162 (1998) — is an adequate and independent state ground
of decision. Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 334 (6th Cir. 2012), citing Keith v. Mitchell,
455 F.3d 662, 673 (6th Cir. 2006); Goodwin v. Johnson, 632 F.3d 301, 315 (6th Cir. 2011); Smith
v. Bradshaw, 591 F.3d 517, 522 (6th Cir. 2010); Nields v. Bradshaw, 482 F.3d 442 (6th Cir. 2007);
Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379, 387 (6th Cir. 2005); Mason v. Mitchell, 320 F.3d 604 (6th Cir. 2003),
citing Hinkle v. Randle, 271 F.3d 239, 244 (6th Cir. 2001); Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854 (6th Cir.
2000), citing Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 124-29 (1982). See also Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d
542, 557 (6th Cir. 2000); Goodwin v. Johnson, 632 F.3d 301, 315 (6th Cir. 2011); Smith v.
Bradshaw, 591 F.3d 517, 522 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 876 (2010). The Fifth District
enforced the contemporaneous objection rule against Petitioner by reviewing the relevant
Assignment of Error only for plain error.
An Ohio state appellate court’s review for plain error is enforcement, not waiver, of a
procedural default. Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 337 (6th Cir. 2012); Jells v. Mitchell, 538
F.3d 478, 511 (6th Cir. 2008); Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 765 (6th Cir. 2006); White v. Mitchell,
431 F.3d 517, 525 (6th Cir. 2005); Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379, 387 (6th Cir. 2005); Hinkle v. Randle,
271 F.3d 239 (6th Cir. 2001).
By failing to file a reply, Petitioner has foregone an opportunity to argue that this particular
procedural default is excused by cause and prejudice. Therefore Ground Two is procedurally defaulted
and should be dismissed on that basis.
Ground Three: Denial of Due Process by Comment on Exercise of Right to Counsel
In his Third Ground for Relief, Petitioner assert he was denied due process when the State
elicited testimony that he had invoked his right to counsel. This claim formed Petitioner’s Third
Assignment of Error on direct appeal and the Fifth District decided it as follows:
{¶45} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that
appellee's use of his videotaped statement to Andrews constitutes a
Doyle violation, effectively using his right to remain silent against
him. We disagree.
{¶46} The right to remain silent is conferred by the United States
and the Ohio Constitutions. The privilege against self-incrimination
“is fulfilled only when the person is guaranteed the right ‘to remain
silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his
own will.’ ” State v. Graber, 95 N.E.3d 631, 641 (5th Dist. 2003)
quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 460, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16
L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), internal citation omitted. The United States
Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, supra, detailed the well-
known procedural safeguards, including the right to an attorney, to
protect the privilege against self-incrimination. “A suspect's right to
an attorney during questioning * * * is derivative of his right to
remain silent.” State v. Leach, 102 Ohio St.3d 135, 2004-Ohio-2147,
807 N.E.2d 335, ¶ 13 quoting Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S.
284, 298-299, 106 S.Ct. 634, 88 L.Ed.2d 623 (1986) (Rehnquist, J.,
concurring).
{¶47} In Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 618, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49
L.Ed.2d 91 (1976), the United States Supreme Court held that use
of a defendant's post-arrest, post-Miranda silence for impeachment
purposes violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. State v. Leach, 102 Ohio St.3d 135, 2004-Ohio-2147,
807 N.E.2d 335, ¶ 16. In Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284,
298-299, 106 S.Ct. 634, 88 L.Ed.2d 623 (1986), the United States
Supreme Court held the use of a defendant's post-arrest, post-
Miranda silence as substantive evidence of guilt violated due
process. The State may not use a defendant's silence to lead the jury
to the conclusion that innocent people speak to the police to clear up
misunderstandings, while guilty people consult with their attorneys.
State v. Abraham, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26258, 2012-Ohio-4248,
2012 WL 4100406, ¶ 42 citing State v. Leach at ¶ 32.
{¶48} In the instant case, appellant does not point to any overt
reference by appellee to his post-arrest silence. Instead, he argues
appellee's implication was indirect; by showing the videos of his
interrogations, appellee effectively commented on his silence
because he asked for counsel at the conclusion of the first
interrogation and claimed not to remember the events of the
murders. We find no evidence that appellee used appellant's rights
to silence and counsel as evidence of guilt at any stage of the
proceedings, and we find no authority applying Doyle's rationale
under these circumstances. Nor does appellant point us to any such
authority.
