explaining that “the de minimis zoning doctrine authorizes a variance where the deviation [from the requirements of a zoning ordinance] is relatively minor and strict compliance is not necessary to protect the public interest”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that “the de minimis zoning doctrine authorizes a variance where the deviation [from the requirements of a zoning ordinance] is relatively minor and strict compliance is not necessary to protect the public interest”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Eastern York School District :
:
v. :
:
Lower Windsor Township Zoning :
Hearing Board and Lower Windsor :
Township :
: No. 62 C.D. 2023
Appeal of: Lower Windsor Township : Argued: December 4, 20231
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE FIZZANO CANNON FILED: December 5, 2024
Lower Windsor Township (Township) appeals the December 30, 2022
order (Order) of the Court of Common Pleas of York County (Trial Court) that
reversed the decision of the Lower Windsor Township Zoning Hearing Board
(Board) denying a variance for construction of an elementary school on property
owned by the Eastern York School District (District). Upon review, we reverse the
Order.
1
Following argument, this matter was directed to the Court’s Mediation Program and the
decision herein was ordered held in abeyance. See Commonwealth Court Order exited January 5,
2024. The matter was reinstated for decision by Order dated December 2, 2024. See
Commonwealth Court Order exited December 2, 2024.
I. Background and Procedural Posture
The facts underlying this matter are relatively straightforward. The
District owns a 10.49-acre (456,944-square-foot) property located at 670 Cool Creek
Road, Wrightsville, Pennsylvania (Property), which is situated within the
Township.2 See Trial Court Memorandum Opinion filed December 30, 2022 (Trial
Court Opinion)3 at 3, Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 170a; see also Board Decision
dated January 20, 2022 (Board Decision) at 3, Finding of Fact (F.F.) 4, R.R. at 153a.
The District acquired the Property in 2009 and now seeks to build an elementary
school thereon. See Trial Court Opinion at 3, R.R. at 170a. The Property is located
within the Township’s Residential Zoning District and is subject to the Restricted
Development Overlay (RDO). See Trial Court Opinion at 3, R.R. at 170a.
The District also owns an adjacent property on which the District’s
middle and high schools are situated. See Trial Court Opinion at 3, R.R. at 170a. In
2006, during the construction of the high school on the adjacent property, the District
placed fill and topsoil on the Property to level an area for athletic fields. See Board
Decision at 4, F.F. 15, R.R. at 154a. This process created some steep slopes on the
Property,4 which also has preexisting steep slopes. See Trial Court Opinion at 3,
2
The Trial Court Memorandum Opinion filed December 30, 2022 (Trial Court Opinion)
indicates that the Property is located partially within the Township and partially within neighboring
Hellam Township. See Trial Court Opinion at 3-4, Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 170a-71a. The
Board, however, found as a fact that the Property is situated within the Township. See Board
Decision dated January 20, 2022 (Board Decision) at 3, Finding of Fact (F.F.) 4, R.R. at 153a.
3
On March 13, 2023, the Trial Court filed a Memorandum Opinion that incorporated the
Trial Court Opinion as its Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a) opinion in the instant
appeal. See Trial Court Memorandum Opinion dated March 13, 2023.
4
The steep slopes created by this stockpiled soil are not the only manmade steep slopes on
the Property. See Trial Court Opinion at 3-4, R.R. at 170a-71a. Other manmade steep slopes
2
R.R. at 170a; see also Board Decision at 4, F.F. 15-16, R.R. at 154a. The steep
slopes created by the placement of fill and the creation of athletic fields have been
seeded and stabilized such that they are no longer simply piles of fill that may be
moved without disturbing the contours of the site. See Board Decision at 4, F.F. 16,
R.R. at 154a. For the past 10 years, the Property has been partially used as athletic
fields and partially left vacant. See Trial Court Opinion at 4, R.R. at 171a.
On April 9, 2021, the District sought a special exception to build a new
elementary school as well as a variance to disturb steep slopes in excess of 25%
gradient to build the access road and bus parking area that would be necessary for
the new elementary school. See Trial Court Opinion at 1-2 & 4, R.R. at 168a-69a,
171a. On June 3, 2021, the Board approved the special exception for the new
elementary school but split 2-2 on the requested variance,5 which denied the variance
request by operation of law. See Trial Court Opinion at 2 & 4, R.R. at 169a & 171a.
The District originally appealed the variance denial, but then elected to
file a new variance application instead for the purpose of seeking a variance
determination from the entire Board. See Trial Court Opinion at 2 & 5, R.R. at 169a
& 172a; see also Variance Application dated November 8, 2021 (Application), R.R.
at 31a-42a. The Board conducted a public hearing on the Application on December
16, 2021, and denied the Application, three votes to two, by decision dated January
present on the Property resulted from the demolition of certain residential and agricultural
structures when Mt. Pisgah Road was relocated to its current location. See id.
5
The fifth Board member was absent from this meeting.
3
20, 2022.6 See Trial Court Opinion at 2 & 5, R.R. at 169a & 172a; see also Board
Decision.
