The opinion
IN RE: ANNIE CHRISTINA HARRIS,
ANNIE CHRISTINA HARRIS, and
)
)
)
FILED
STEPHANIE DEVONA HAMILTON, )
) Appeal No. July 29, 1999
Petitioners-Appellants, ) 01A01-9901-CV-00017
) Cecil Crowson, Jr.
v. ) Appellate Court Clerk
) Rutherford Circuit
WILLIAM THOMAS BLANTON, )
)
Respondent-Appellee, )
COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE
APPEALED FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF RUTHERFORD COUNTY
AT MURFREESBORO, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE ROYCE TAYLOR, JUDGE
JEFFREY J. MILLER
427 Cummins Station
209 Tenth Avenue South
Nashville, Tennessee 37203-0777
Attorney for Petitioners-Appellants
WILLIAM B. BRUCE and LOUISE R. FONTECCHIO
BRUCE, WEATHERS, CORLEY, DUGHMAN & LYLE
2075 First American Center
315 Deaderick Street
Nashville, Tennessee 37238-2075
Attorney for Respondent-Appellee
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
HERSCHEL P. FRANKS, JUDGE
CONCUR:
GODDARD, P.J.
SUSANO, J..
OPINION
In this paternity action, the Trial Judge dismissed the complaint on the
basis that the statute of limitations had run.
Annie Christina Harris, was born May 21, 1978. On September 22, 1998,
when Ms. Harris was twenty years old, she and her mother filed a paternity action against
William Thomas Blanton, and the Complaint alleged that Mr. Blanton is the father of Ms.
Harris.
The issue on appeal involves the construction of a statute, specifically, the
statute of limitations applicable to this case. Statutory construction presents a question of
law, and our standard of review is de novo, without any presumption of correctness. See
State v. Levandowski, 955 S.W.2d 603, 604 (Tenn. 1997).
“A statute comes to a court ‘clothed in a presumption of constitutionality
[since] the Legislature does not intentionally pass an unconstitutional act.’” Vogel v.
Wells Fargo Guard Services, 937 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tenn. 1996). In construing statutes,
the court “must indulge every presumption and resolve every doubt in favor of
constitutionality.” Id. It is the duty of the court “to adopt a construction which will
sustain a statute and avoid constitutional conflict if any reasonable construction exists that
satisfies the requirements of the Constitution.” Davis-Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v.
McWherter, 866 S.W.2d 520, 529 (Tenn. 1993).
At the time Ms. Harris was born in 1978, the applicable statute of
limitations, then found at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-224(2), provided that proceedings to
establish the paternity of a child must be brought within two years of the child’s birth. In
1983, the United States Supreme Court declared this statute unconstitutional because it
denied certain illegitimate children the equal protection of law guaranteed by the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Pickett v. Brown, 462 U.S. 1,
103 S. Ct. 2199, 76 L. Ed. 2d 372 (1983).
In response, the Tennessee General Assembly amended the statute of
limitations in 1984 by deleting the provision found to be unconstitutional and replacing it
with the following:
Proceedings to establish the paternity of a child may be instituted
before or after the birth of the child and until one year beyond the child’s
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age of majority.
1984 Tenn. Public Acts ch. 614, §1. In 1989, the General Assembly further amended the
statute, which had been renumbered as Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-103(b), by designating
the preceding subsection as (1) and adding the following subsection:
(2) Proceedings to establish paternity may be brought on behalf of
a child in whose behalf a paternity action could have been brought under
this part on August 16, 1984, but for whom no such action was brought, or
for whom a paternity action was previously brought but was dismissed
because the previous more restrictive statute of limitations was then in
effect.
1989 Tenn. Public Acts ch. 206 § 9. This statute was in effect when Ms. Harris reached
the age of majority, and when she reached the age of nineteen.
In 1997, the General Assembly combined the paternity and legitimation
causes of action, and amended the statute of limitations in the process. See Tenn. Public
Acts. ch. 477. The current statute of limitations provides as follows:
(a) An action to establish the parentage of a child may be instituted
before or after the birth of the child and until three (3) years beyond the
child’s age of majority. The provisions of this chapter shall not affect the
relationship of parent and child as established in § 31-2-105.
