explaining that because future parole suitability decisions turn on 10 multiple factors, “the presence of a disciplinary infraction does not compel the denial of parole, 11 nor does the absence of an infraction compel the grant of parole.”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that because future parole suitability decisions turn on 10 multiple factors, “the presence of a disciplinary infraction does not compel the denial of parole, 11 nor does the absence of an infraction compel the grant of parole.”
- emphasizing that federal habeas 3 jurisdiction lies only where the success on a claim would “necessarily spell speedier release from 4 prison”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 JOHN SCOTT MCCLINTOCK, No. 2:24-cv-01599 TLN AC P
12 Petitioner,
13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14 GENA JONES,
15 Respondent.
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17 Petitioner is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a petition for a writ of habeas corpus
18 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Currently pending before the court is respondent’s motion to
19 dismiss the petition. ECF No. 11. Petitioner has filed an opposition and respondent has filed a
20 reply. ECF Nos. 13, 15. For the reasons that follow, the undersigned recommends granting
21 respondent’s motion to dismiss.
22 I. Factual and Procedural History
23 On January 9, 2003, petitioner was sentenced to two indeterminate terms of 15 years to
24 life to be served consecutively to one another following his conviction in the San Diego Superior
25 Court on eight counts of lewd or lascivious acts with a child under fourteen.1 ECF No. 11 at 10-
26 14. His habeas corpus application, however, challenges petitioner’s June 18, 2023 prison
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1 Petitioner was also sentenced to additional determinate and indeterminate terms, but they were
28 all ordered to be served concurrently. ECF No. 11 at 10-14.
1 disciplinary violation for possession of alcohol, which resulted in a 30 day loss of privileges.2
2 ECF No. 1 at 1. In his habeas application, petitioner asserts that his disciplinary hearing was a
3 sham and violated his due process rights, and the false disciplinary charge constitutes cruel and
4 unusual punishment because it impacts his chances of being found suitable for parole. By way of
5 relief, petitioner requests that the administrative grievance related to his disciplinary conviction
6 be granted, the disciplinary violation be reversed, his good time credits be restored, and his
7 central prison file be corrected. ECF No. 1 at 22.
8 II. Motion to Dismiss
9 In a motion to dismiss filed on August 26, 2024, respondent asserts that petitioner’s
10 claims for relief are not cognizable in this federal habeas action because success on his claims
11 would not implicate the fact or duration of his confinement.3 ECF No. 11 at 6 (citing Nettles v.
12 Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934-35 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc). According to respondent, since
13 petitioner’s actual release date will be determined by the California Board of Parole Hearings, the
14 reversal of the prison disciplinary violation will not necessarily result in petitioner’s speedier
15 release from confinement. Therefore, respondent ask the court to dismiss the habeas petition for
16 failing to present a cognizable claim for relief. See Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254
17 Cases.
18 In opposition to the motion, petitioner asserts that he does state a cognizable habeas claim
19 because he is being denied early consideration for elderly parole as a result of his disciplinary
20 violation. Petitioner also submitted evidence that the Board of Parole Hearings denied his
21 petition to advance his next parole suitability hearing based on this disciplinary violation. ECF
22 No. 13 at 13-16. According to petitioner’s evidence, he met the criteria for the Elderly Parole
23 Program as of September 6, 2021. ECF No. 13 at 14.
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25 2 Neither petitioner nor respondent actually submitted a copy of the Rules Violation Report
26 (“RVR”) that is challenged in this case. Therefore, there is no indication in the record that
petitioner lost any good time credit as a result of the disciplinary violation. Petitioner alleges that
27 he was denied phone and visitation privileges after the guilty finding.
3 In the interests of judicial economy, the court limits its discussion to this dispositive issue and
28 does not address respondent’s remaining arguments in the motion to dismiss.
1 By way of reply, respondent points out that petitioner’s first parole suitability hearing was
2 scheduled for September 2022, but petitioner voluntarily waived that hearing for one year. ECF
3 No. 15 at 2 (citing California Incarcerated Records & Information Search (CIRIS) – CDCR,
4 available at https://ciris.mt.cdcr.ca.gov/details?cdcrNumber=T79940 (last visited Nov. 14, 2024).
5 Based on this information, respondent argues that the 2023 disciplinary violation did not delay his
6 elderly parole consideration. Moreover, expunging the violation would not necessarily lead to his
7 earlier release on parole.
8 After respondent’s reply was filed, petitioner filed a motion to stay these proceedings in
9 order to exhaust his state court remedies. ECF No. 16. In the motion, petitioner “agrees that the
10 State of California’s Highest Court must have the opportunity to respond.” ECF No. 16 at 1.
11 III. Legal Standards
12 Claims in a federal habeas petition must lie at the core of habeas corpus in order to
13 proceed. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 487 (1973); Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922,
14 931 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc), cert. denied, 580 U.S. 1063 (2017). Specifically, habeas
15 jurisdiction extends only to claims challenging the validity or actual duration of a prisoner’s
16 confinement. Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 750 (2004); Dominguez v. Kernan, 906 F.3d
17 1127, 1137 (9th Cir. 2018). This requirement is readily met when a prisoner challenges his
18 conviction or sentence. When the challenge is to internal prison disciplinary proceedings,
19 however, habeas jurisdiction exists only if success on petitioner's claims would necessarily result
20 in his speedier release from custody. Nettles, 830 F.3d at 934-35; see also Ramirez v. Galaza,
21 334 F.3d 850, 859 (9th Cir. 2003).
