The opinion
[Cite as Maleky v. Ohio State Univ., Office of Compliance & Integrity, 2024-Ohio-5825.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Farnaz Maleky, :
Requester-Appellee/ :
Cross-Appellant,
: No. 24AP-282
v. (Ct. of Cl. No. 2023-00637PQ)
:
The Ohio State University, Office of (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
[Compliance] and Integrity, :
Respondent-Appellant/ :
Cross-Appellee.
:
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on December 12, 2024
On brief: Farnaz Maleky, pro se. Argued: Farnaz Maleky.
On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Regina J.
Mendicino Dwyer, for The Ohio State University. Argued:
Regina J. Mendicino Dwyer.
APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio
LELAND, J.
{¶ 1} Respondent-appellant/cross-appellee, The Ohio State University, (“OSU”),
appeals from a judgment of the Court of Claims of Ohio ordering OSU to produce
unredacted copies of documents requested by requester-appellee/cross-appellant, Farnaz
Maleky.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On September 28, 2023, Maleky filed a complaint purportedly signed by
attorney Fred Gittes alleging violations of the Ohio Public Records Act pursuant to
No. 24AP-282 2
R.C. 149.43 and 2743.75(D). According to the complaint, OSU received two records
requests, one on September 22, and another on October 4, 2022. The complaint noted OSU
partially redacted some of the records in its response to these requests, resulting in
allegations that it failed to fully comply with the requests. On October 5, 2023, Gittes
informed the court he did not represent Maleky and that his name was placed on the public
records complaint without his knowledge or authorization. On October 6, 2023, Maleky
filed a pro se complaint, and the court’s special master then ordered the dismissal of Gittes
as a party to the case. On October 30, 2023, Maleky filed a document describing her public
records requests, and on January 5, 2024, the special master interpreted that filing as an
amended complaint. OSU moved to dismiss the original September 28, 2023 complaint on
November 7, 2023.
{¶ 3} On February 15, 2024, after the court remanded an initial report and
recommendation back to the special master, the special master filed a supplemental report
and recommendation. That filing determined Maleky had been a faculty member at OSU
before accusations of misconduct caused OSU to investigate and ultimately impose
sanctions against Maleky. The special master concluded OSU was required to provide
Maleky with unredacted copies of the requested records, and the court overruled all
objections and adopted the supplemental report and recommendation. In overruling
OSU’s objection that asserted the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (“FERPA”)
mandated the redaction of personally identifiable student information from the records
prior to their release, the court cited Ellis v. Cleveland Mun. School Dist., 309 F.Supp.2d
1019 (N.D.Ohio 2004) for the proposition that FERPA does not prevent the disclosure of
the names of victims. The court also cited State ex rel. Carr v. Akron, 112 Ohio St.3d 351,
2006-Ohio-6714, as a reminder that exceptions to the disclosure of records under the
Public Records Act, R.C. 149.43, are strictly construed against the record custodian and that
only upon showing a record falls “within certain exceptions to disclosure” can the custodian
withhold it. Carr at ¶ 30, citing State ex rel. Beacon Journal Publishing Co. v. Akron, 104
Ohio St.3d 399, 2004-Ohio-6557, ¶ 23. In sum, the court rejected OSU’s contention that
FERPA demanded the redaction of students’ personally identifiable information in this
instance, thereby requiring OSU to release all requested records without redaction.
No. 24AP-282 3
{¶ 4} OSU timely appeals. Maleky timely cross appeals.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 5} OSU assigns the following error for our review:
The Court of Claims erred when it held that student
information contained in employee disciplinary records
cannot be redacted under the Family Education Rights and
Privacy Act (“FERPA”) when those records are requested
under the Ohio Public Records Act.
Maleky assigns the following two cross-assignments of error for our review:
[I.] The Judge’s Supplementary Decision and Final Entry
issued on March 27, 2024 [Exhibit A], only provided page
numbers referencing the under-seal in-camera documents
submitted by the Respondent of that case. Since as the
Requester of that case I do not have access to the title or
subject of each in-camera page, it is challenging to identify the
documents that the Respondent of that case is required to
submit. Moreover, it is unclear which requested public
records were disregarded by the judge, and the reasons for
such decisions, and the rules guiding such actions are not
clearly explained.