{¶49} The record reveals that appellant gave a recorded interview,
then invoked his right to counsel; he then asked to speak to the
detective again and gave a voluntary statement. Both statements
were Mirandized. Appellant's interviews were part of appellee's
evidence at trial, but we are unable to find any commentary by
appellee on appellant's invocation of his rights to silence and to
counsel as evidence of guilt.
{¶50} Appellant did not assert a Doyle violation at trial, and we find
none here. We find no evidence appellee affirmatively sought to use
appellant's invocation of his right to counsel as proof of guilt; nor
did appellee use the evidence for impeachment purposes. State v.
Edmonds, 5th Dist. No. 17-CA-53, 2018-Ohio-2832, 117 N.E.3d 83,
¶ 22.
{¶51} Appellant's third assignment of error is overruled.
State v. Young, supra.
Here again the state court decided the relevant constitutional question on the merits. To
prevail in habeas corpus, Petitioner must show the Fifth District’s decision is an objectively
unreasonable application of Doyle. He has failed to do so. In his brief on appeal, Petitioner argued
the State implicitly violated Doyle by showing the video of Young’s statement to the police during
which he invoked his right to counsel, but he cites no other Supreme Court precedent holding there
can be an implicit violation of Doyle when there is no comment on the invocation of right to
counsel. Furthermore, the Fifth District also invoked the contemporaneous objection rule as to
this Assignment of Error by finding there had been no objection at trial.
The Magistrate Judge concludes the Fifth District’s application of Doyle was not
objectively unreasonable and this Ground for Relief is barred by Petitioner’s failure to make a
contemporaneous objection. Ground Three should therefore be dismissed.
Ground Four: Ineffective Assistance Of Trial Counsel
In his Fourth Ground for Relief, Petitioner asserts his trial attorney provided
constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to object to “substantive violations of the
Defendant’s constitutional rights, where those objections would have likely led to a different
outcome. . . .” As Respondent notes, Petitioner is limited on habeas review to those claims of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel he made on direct appeal. Those were the failure to object
to the temporary closure of the courtroom during the deputy coroner’s testimony and the failure to
raise a challenge under Doyle. Those two claims were raised in the Fourth Assignment of Error
and the Fifth District decided that Assignment as follows:
{¶52} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant incorporates the
arguments raised in his second and third assignments of error,
summarily arguing he received ineffective assistance of defense trial
counsel. We disagree.
{¶53} A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a two-
prong analysis. The first inquiry is whether counsel's performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation
involving a substantial violation of any of defense counsel's
essential duties to appellant. The second prong is whether the
appellant was prejudiced by counsel's ineffectiveness. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984);
State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). To
warrant a finding that trial counsel was ineffective, the petitioner
must meet both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs of
Strickland and Bradley. Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 129
S.Ct. 1411, 1419, 173 L.Ed.2d 251 (2009).
{¶54} The United States Supreme Court discussed the prejudice
prong of the Strickland test:
With respect to prejudice, a challenger must demonstrate
“a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id., at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. It is not enough “to
show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the
outcome of the proceeding.” Id., at 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
Counsel's errors must be “so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.”
Id., at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
{¶55} The United States Supreme Court and the Ohio Supreme
Court have held a reviewing court “need not determine whether
counsel's performance was deficient before examining the prejudice
suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.”
Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at 143, 538 N.E.2d 373, quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at 697, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
{¶56} Debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the
basis of a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. State v.
Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85, 656 N.E.2d 643 (1995). Even if the
wisdom of an approach is questionable, “debatable trial tactics” do
not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.
{¶57} Appellant summarily argues defense trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to object to the sua sponte closing of the
courtroom and to appellee's use of his videotaped interviews for the
reasons cited in his second and third assignments of error. We
overruled those assignments of error, and find counsel was not
ineffective in failing to raise the stated objections. Even if the
alleged errors were objectionable and counsel was deficient, the
perceived deficiencies had no effect on the outcome of the trial.