The District appealed the Board Decision to the Trial Court and the
Township intervened. See Trial Court Opinion at 2, R.R. at 169a. Following oral
argument conducted on October 28, 2022, the Trial Court reversed the Board
Decision by order dated December 30, 2022. See Trial Court Opinion at 2-3, 32 &
Order.7 The Township then appealed to this Court.
II. Issues
The Township raises several issues8 on appeal.9 First, the Township
claims that the Trial Court erred by finding ambiguity existed in the Windsor
6
The Board originally voted on and denied the Application on the record at the conclusion
of the December 16, 2021 public hearing. See Board Hearing Transcript, December 16, 2021, at
85-86, R.R. at 127a-28a.
7
The Order purports to reverse the Board’s decision denying the District’s “special
exception application.” See Trial Court Opinion, Order. We observe, however, that the Trial Court
actually reversed the Board’s determination as to the variance requested in the Application, not the
previously approved special exception to build a new elementary school on the Property, which
was never contested. See generally Trial Court Opinion; see also Board Decision; Application.
8
We observe that the Board, while not an appellant, submitted a brief in which it agreed
with the Township’s arguments and further argued that the Trial Court abused its discretion by
substituting its judgment for that of the Board and by stretching existing case law in evaluating the
steep slope issue in the context of de minimis variances. See Board’s Br. at 4-20.
9
Where the trial court has taken no additional evidence, this Court’s review is limited to
determining whether a zoning board’s findings are supported by substantial evidence or whether
the zoning board made an error of law in rendering its decision. Twp. of Exeter v. Zoning Hearing
Bd., 962 A.2d 653, 659 (Pa. 2009). Further, a zoning board’s findings are owed deference,
especially as to whether a variance applicant satisfied the unnecessary hardship criterion, in light
of the zoning board’s expertise and knowledge regarding local conditions. Marshall v. City of
Phila., 97 A.3d 323, 333 (Pa. 2014); Azoulay v. Phila. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 194 A.3d 241,
249 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“An administrative agency’s interpretation of the statute it is charged to
administer is entitled to deference on appellate review absent fraud, bad faith, abuse of discretion
4
Township Zoning Ordinance (Ordinance) as to whether the term “slopes” applied to
natural or manmade slopes. See Township Br. at 3, 9-17. The Township argues that
the Trial Court improperly inserted the modifier “natural” into the meaning of
“slopes,” causing a significant area of manmade slopes to be incorrectly omitted
from the area of the Property regulated as steep slopes. See id.
Second, the Township claims that the Trial Court erred by not deferring
to the Board’s determination not to grant a de minimis variance for multiple reasons.
See Township Br. at 3, 17-23. The Township argues: (1) there is no general right to
a de minimis variance in Pennsylvania land use law; (2) the decision to grant or deny
a requested de minimis variance is within the sound discretion of a local zoning
hearing board; (3) a de minimis variance is not available to deviate from steep slope
zoning regulations in the absence of all the traditional variance standards set forth in
Hertzberg v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of City of Pittsburgh, 721 A.2d 43 (Pa.
1998); and (4) if a de minimis variance was available, the Board properly exercised
its discretion to deny a de minimis variance as a result of its determination about the
amount of proposed areas of steep slope disturbance on the Property. See id.
Third, the Township argues that the Trial Court erred in determining
that the District established all the necessary elements for the grant of a traditional
variance. See Township Br. at 3, 24-34. Specifically, the Township argues that the
District failed to prove unique physical circumstances or conditions that resulted in
an unnecessary hardship to developing the Property in strict conformance with the
Zoning Ordinance. See id. at 24-30. The Township argues that the Board correctly
found, in the absence of unique physical features or circumstances beyond the slopes
or clearly arbitrary action.”); Tidd v. Lower Saucon Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 118 A.3d 1, 9 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2015).
5
themselves, that the District cannot establish an “unnecessary hardship” upon which
to justify the grant of a variance. See id.
III. Discussion
A. Natural and Manmade Slopes in the Ordinance
In its first claim, the Township argues that the Trial Court erred by
determining that ambiguity existed as to the scope and meaning of the term “steep
slopes” in the Ordinance in reference to the RDO and then determining that Section
312.E.1 of the Ordinance did not pertain to manmade slopes. See Township Br. at
9-17. The Township argues that the Trial Court improperly inserted the modifier
“natural” into Section 312.E.1 in reference to the term “steep slopes.” See id. This
claim turns on whether the Ordinance’s prohibition contained in Section 312.E.1
against disturbing steep slopes pertains to both natural and manmade steep slopes or
only to natural steep slopes. The claim presents a question of statutory
interpretation.
When interpreting the meaning of a zoning ordinance, we are guided
by the principles of statutory construction with the primary objective of determining
the intent of the legislative body that enacted the ordinance. See THW Grp., LLC v.
Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 86 A.3d 330, 336 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014); see also 1 Pa.C.S.