[II.] The Judge’s Decision & Entry issued on February 9, 2024
[Exhibit B], partially upheld and partially overruled the
objection of the case’s Requester [Dr. Maleky] to the Special
Master’s Report and Recommendation (issued on January 5,
2024). In that decision, the Judge did not address several
requested public records that the Special Master had omitted
from their consideration.
III. Analysis
{¶ 6} Neither assignment of error in Maleky’s cross appeal alleges reversible error.
Maleky’s first assignment of error points out that because the records held by OSU were
reviewed in camera, Maleky cannot know which records the court is referencing in its
decision. Maleky also complains the special master’s supplemental report and
recommendation to the court omitted certain page numbers of records, and, as a result,
Maleky suspects some records were withheld due to FERPA.
{¶ 7} Maleky, as cross appellant, “bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating
error on appeal.” White v. Cent. Ohio Gaming Ventures, L.L.C., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-780,
2019-Ohio-1078, ¶ 25, citing Taneff v. Lipka, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-291, 2019-Ohio-887,
No. 24AP-282 4
¶ 37. Requester, “not this court, must construct the legal arguments in support of [her]
assignments of error.” Id., citing Cook v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 10th Dist.
No. 14AP-852, 2015-Ohio-4966, ¶ 40, and Angus v. Angus, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-742, 2015-
Ohio-2538, ¶ 10. It is not this court’s duty to divine a rationale to support an assignment
of error. Id., citing Reid v. Plainsboro Partners, III, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-442, 2010-Ohio-
4373, ¶ 22, citing State v. Breckenridge, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-95, 2009-Ohio-3620, ¶ 10.
{¶ 8} Here, Maleky’s first assignment of error fails to allege error in the court’s
adoption of the special master’s supplemental report and recommendation. Although
Maleky is proceeding pro se, “[i]t is well-established that pro se litigants are expected to
possess knowledge of the law and legal procedures and, accordingly, are held to the same
standard as litigants who have legal representation.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v.
Cloyes, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-107, 2021-Ohio-3316, ¶ 9, citing In re Application of Black
Fork Wind Energy, L.L.C., 138 Ohio St.3d 43, 2013-Ohio-5478, ¶ 22, and Ward v. Ward,
10th Dist. No. 20AP-381, 2021-Ohio-2571, ¶ 5. Maleky seeks access to the in camera
records to ensure the case is proceeding properly, yet the very intent of the court’s in camera
review of the records is to shield her from accessing those documents. Maleky provided no
other information that would enable this court to find error below. Thus, we find no error
in Maleky’s lack of immediate access to confidential records.
{¶ 9} In a secondary argument put forth in her first assignment of error, Maleky
complained some records were omitted from the court’s review, causing her to suspect the
court improperly withheld such records under FERPA. Nothing in the record before us
comports with Maleky’s fear—in fact, the court rejected OSU’s attempt to redact student
information on the basis of FERPA. Furthermore, the court already explained that it would
not review records requested via email by her previous attorney because that request was
not included in her October 30, 2023 amended complaint. In short, Maleky failed to
present any cognizable claim of error. Accordingly, Maleky’s first assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶ 10} Maleky’s second assignment of error suffers the same deficiencies as the first.
She again objects to the court’s decision to consider only the records requested in the
amended complaint, but fails to explain how that decision constitutes prejudicial error.
No. 24AP-282 5
Treating Maleky equally to a represented party, we conclude she failed to establish error in
the court below. Accordingly, Maleky’s second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 11} Having overruled Maleky’s two assignments of error in her role as cross
appellant, we now turn to appellant OSU’s sole assignment of error. OSU contends the
court erred by concluding employee disciplinary records requested via Ohio’s Public
Records Act, R.C. 149.43, cannot be redacted pursuant to FERPA even when such records
“contain information directly related to a student.” 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(A)(i). FERPA
defines “education records” as “those records, files, documents, and other materials
which—(i) contain information directly related to a student; and (ii) are maintained by an
educational agency or institution or by a person acting for such agency or institution.”