¶58} Upon review we find there is no reasonable probability that the
outcome of the trial would have been different had counsel made the
argued objections. “Trial counsel is not ineffective for choosing, for
tactical reasons, not to pursue every possible trial objection.” State
v. West, 5th Dist. No. 16 CA 11, 2017-Ohio-4055, 91 N.E.3d 365, ¶
102, citing State v. Raypole, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2014-05-009,
2015-Ohio-827, ¶ 24.
{¶59} Appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled.
State v. Young, supra.
The governing standard for ineffective assistance of counsel claims is found in Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984):
A convicted defendant's claim that counsel's assistance was so
defective as to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has
two components. First, the defendant must show that counsel's
performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel was
not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the
Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires
showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a
defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction
or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary
process that renders the result unreliable.
466 U.S. at 687. In other words, to establish ineffective assistance, a defendant must show both
deficient performance and prejudice. Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 389 (2010), citing
Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S.111 (2009).
With respect to the first prong of the Strickland test, the Supreme Court has commanded:
Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly
deferential. . . . A fair assessment of attorney performance requires
that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of
hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at
the time. Because of the difficulties inherent in making the
evaluation, a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's
conduct falls within a wide range of reasonable professional
assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption
that, under the circumstances, the challenged action "might be
considered sound trial strategy."
466 U.S. at 689.
As to the second prong, the Supreme Court held:
The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to overcome confidence in the outcome.
466 U.S. at 694. See also Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 184 (1986), citing Strickland,
supra.; Wong v. Money, 142 F.3d 313, 319 (6th Cir. 1998), citing Strickland, supra; Blackburn v.
Foltz, 828 F.2d 1177, 1180 (6th Cir. 1987), quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. “The likelihood of
a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Storey v. Vasbinder, 657 F.3d 372,
379 (6th Cir. 2011), quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111-12 (2011).
In assessing prejudice under Strickland, the question is not whether
a court can be certain counsel's performance had no effect on the
outcome or whether it is possible a reasonable doubt might have
been established if counsel acted differently. See Wong v.
Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15, 27, 130 S. Ct. 383, 175 L. Ed. 2d 328
(2009) (per curiam); Strickland, 466 U.S., at 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052,
80 L. Ed. 2d 674. Instead, Strickland asks whether it is “reasonably
likely” the result would have been different. Id., at 696, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674. This does not require a showing that
counsel's actions “more likely than not altered the outcome,” but the
difference between Strickland's prejudice standard and a more-
probable-than-not standard is slight and matters “only in the rarest
case.” Id., at 693, 697, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674. The
likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just
conceivable. Id., at 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674.
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111-112 (2011).
To prevail on his Fourth Ground for Relief, then, Petitioner must show that the Fifth
District’s decisions was an objectively unreasonable application of Strickland. That he has failed
to do. As to the deficient performance prong of Strickland, there are often good strategic reasons
for failing to make an objection. Particularly with respect to the Doyle objection, raising that point
would likely have called the jury’s attention to Petitioner’s invocation of his right to counsel,
precisely the impression Petitioner wanted to avoid.
Petitioner also fails on the prejudice prong. As the Fifth District found, there was no proof
of prejudice from either failure to object. As to the closure issue, there was no showing that anyone
was in fact excluded. The Fourth Ground for Relief should be dismissed on the merits.
Conclusion
On the basis of the foregoing analysis, the Magistrate Judge respectfully recommends the
Petition be dismissed with prejudice. Because reasonable jurists would not disagree with this
conclusion, it is also recommended that Petitioner be denied a certificate of appealability and that
the Court certify to the Sixth Circuit that any appeal would be objectively frivolous and should not
be permitted to proceed in forma pauperis.
December 18, 2024.
s/ Michael R. Merz
United States Magistrate Judge
NOTICE REGARDING OBJECTIONS
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), any party may serve and file specific, written objections to the
proposed findings and recommendations within fourteen days after being served with this Report
and Recommendations. Because this document is being served by mail, three days are added under
Fed.R.Civ.P. 6, but service is complete when the document is mailed, not when it is recetved. Such
objections shall specify the portions of the Report objected to and shall be accompanied by a
memorandum of law in support of the objections. A party may respond to another party’s
objections within fourteen days after being served with a copy thereof. Failure to make objections
in accordance with this procedure may forfeit rights on appeal. #
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