§ 1921(a) (“The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain
and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.”). As this Court has observed:
In ascertaining and effectuating legislative intent, we are
mindful a statute’s plain language generally provides the
best indication of legislative intent. See Com. v.
McClintic, 909 A.2d 1241 (Pa. 2006). Thus, statutory
construction begins with examination of the text itself. Se.
Pa. Transp. Auth. v. Holmes, 835 A.2d 851 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2003).
6
In reading the plain language of a statute, “words and
phrases shall be construed according to rules of grammar
and according to their common and approved usage.” 1
Pa.C.S. § 1903(a). Further, every statute shall be construed,
if possible, to give effect to all its provisions so that no
provision is “mere surplusage.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(a).
Moreover, although we must “listen attentively to what a
statute says[,] one must also listen attentively to what it
does not say.” Kmonk-Sullivan v. State Farm Mut. Auto.
Ins. Co., 788 A.2d 955, 962 (Pa. 2001). We may not insert
a word the legislature failed to supply into a statute.
“When the words of a statute are clear and free from all
ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the
pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b).
“However, if we deem the statutory language ambiguous,
we must then ascertain the General Assembly’s intent by
statutory analysis, wherein we may consider numerous
relevant factors.” Bowman v. Sunoco, Inc., 65 A.3d 901,
906 (Pa. 2013) (citing 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)). “An
ambiguity exists when language is subject to two or more
reasonable interpretations and not merely because two
conflicting interpretations may be suggested.” Tri-Cnty.
Landfill, Inc. v. Pine Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 83 A.3d
488, 510 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).
Interstate Gas Supply, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 298 A.3d 1181, 1187-88 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2023) (emphasis and brackets omitted).
Further, Section 603.1 of the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning
Code (MPC)10 provides as follows:
In interpreting the language of zoning ordinances to
determine the extent of the restriction upon the use of the
10
Act of July 31, 1968, P.L. 805, as amended, added by the Act of December 21, 1988,
P.L. 1329, 53 P.S. § 10603.1.
7
property, the language shall be interpreted, where doubt
exists as to the intended meaning of the language written
and enacted by the governing body, in favor of the
property owner and against any implied extension of the
restriction.
53 P.S. § 10603.1. Generally, a “zoning officer shall administer the zoning
ordinance in accordance with its literal terms[.]” Section 614 of the MPC, 53 P.S.
§ 10614. Additionally, “[w]here [a] statute or ordinance defines a word or phrase
therein the court is bound thereby.” Hughes v. Sch. Dist. of Pittsburgh, 108 A.2d
698, 699 (Pa. 1954) (emphasis omitted). As our Supreme Court has explained:
A legislative body may, in a statute or ordinance, furnish
its own definitions of words and phrases used therein in
order to guide and direct judicial determination of the
intendments of the legislation although such definitions
may be different from ordinary usage; it may create its
own dictionary to be applied to the particular law or
ordinance in question.
Hughes, 108 A.2d at 699 (quoting Sterling v. City of Phila., 106 A.2d 793, 795 (Pa.
1954)). Further, “[w]ith respect to zoning matters, undefined terms are given their
plain meaning, and any doubt is resolved in favor of the landowner and the least
restrictive use of the land.” Kohl v. New Sewickley Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 108
A.3d 961, 968 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (some brackets and internal quotation marks
omitted).
Additionally, we observe that “a zoning hearing board’s interpretation
of its own zoning ordinance is entitled to great weight and deference from a
reviewing court. Such deference is appropriate because a zoning hearing board, as
the entity charged with administering a zoning ordinance, possesses knowledge and
expertise in interpreting that ordinance.” Weiler v. Stroud Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd.,
8
300 A.3d 1121, 1127 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023), reargument denied (Sept. 20, 2023)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Marshall v. City of Phila.,
97 A.3d 323, 333 (Pa. 2014).
With this background in mind, we turn to the relevant Ordinance
definitions and sections. The Ordinance defines neither “natural slopes” nor
“manmade slopes.” The Ordinance does, however, expressly define “steep slopes”
as:
A. Areas of land, 3,000 square feet or greater, where the
grade is 15% or greater. Steep slopes are divided into two
categories:
(1) Precautionary slopes are those areas of land
where the grade is 15% to 25%.
(2) Prohibitive slopes are those areas of land where
the grade is greater than 25%.
Ordinance, Section 470-6(A), Steep Slopes,11 R.R. at 223a. In terms of the
Township’s RDO specifically, the Ordinance explains that “[s]lopes in excess of
15% shall be considered to be included within the [RDO] District.” Ordinance,
11
The Ordinance’s definition of “steep slopes” continues with an explanation of how to
correctly determine slopes:
B. Slope shall be measured as the change in elevation over the
horizontal distance between consecutive contour lines. Slope shall
be measured over three consecutive two-foot contour intervals (six
cumulative vertical feet of slope). All slope measurements shall be
determined by a topographic survey signed and sealed by a
registered surveyor or engineer licensed to practice in Pennsylvania.
Ordinance, Section 470-6(B).