20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(A). The court found that while the requested records would
seemingly meet FERPA’s broad definition of education record, they are exempted as non-
student employee records. Under FERPA:
The term “education records” does not include—
(iii) in the case of persons who are employed by an educational
agency or institution but who are not in attendance at such
agency or institution, records made and maintained in the
normal course of business which relate exclusively to such
person in that person’s capacity as an employee and are not
available for use for any other purpose.
20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iii). The court cited Ellis to support its contention that records
generated in connection with proceedings addressing educator misconduct are not
education records protected by FERPA. According to Ellis, “[s]uch records do not implicate
FERPA because they do not contain information ‘directly related to a student.’ ” Ellis at
1023, quoting 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(A). The Supreme Court of Ohio, however, has held
that records merely need to “contain information identifying student[s]” in order to directly
relate to students. State ex rel. ESPN v. Ohio State Univ., 132 Ohio St.3d 212, 218-19, 2012-
Ohio-2690, ¶ 30. Records maintained by a school thus “generally constitute ‘education
records’ subject to FERPA” so long as they contain information identifying students. Id.
{¶ 12} We agree with the reasoning in ESPN. Ellis incorrectly classifies non-student
employee records as universally excepted from FERPA’s protection, claiming “Congress did
not intend FERPA to cover records directly related to teachers and only tangentially related
No. 24AP-282 6
to students.” Ellis at 1022, citing Bauer v. Kincaid, 759 F.Supp. 575, 591 (W.D.Mo.1991).
This sentiment derives not from any statutory language, but rather from a federal district
court’s overreliance on the legislative history preceding the passage of FERPA. See Bauer
at 591 (describing the legislative history of FERPA as “limited” while also broadly
concluding “[n]othing in the legislative history of FERPA refers to a policy or intent to
protect campus law enforcement unit records which contain student names or other
personally identifiable information”). Such speculation is not how courts ought to interpret
the law. “When interpreting statutory provisions, ‘our paramount concern is the legislative
intent in enacting the statute.’ ” Thomas v. Logue, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-385, 2022-Ohio-
1603, ¶ 11, quoting State ex rel. Steele v. Morrissey, 103 Ohio St.3d 355, 2004-Ohio-4960,
¶ 21, citing State ex rel. United States Steel Corp. v. Zaleski, 98 Ohio St.3d 395, 2003-Ohio-
1630, ¶ 12. “ ‘If the meaning of the statute is unambiguous and definite, it must be applied
as written and no further interpretation is necessary.’ ” State ex rel. Natl. Lime & Stone Co.
v. Marion Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 152 Ohio St.3d 393, 2017-Ohio-8348, ¶ 14, quoting State
ex rel. Savarese v. Buckeye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 74 Ohio St.3d 543, 545 (1996).
We thus begin “with the assumption that the legislative purpose is expressed by the
ordinary meaning of the words used.” Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1 (1962). FERPA
excepts from its coverage “records made and maintained in the normal course of business
which relate exclusively to” non-student employees. 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iii). This
means the application of the employee record exception is limited to records that “relate
exclusively” to the employee and no one else. 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iii). Congress could
have excepted records that relate mostly to non-student employees, but instead, it chose to
except records that “relate exclusively” to non-student employees. (Emphasis added.) 20
U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iii). The conclusion in Ellis that employee records that “tangentially
relate[]” to students can still qualify for the employee record exception, despite the self-
evident fact that such records do not “relate exclusively” to the employee, reveals the Ellis
decision lacks support from the actual text of FERPA Ellis at 1022-23; 20 U.S.C.
1232g(a)(4)(B)(iii). Our interpretation of FERPA is faithful to the letter of the law and
requires no legislative history guesswork.
{¶ 13} The documents in the case now before us include personally identifiable
information of OSU students. “Thus,” just as in ESPN, “the records here are education
No. 24AP-282 7
records in that they contain information that is directly related to students.” ESPN at ¶ 31.
The court erred by ordering OSU to provide unredacted copies of education records to
Maleky, whereas OSU properly attempted to comply with FERPA by redacting the
personally identifying information of its students. Accordingly, OSU’s sole assignment of
error is sustained.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 14} Having overruled Maleky’s two cross-assignments of error and having
sustained OSU’s sole assignment of error, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Claims
of Ohio and remand this case to that court for further proceedings in accordance with law
and consistent with this decision.
Judgment reversed;
cause remanded.
DORRIAN and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.