(b) An action to establish parentage may be brought on behalf of a
child in whose behalf a paternity action could have been brought under
this chapter on August 16, 1984, but for whom no such action was
brought, or for whom a paternity action was brought but was dismissed
because the previous more restrictive statute of limitations was then in
effect. Nothing herein shall be construed to permit the filing of any
paternity action after the statute of limitations established by subsection
(a).
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-306 (Supp. 1998); 1997 Tenn. Public Acts ch. 477, § 1. This
provision went into effect on July 1, 1997, slightly over a month after Ms. Harris turned
nineteen.
Neither party contends that the current version of the statute of limitations
revives a cause of action that expired under the old law, but Ms. Harris essentially argues
that under the statute in effect when she turned nineteen, there was no statute of
limitations applicable to her cause of action. Ignoring subsection (b)(1), which sets forth
the one year after the age of majority limitation, Ms. Harris relies on subsection (b)(2),
which states:
An action to establish parentage may be brought on behalf of a
child in whose behalf a paternity action could have been brought under
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this chapter on August 16, 1984, but for whom no such action was
brought, or for whom a paternity action was brought but was dismissed
because the previous more restrictive statute of limitations was then in
effect.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-103(b)(2) (repealed 1997). She asserts that she was six years
old on August 16, 1984, and neither she nor her mother had brought a paternity action at
that time, so the statute applies to her and allows her to bring such an action at any time,
with no limitations. She states that the only effect the current statute had on this right to
bring a paternity action is to limit that right to three years after her age of majority.
Construing the statute in its entirely, we determine that subsection (b)(1)
sets forth the statute of limitations in paternity actions, which is one year past the age of
majority. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-103(b)(1) (repealed 1997). Subsection (2) then
provides that actions may be brought if they could have been brought “under this part” on
August 16, 1984, but had not been brought, or if they had been brought and dismissed due
to the more restrictive and unconstitutional statute of limitations. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-2-103(b)(2) (repealed 1997) (emphasis added). The natural and ordinary meaning of
“under this part” indicates that it is referring to the statute of limitations provision. Thus,
a cause of action could be brought “under this part” on August 16, 1984, if the child in
question had not yet reached his or her nineteenth birthday on August 16, 1984. The
language of the subsection indicates that it was designed to ensure that children who were
once subject to the unconstitutional statute of limitations have a right of action for
support that is not barred by the unconstitutional statute. However, that right was still
subject to the provisions of subsection (b)(1), which sets forth the amended statute of
limitations. Essentially, subsection (b)(2) was intended to clarify that paternity actions
could be brought on behalf of all children who were not yet nineteen on August 16, 1984,
up until their nineteenth birthdays, even if their actions would have been barred by the
unconstitutional statute previously in effect.
The more recent enactment indicates that this is what the legislature
intended by its addition of subsection (b) (2) to the statute. In the current version, the
legislature increased the statute of limitations to three years past the age of majority, but
kept the language of the prior subsection (b)(2), permitting actions to be brought if they
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could have been brought “under this part” on August 16, 1984. However, the legislature
clarified its prior intent by adding the sentence, “Nothing herein shall be construed to
permit the filing of any paternity action after the statute of limitations established by
subsection (a).” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-306(b). This sentence does not change the
application of the law, it simply clarifies the intent of the legislature, that actions can be
brought if they were previously barred by the prior unconstitutional statute of limitations,
but remain subject to the current, statute of limitations.
To construe the statute as Ms. Harris requests would create an
unconstitutional result. Under the urged construction, the statute would create two
classes, depending upon when the children were born. One class, born after August 16,
1984, would be subject to the one year after the age of majority statute of limitations, and
they would not be able to bring their causes of action after they turned nineteen. The
other class, born between August 17, 1965 and August 16, 1984, would not be subject to
any statute of limitations, and could bring their causes of action at any time. We do not
conceive of any rational basis to justify such an inequitable classification. We are
required to adopt a construction which will sustain a statute and avoid constitutional
conflict. Davis-Kidd Booksellers, Inc.
We therefore conclude the statute of limitations barred this action, and we
affirm the dismissal of the action by the Trial Judge.
The cause is remanded with the cost of the appeal assessed to the
appellants.
________________________
Herschel P. Franks, J.
CONCUR:
___________________________
Houston M. Godd ard, P.J.
___________________________
Charles D. Susano, Jr., J.
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