9
Section 312.B.1, R.R. at 243a. Further, Ordinance Section 312.E.1 expressly
provides the following conservation scheme for steep slopes within the RDO:
(1) Conservation of Steeply Sloped Lands.
(a) No site disturbance shall be allowed on slopes
exceeding 25%.
(b) Disturbance on slopes between 15% and 25%
shall require the submission of a detailed site
grading plan, which shall contain, at a minimum,
the following information:
[1] Existing contours;
[2] Existing areas within the [RDO] District
as defined herein;
[3] Location of existing and proposed
structures, including vehicular accesses;
[4] Proposed erosion and sedimentation
control measures;
[5] Proposed limits of disturbance;
[6] A tabulation of the acreage of the area
within the [RDO] District which would be
impacted by the proposed activity.
Ordinance, Section 312.E.1,12 Design and Performance Standards, R.R. at 243a-44a.
The Board found no ambiguity in Section 312.E.1 regarding whether
the conservation scheme for steep slopes within the RDO applied to naturally
occurring or manmade steep slopes. See Board Decision 5 & 8, R.R. 155a & 158a.
12
Ordinance Section 312.E.1 has been codified as Section 470-18.E.1. See R.R. at 243a.
10
The Board expressly noted that Ordinance Section 312.E.1 “does not differentiate
between natural and man[]made steep slopes.” See Board Decision at 5 & 8, R.R.
at 155a & 158a. Thus, the Board found that the “steep slopes” referenced in Section
312.E.1 encompassed both natural and manmade steep slopes. See id. This
interpretation was entitled to deference from a reviewing court. See Marshall, 97
A.3d at 333; Weiler, 300 A.3d at 1127.
On review, however, the Trial Court found ambiguity regarding
whether the term “steep slopes” in Section 312.E.1 includes only natural slopes or
both natural and manmade slopes. See Trial Court Opinion at 17-19. To resolve this
purported ambiguity, the Trial Court reviewed the language of Ordinance Section
312.A,13 which provides:
Purpose. The [RDO] District promotes conservation of
the land in the Township possessing natural features
identified as essential to the environmental health,
economy and rural character of the community. These
areas include lands with severe developmental constraints,
such as steep slopes, wetlands and floodplains. Protection
of natural features provides benefits such as soil erosion
control, improved soil quality and enhanced water quality
by means of filtering out harmful substances from runoff,
enriched habitat and biodiversity, flood control, and the
protection of buildings, roads and other property. To
protect life and property, preserve the natural and open
space character of the Township, as well as the physical
and environmental amenities of these areas, new growth
and development is directed to appropriate development
areas, away from lands containing the restricted
development features.
13
Ordinance Section 312.A has been codified as Section 470-18.A. See R.R. at 243a.
11
Ordinance, Section 312.A, R.R. at 243a. Based on the references to “natural
features” and “natural and open space” in the text of Section 312.A, the Trial Court
found that the language of Section 312.E.1 forbidding steep slope disturbance
referred only to naturally occurring steep slopes. See Trial Court Opinion at 17-19.
Interpreting this alleged ambiguity in favor of the landowner, the Trial Court
determined that Section 312.E.1 applied only to natural steep slopes and not
manmade steep slopes. See id. at 19-20.
We do not agree with the Trial Court’s determination that the language
of Section 312.E.1 contains ambiguity regarding the slopes to which it applies. “An
ambiguity exists when language is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations
and not merely because two conflicting interpretations may be suggested.” Weiler,
300 A.3d at 1126 (citing Roethlein v. Portnoff Law Assocs., Ltd., 81 A.3d 816, 824
(Pa. 2013)); see also Tri-Cnty. Landfill, Inc. v. Pine Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 83
A.3d 488, 510 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). The plain language of Section 312.E.1 permits
disturbance of slopes between 15% and 25% only upon the submission of a detailed
site grading plan and entirely disallows disturbance of slopes in excess of 25%. See
Ordinance, Section 312.E.1. Section 312.E.1 does not qualify the term “steep
slopes” as defined in Ordinance Section 470-6 and makes no distinction between
manmade and natural slopes. Thus, under the plain language of the section, Section
312.E.1 applies to all existing slopes within the RDO that exceed 15%.14 The Board
recognized that Section 312.E.1 contains no distinction regarding the slopes to which
it applies based on the background of slope creation. See Board Decision at 5 & 8,
14
We observe that the Ordinance’s general “steep slopes” definition likewise makes no
distinction between natural and manmade slopes. See Ordinance, Section 470-6, Steep Slopes,
R.R. at 223a.
12
R.R. at 155a & 158a. Simply put, Section 312.E.1 applies to all steep slopes (as
defined by Ordinance Section 470-6) within the RDO, regardless of how a given
slope was created. As such, the language of Section 312.E.1 covers both “natural”
and “manmade” slopes, and any distinction between the two is immaterial for the
purpose of a Section 312.E.1 analysis. The ambiguity suggested by the Trial Court
based on a purported distinction between “natural” and “manmade” slopes is not an
actual ambiguity, but instead simply a suggested conflicting interpretation of Section
312.E.1. Thus, the Trial Court erred when it determined that an ambiguity requiring
examination of sources outside the text of Section 312.E.1 existed. See Tri-Cnty.