22 The Ninth Circuit has found habeas jurisdiction lacking where a California petitioner was
23 serving an indeterminate sentence and had not been found suitable for parole. Nettles, 830 F.3d
24 at 934-35. In such circumstances, expungement of disciplinary violations and restoration of
25 credits might increase the likelihood of a future grant of parole, but would not guarantee parole or
26 otherwise “necessarily result in speedier release” under state law. Id.
27 IV. Analysis
28 As explained above, this court has jurisdiction to entertain petitioner’s habeas challenge to
1 his 2023 disciplinary violation only if relief would lead to his speedier release from confinement.
2 See Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 525 & n.13 (2011) (emphasizing that federal habeas
3 jurisdiction lies only where the success on a claim would “necessarily spell speedier release from
4 prison”) (internal quotations omitted). In this case, there is no indication in the record that the
5 challenged disciplinary violation even led to a loss of good time credit. Petitioner indicates only
6 that he lost certain privileges. Because petitioner is serving an indeterminate life sentence, and
7 has not previously been found suitable for parole and granted a concrete release date, this
8 disciplinary violation has only a speculative effect on the ultimate duration of his incarceration.
9 See Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935 (explaining that because future parole suitability decisions turn on
10 multiple factors, “the presence of a disciplinary infraction does not compel the denial of parole,
11 nor does the absence of an infraction compel the grant of parole.”); see also Neal v. Shimoda, 131
12 F.3d 818, 824 (9th Cir. 1997) (recognizing that relief which would improve prospects for future
13 parole eligibility does not “guarantee parole or necessarily shorten... prison sentences by a single
14 day.”). Petitioner’s specific argument regarding eligibility for elderly parole is not supported by
15 the record. Petitioner was eligible for elderly parole prior to receiving the disciplinary violation,
16 yet it was not granted. For all these reasons, petitioner’s challenge to his 2023 disciplinary
17 violation falls outside the core of federal habeas corpus.4 Accordingly, the undersigned
18 recommends granting respondent’s motion to dismiss.5
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4 The Ninth Circuit adopted the “core of habeas” standard articulated in Skinner v. Switzer, 562
20 U.S. 521 (2011), because it did “not require… guess[ing] at the discretionary decisions of state
officials in order to determine whether an action sounds in habeas or § 1983….” Nettles v.
21 Grounds, 830 F.3d at 934.
5 The court recognizes its discretion to convert petitioner’s § 2254 application to a § 1983 action,
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however, it declines to exercise its discretion in this case. See Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d at
23 936 (stating that “a district court may construe a petition for habeas corpus to plead a cause of
action under § 1983 after notifying and obtaining informed consent from the prisoner”).
24 However, provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PLRA”) complicate a court’s
decision to recharacterize a habeas petition as a civil rights complaint. Due to the PLRA's filing
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fee requirements, its provisions requiring sua sponte screening of complaints, and its limits on the
26 number of actions a prisoner may be permitted to file in forma pauperis, a prisoner should not be
obligated to proceed with a civil rights action unless he or she clearly expresses a desire to do so.
27 See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 & 1915A; 42 U.S.C. § 1997e. Instead, it is recommended that the habeas
corpus petition be dismissed without prejudice to filing a § 1983 action should petitioner choose
28 to do so.
1 Based on this recommendation, petitioner’s motion for a stay of these proceedings in
2 order to exhaust his state court remedies is moot. The undersigned therefore recommends
3 denying petitioner’s motion for a stay.
4 V. Plain Language Summary for Pro Se Party
5 Since petitioner is acting as his own attorney in this case, the court wants to make sure
6 that the words of this order are understood. The following information is meant to explain this
7 order in plain English and is not intended as legal advice.
8 The court has reviewed the motion to dismiss and your opposition, and concludes that the
9 challenge to your disciplinary conviction is not something you can present in a habeas petition. It
10 is recommended that your petition be dismissed without prejudice to the filing of a federal civil
11 rights action.
12 If you disagree with this recommendation, you have 21 days to file a written explanation
13 why it is wrong. Label your explanation as “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and
14 Recommendations.” The district judge assigned to your case will review any objections and
15 make the final decision.
16 CONCLUSION
17 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:
18 1. Respondent’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 11) be granted.
19 2. Petitioner’s motion for a stay (ECF No. 16) be denied as moot.
20 3. Petitioner’s application for a writ of habeas corpus (ECF No. 1) be dismissed without
21 prejudice to refiling as a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action.
22 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
23 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within twenty one days
24 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
25 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned
26 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” In his objections petitioner
27 may address whether a certificate of appealability should issue in the event he files an appeal of
28 the judgment in this case. See Rule 11, Federal Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases (the district
1 | court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse to the
2 || applicant). Where, as here, a habeas petition is dismissed on procedural grounds, a certificate of
3 || appealability “should issue if the prisoner can show: (1) ‘that jurists of reason would find it
4 || debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling;’ and (2) ‘that jurists of
5 || reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a
6 || constitutional right.’” Morris v. Woodford, 229 F.3d 775, 780 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Slack v.
7 || McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)). Any response to the objections shall be served and filed
8 | within fourteen days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file
9 || objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order.
10 || Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
11 | DATED: November 15, 2024 ~
ttre Llar—e_
12 ALLISONCLAIRE
13 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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