Landfill, 83 A.3d at 510.
To the extent the Trial Court relied on the language of Section 312.A,
which discusses the purpose of the RDO, to support its examination of the intent of
the governing body that enacted the Ordinance,15 we observe that such an
examination is permitted only in the face of textual ambiguity, which, as discussed
supra, does not exist in Section 312.E.1. See Interstate Gas Supply, 298 A.3d at
1187-88. We further observe that nothing in the language of Section 312.A
regarding a desire to protect natural features, including natural steep slopes, is
mutually exclusive of a conservation scheme that also regulates the disturbance of
manmade steep slopes. See Ordinance Section 312.A. Even when considered
together with the language of Section 312.A, a distinction between natural and
manmade slopes is simply not necessary to give full meaning to Section 312.E.1.
See id. Additionally, the question of the purpose of the RDO is a further red herring
where, as here, the seeding and stabilization and the passage of a considerable
amount of time has transformed the disturbances of the Property into part of the
15
See Trial Court Opinion at 17-19, R.R. at 184a-86a.
13
natural landscape that “are no longer fill piles that may be moved without disturbing
the contours of the site.” Board Decision at 4, F.F. 16, R.R. at 154a.16
We further observe that the governing body that enacted the Ordinance
could have included distinctions in classifications of slopes to which the Ordinance
applies, as it did with the definition of “steep slopes,” which includes a definitional
distinction between “precautionary” and “prohibitive” slopes. See Ordinance,
Section 470-6, Steep Slopes, R.R. at 223a. The Ordinance could have made a similar
distinction between natural and manmade slopes but did not. The Ordinance does
not contain, in Section 312.E.1 or elsewhere, the natural versus manmade steep
slopes distinction that the Trial Court purports exists in Section 312.E.1. Thus, by
drawing a distinction between “natural” and “manmade” slopes for the purpose of
the conservation scheme present in Ordinance Section 312.E.1, the Trial Court
effectively and improperly inserted the additional, modifying term “natural” into the
text of Section 312.E.1 where it had not previously appeared. This was error. See
Interstate Gas Supply, 298 A.3d at 1187-88 (noting that it is not for a reviewing
court to insert into an ordinance terms, definitions, or distinctions that the legislature
or governing body that enacted it chose to omit).17
16
We observe that, under the Trial Court’s interpretation of Section 312.E.1, once a slope
is created by the efforts of humanity, no completion of construction or expiration of time would
allow slopes so created to fall under the express conservation scheme of Section 312.E.1.
17
We observe that Worth v. Solebury Township Zoning Hearing Board (Pa. Cmwlth., No.
1983 C.D. 2007, filed Sept. 8, 2008), cited by the Trial Court, see Trial Court Opinion at 17-18,
R.R. at 184a-85a, does not meaningfully support a finding of ambiguity in the language of Section
312.E.1. While this Court’s finding in Worth that evidence of a distinction between natural and
manmade slopes in a previous version of an ordinance contrasted with the lack of such a distinction
in the current version of the ordinance supported a finding that the later version intended to remove
such distinction, the contrapositive – that a lack of evidence of a distinction in a previous ordinance
14
B. Variance Determination
The Township’s next two claims involve the Trial Court’s
determinations regarding the District’s request for a variance18 for the purpose of
disturbing the Property’s steep slope areas. See Township Br. at 17-34. The first of
these claims concerns the grant of a de minimis variance, while the second claim
concerns the granting of a traditional variance. We will discuss each in turn.
1. De Minimis Variance
First, the Township argues that the Trial Court erred when it concluded
that the Board abused its discretion by not approving the District’s proposed steep
slope disturbance as a de minimis variance and thereafter determining that the Board
was required to approve the District’s request as a de minimis variance. See
Township Br. at 17-23. The Township argues that the Trial Court should have
deferred to the Board’s determination that the requested variance was not de
minimis. See id.
“A de minimis variance may be granted, even where the strict
requirements for a variance have not been met, where the variation requested is
minor and rigid compliance is not necessary to protect the public policy concerns of
the ordinance.” Lench v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of City of Pittsburgh, 13 A.3d
576, 581 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). This Court has explained that “there is no general
right to a de minimis variance in Pennsylvania[.]” 200 W. Montgomery Ave.
version indicates a distinction in the current ordinance version – is not true. Accordingly, Worth
does not aid our analysis of the specific facts of the instant matter.
18
A variance is a request seeking to vary a requirement in the zoning ordinance. Robert S.
Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice § 6.1.2 (2001). As this Court has explained, “[a]
variance is an extraordinary exception and should be granted sparingly[.]” Heisterkamp v. Zoning
Hearing Bd. of City of Lancaster, 383 A.2d 1311, 1314 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1978).
15
Ardmore, LLC v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Lower Merion Twp., 985 A.2d 996, 1001
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). Instead,
[t]he grant of a de minimis variance is a matter of
discretion with the local zoning board. A de minimis
variance may be granted where the variation requested is
minor and rigid compliance with the zoning ordinance is
not necessary to protect public policy concerns. There are
no set criteria for determining what will be considered de
minimis. Instead, the grant of a de minimis variance
depends upon the circumstances of each case.
Hawk v. City of Pittsburgh Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 38 A.3d 1061, 1066 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2012) (internal citations, original emphasis, and footnote omitted); see also
Coyle v. City of Lebanon Zoning Hearing Bd., 135 A.3d 240, 245 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2016) (quoting Nettleton v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 828 A.2d 1033, 1038 (Pa.
2003) (explaining that “the de minimis zoning doctrine authorizes a variance where
the deviation [from the requirements of a zoning ordinance] is relatively minor and
strict compliance is not necessary to protect the public interest”)); Worth v. Solebury
Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd. (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1983 C.D. 2007, filed Sept. 8, 2008)19
slip op. at 16 (also quoting Nettleton, 828 A.2d at 1038).
In reviewing a de minimis variance claim, we must recall that “[a]
variance is a departure from the exact provisions of a zoning ordinance.” Abbotts
Square Condo. Ass’n v. City of Phila., Zoning Bd. of Adjustment (Pa. Cmwlth., No.
1645 C.D. 2018, filed May 8, 2020). Accordingly, a slope variance necessarily seeks
19
Pursuant to Commonwealth Court Internal Operating Procedure Section 414(a), 210 Pa.
Code § 69.414(a), unreported panel decisions of this Court issued after January 15, 2008, may be
cited for their persuasive value. Further, we observe that this Court filed an order on July 12, 2023,
directing that the cited decision be reported.
16
permission to depart from a zoning ordinance’s restrictions on building on slopes in
excess of specified slope percentages. The parties argue that the metric by which
this departure is measured is the area of the steep slopes to be disturbed against the
total area of the Property. See Ordinance, Section 312.E.1(1)(b)(6) (requiring, as
part of an application to disturb steep slopes within the RDO, the submission of a
detailed site grading plan, which contains, inter alia, “[a] tabulation of the acreage
of the area within the [RDO] District which would be impacted by the proposed
activity”), R.R. at 244a; see also Ordinance, Section 470-6(A) (defining “steep
slopes” as “[a]reas of land, 3,000 square feet or greater, where the grade is 15% or
greater”), R.R. at 223a. Thus, in the instant matter, the question of a de minimis
variance hinges on the total amount of disturbance to the Property’s steep slopes,
which in turn depends on whether or not the manmade portions of the Property are
included in the total calculated steep slopes disturbance area under Ordinance
Section 312.E.1. The District argued before the Board that only natural slopes
should be considered and that the manmade areas could be ignored for the purposes
of calculating the steep slope disturbance area total and that, therefore, the
disturbance area comprised only .07 acres, or 4% of the Property. See Board
Decision at 4, F.F. 19-20, R.R. at 154a. If the manmade slopes are included in the
disturbance calculation as the Township argued, however, the disturbed area
increases to approximately 17.3% of the Property. See Board Decision at 5, F.F. 21,
R.R. at 155a. The Board rejected the District’s contention that the manmade steep
slopes could be ignored and found in its discretion that the resulting 17.3%
disturbance figure was the correct measure and was not de minimis. See Board
Decision at 5, F.F. 22-24, R.R. at 155a.
17
For the reasons discussed supra, we agree with the Board that the
Section 312.E.1 steep slope disturbance area calculation properly includes both the
Property’s manmade and natural steep slopes. Regarding the “man[]made” steep
slopes to be disturbed, we note that the Board found as a fact that these disturbances
have become part of that land. See Board Decision at 4, F.F. 16, R.R. at 154a
(finding as a fact that the manmade slopes that were seeded and stabilized “are no
longer fill piles that may be moved without disturbing the contours of the site”).
Thus, under the District’s plan, 17.3% of the Property would constitute areas of steep
slope disturbance. We further find no error with the Board’s determination that such
a percentage of disturbed area cannot properly be viewed as de minimis. See Board
Decision at 5, F.F. 24, R.R. at 155a; Board Decision at 8, R.R. at 158a. Such a
determination was well within the Board’s discretion, and we must defer to that
exercise of discretion. See Hawk, 38 A.3d at 1066.
Additionally, the Board also concluded that, “even if the man[]made
areas could be ignored, the area comprising only the natural slopes to be disturbed
argued by the [District] constitutes over 3,000 square feet and is a significant area
that the Board finds is not de minimis.” See Board Decision at 8, R.R. at 158a. While
this is a much closer call, we again note that this determination made by the Board
in the alternative, like the determination regarding the 17.3% disturbance figure, was
within the Board’s discretion and is afforded deference on review. See Hawk, 38
A.3d at 1066. In any event, as a result of our determinations regarding the proper
inclusion of all slopes within the steep slope disturbance calculations, we need not
consider whether the Board properly exercised its discretion as to the much smaller
disturbance area that would have resulted from excluding manmade steep slopes
from the steep slopes calculation.
18
For these reasons, we find that the Trial Court erred by finding the
Board abused its discretion and thereafter determining that the District was entitled
to a de minimis variance based on the proposed steep slope disturbance area. See
Trial Court Opinion at 20-22.
2. Traditional Variance
In its third argument, the Township argues that the Trial Court erred by
reversing the Board’s determination that the District failed to establish the traditional
elements necessary for the grant of a variance. See Township Br. at 24-34. The
Township argues that the District failed to demonstrate that the Property contains
some unique physical circumstance or condition that results in an unnecessary
hardship in developing the Property in conformity with the requirements of the
Ordinance. See id. We agree.
Section 803.C of the Ordinance20 sets forth standards for awarding
traditional variances in the Township. See Ordinance, Section 803.C.21 Ordinance
Section 803.C reads:
C. Standards for Variance: Where there is unnecessary
hardship, the Board may grant a variance in the application
of the provisions of this Ordinance provided that the
following findings are made where relevant in a given
case:
1. There are unique physical circumstances or
conditions, including (a) irregularity, narrowness,
or shallowness of lot size or shape, or (b)
20
Ordinance Section 803.C has been codified as Section 470-150.C. See R.R. at 315a.
21
We observe that Section 803.C of the Ordinance closely mirrors Section 910.2 of the
MPC, with only minor, non-substantive stylistic editing differences to MPC Section 910.2. See
Section 910.2(a) of the MPC, added by the Act of December 21, 1988, P.L. 1329, 53 P.S. §
10910.2(a).
19
exceptional topographical or other physical
conditions peculiar to the particular property, and
that the unnecessary hardship is due to such
conditions and not the circumstances or conditions
generally created by the provisions of the Zoning
Ordinance in the neighborhood or district in which
the property is located.
2. Because of such physical circumstances or
conditions, there is no possibility that the property
can be developed in strict conformity with the
provisions of the Zoning Ordinance and that the
authorization of a variance is therefore necessary
to enable the reasonable use of the property.
3. The unnecessary hardship has not been created
by the [applicant].
4. The variance, if authorized, will not alter the
essential character of the neighborhood or district
in which the property is located, nor substantially
or permanently impair the appropriate use or
development of adjacent property, nor be
detrimental to the public welfare.
5. The variance, if authorized, will represent the
minimum variance that will afford relief and will
represent the least modification possible of the
regulation in issue.
Ordinance, Section 803.C. Under this standard, to be granted a variance, the District
first must demonstrate a unique physical circumstance or condition of the Property
that created an unnecessary hardship to developing the Property. See Ordinance,
Section 803.C.
Where a court is faced with a dimensional variance as opposed to a use
variance, our Supreme Court has articulated a more relaxed standard for granting a
20
variance requiring a lesser quantum of proof. Under this relaxed standard, when
addressing the element of unnecessary hardship, “[c]ourts may consider multiple
factors, including the economic detriment to the applicant if the variance was denied,
the financial hardship created by any work necessary to bring the building into strict
compliance with the zoning requirements and the characteristics of the surrounding
neighborhood.” Hertzberg, 721 A.2d at 50. Although Hertzberg eased the
requirements for a variance, it did not remove them. Tidd v. Lower Saucon Twp.
Zoning Hearing Bd., 118 A.3d 1, 8 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). Despite the more relaxed
standard set forth in Hertzberg, it is still the case that “[t]he burden on an applicant
seeking a variance is a heavy one, and the reasons for granting the variance must be
substantial, serious and compelling.” Singer v. Phila. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 29
A.3d 144, 149 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). Further, a variance “is appropriate only where
the property, not the person, is subject to hardship.” Yeager v. Zoning Hearing Bd.
of Allentown, 779 A.2d 595, 598 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (quoting Szmigiel v. Kranker,
298 A.2d 629, 631 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1972)) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). “[A] variance will not be granted solely because the
applicant will suffer an economic hardship if he does not receive the same.” Soc’y
Created to Reduce Urban Blight v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Phila., 921 A.2d
536, 545 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007), aff’d sub nom. Spahn v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment,
977 A.2d 1132 (Pa. 2009).
As it is neither a dimensional variance like a setback nor a use variance
seeking authorization for a use outside those permitted by a zoning ordinance, a steep
slope variance represents a hybrid variance that occupies a gray area in zoning. See
Zappala Grp., Inc. v. Zoning Hearing Bd., Town of McCandless, 810 A.2d 708, 711
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2002), as amended (Nov. 15, 2002); see also Pohlig Builders, LLC v.
21
Zoning Hearing Bd. of Schuylkill Twp., 25 A.3d 1260, 1267 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).
Such hybrid variance requests are subject to the more relaxed Hertzberg standard.
See id. However, as with dimensional variances, although the Hertzberg standard
relaxes the requirements for establishing unnecessary hardship, the standard does
not negate the requirement that steep slope variance applicants prove each of the
other conditions listed in the zoning ordinance in question. See Singer, 29 A.3d at
149.
In the instant matter, regarding the first variance factor, the Board found
that the District did not demonstrate an unnecessary hardship because the physical
feature of the Property that occasioned the Application – the steep slopes – was the
same feature that triggered application of the constraints contained in the Ordinance.
See Board Decision at 9-11. The Board relied on this Court’s decision in Boyer v.
Zoning Hearing Board of Franklin Township, 987 A.2d 219 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), for
the proposition that “the claimed hardship cannot be the very thing that dictates
application of [a] zoning ordinance provision.” Board Decision at 10, R.R. at 160a.
In Boyer, the landowners sought a variance from restrictions in a Steep Slope
Conservation Overlay zone that prohibited construction on a plateau surrounded by
slopes in excess of 15%, on which their property was located. See Boyer, 987 A.2d
at 220. The zoning board rejected the landowners’ argument that it would be
impossible to develop their property in conformance with the zoning ordinance
because their property contained an 8.5-acre plateau surrounded by steep slopes in
excess of 15%. See id. at 222. On review, this Court affirmed, explaining:
Having considered [the landowners’] argument, we note
that it is striking for what it does not purport; [the
landowners] do not argue that the unnecessary hardship
has not been caused by “the circumstances or conditions
generally created by the provisions of the zoning
22
ordinance in the neighborhood or district in which the
property is located.” Section 910.2(a)(1) of the MPC, 53
P.S. § 10910.2(a)(1). Presumably, [the landowners] fail to
make this argument because they cannot legitimately do
so where even they admit that they “are unable to use the
tract they own to erect a house because of the Steep Slope
Overlay Regulation.” ([Landowners’] brief at 19.) In
other words, if it were not for the fact that the [p]roperty
was within the [Steep Slope Conservation Overlay], there
is no question that [the landowners] could erect their
single-family residence on an eight-and-one-half-acre
plateau in the Open Space Zone. Given [the landowners’]
failure to show that their unnecessary hardship arises from
the unique physical circumstances of their property as
opposed to the circumstances generally created by the
[zoning o]rdinance, an undoubtedly relevant criterion, we
cannot agree with [the landowners’] assertion that the
[zoning hearing board] abused its discretion or committed
legal error in denying their variance request.
Boyer, 987 A.2d at 223.
Here, the Board found as a fact that “[t]he only physical condition of
the [Property] identified and argued by [the District] as constituting the hardship is
the presence of the steep slopes.” Board Decision at 6, F.F. 32, R.R. at 156a. The
Board further determined that “there are no unique physical features of the
[Property] in question that are not circumstances or conditions generally created by
the [O]rdinance that create undue hardship.” Board Decision at 6, F.F. 34, R.R. at
156a. As a result, the Board concluded:
In this case, there are no unique physical features or
circumstances of the [P]roperty other than the existence of
the steep slopes identified to justify the variance. Indeed,
but for the existence of the steep slopes, there would be
nothing preventing the [District] from utilizing the parcel
as proposed. However, as decided in Boyer, the feature
23
that dictates application of the [O]rdinance provision
cannot be the same feature that constitutes a hardship.
Board Decision at 11, R.R. at 161a.
Rather than disputing the Board’s finding that the steep slopes were the
only physical condition identified as constituting a hardship on the Property,22 the
Trial Court attempted to draw a distinction between the existence of the steep slopes
and the dispersion of the steep slopes throughout the Property. See Trial Court
Opinion at 28-29, R.R. at 195a-96a. We acknowledge the strengths and subtleties
of both the Board’s and the Trial Court’s positions; however, we need not pass on
this aspect of the Application due to the glaring inability of the District to meet the
third required variance factor under the Ordinance. While the Board did not examine
the traditional variance factors beyond the existence of a hardship, we observe that
the District’s insistence on treating the manmade slopes differently from natural
slopes precludes it from establishing the third required factor for a traditional
variance – that the applicant has not created the claimed unnecessary hardship. The
argument that the manmade steep slopes of the Property should be treated differently
from preexisting natural slopes necessarily concedes that the District, through its
previous placement of the fill and topsoil on the Property, created the hardship from
which it seeks relief. This fact also precludes the grant of a traditional variance as
to the Property’s “man[]made” slopes. See Ordinance, Section 803.C.
22
We note that the Trial Court agreed with the Board that a claimed unnecessary hardship
cannot be the thing that requires the application of a provision of the Ordinance in the first place.
See Trial Court Opinion at 26, R.R. at 193a.
24
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Trial Court Opinion.
__________________________________
CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
25
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Eastern York School District :
:
v. :
:
Lower Windsor Township Zoning :
Hearing Board and Lower Windsor :
Township :
: No. 62 C.D. 2023
Appeal of: Lower Windsor Township :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 5th day of December, 2024, the December 30, 2022
order of the Court of Common Pleas of York County is REVERSED.
__________________________________
CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge