Com. v. Burns, K.

J-A16033-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

: PENNSYLVANIA

:

v. :

:

:

KRISTIAN CHARLES BURNS :

:

Appellant : No. 1356 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 1, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP-60-CR-0000074-2019

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED SEPTEMBER 29, 2021

Appellant, Kristian Charles Burns, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Union County after a jury

convicted him of aggravated assault by vehicle while driving under the

influence (“DUI”), aggravated assault by vehicle, DUI—highest rate, accidents

involving death or injury while not licensed, and driving while suspended DUI-

related with alcohol in his system.1 Herein, Appellant challenges a pre-trial

ruling of the court, the discretionary aspects of his sentence, and the weight

and sufficiency of the evidence. After careful review, we affirm.

On May 12, 2018, Appellant encountered two old high school friends,

Kara Eberle and Tessy Aikey, at a bar in Milton, Pa. and spent the remainder

of the night consuming alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. N.T., 3/2/20, at 45,

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3735.1, 3732.1, 3802(c), 3742.1(a), and 1543.

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48-51, 68-69. In the early morning hours, Eberle, who had volunteered to be

the designated driver for Aikey earlier that evening, agreed to drive Appellant

home as well. N.T. at 47. After she dropped off Aikey, she continued toward

the rural home of Appellant’s father, but she was having some difficulty

because she did not know the way. N.T. at 52-54. According to Eberle, she

accepted Appellant’s offer to take over, and Appellant eventually crashed the

car into a tree at a high rate of speed causing the two to be ejected from the

car and sustain serious injury. N.T. at 56-59.

Appellant was charged as indicated supra, and a pivotal issue at the jury

trial regarded the identity of the driver at the time of the accident. The

Commonwealth presented evidence intended to prove Appellant caused the

accident by reckless operation of the vehicle, as Appellant had turned down a

"loose gravel” road with a posted 40 mile per hour speed limit and accelerated

to between 74 and 80 miles per hour in disregard of Eberle’s panicked pleas

for him to slow down. N.T. at 56-57, 147. Eberle claimed she was so afraid

at that moment that she undid her seatbelt and prepared to jump from the

vehicle. N.T. at 56.

The Commonwealth also presented both DNA test results of blood

recovered from inside the vehicle and expert testimony on accident

reconstruction analysis to establish Appellant’s location in the driver’s seat at

the time of the accident. N.T. at 145-146, 155. Additionally, post-accident

BAC results and toxicology screenings were offered to corroborate Eberle’s

testimony that Appellant drove recklessly and without due regard for the

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dangerous conditions. Specifically, Appellant’s BAC of .284% and positive

results for marijuana and cocaine in his toxicology screening provided

evidence of his impairment, while, in contrast, Eberle’s BAC was .074%, below

the legal limit. N.T. at 67-69.

In his defense, Appellant presented an expert witness, Justin P. Schorr,

Ph.D., whose accident reconstruction analysis led him to offer his opinion to a

reasonable degree of professional certainty that Eberle was the driver.

A jury found Appellant guilty of aggravated assault by vehicle while DUI

(“AA-DUI”), aggravated assault by vehicle, DUI—highest rate, accidents

involving death or injury while not licensed, and driving while suspended DUI-

related with alcohol in his system.

The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of 54 months plus 90

days to 132 months’ incarceration, which comprised a standard range

sentence of 54 to 120 months for AA-DUI, a concurrent sentence of 16 to 84

months for accidents involving death or injury while not licensed, and a

consecutive sentence of 90 days to 12 months for driving while suspended

while greater than .02% BAC. This timely appeal followed.

Appellant presents the following questions for our consideration:

1. The trial court denied Burns’ motion to continue on the eve of

trial. The continuance request was based on the

Commonwealth’s providing new discovery on the Friday before

trial was to begin on Monday. Due to the late proved discovery,

Burns did not have adequate time to prepare a defense. Did

the judge abuse his discretion by failing to grant Burns’ motion

to continue?

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2. The trial court sentenced Burns to an aggregate sentence of 57

months to 132 months. Based on Burns[’] individual

circumstances in light of his own serious injury and required

medical treatment, this sentence is akin to cruel and unusual

punishment. Did the court err in imposing an excessive

sentence?

3. Burns was found guilty of aggravated assault by vehicle while

DUI. To convict a driver of this offense, the Commonwealth

must prove that Burns’ intoxication was the direct and

proximate cause of the accident which resulted in serious bodily

injury to the victim. Here there was no evidence presented

that the Burns intoxication was the direct and proximate cause

of the injury. Did the Commonwealth fail to present sufficient

evidence to find Burns guilty?

4. Burns was found guilty of aggravate[d] assault while DUI,

aggravated assault by vehicle, accident involving death or

injury, DUI impaired ability, and Driving While Suspended with

a greater than .02% BAC. There was credible evidence

presented by a qualified expert witness that Burns could not

have been the driver of the car. Was the verdict as to each of

the above-listed charges against the weight of the evidence?

Appellant’s brief at 6-7.

Appellant first asserts that the trial court erroneously denied his Friday,

February 28, 2020, written motion for a continuance to permit adequate

review of approximately 95 crash scene photographs that the Commonwealth

had just turned over to the defense a day earlier. The motion asserted that

with an anticipated two-day trial scheduled to begin on Monday morning,

March 2, 2020, there was insufficient time for the defense team and its

collision reconstruction expert to review properly the newly provided

discovery. He argues the photographs were essential to the expert’s ability

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to evaluate the scene and draw a conclusion as to who was driving at the time

of the accident.

Our Supreme Court has held that “[t]he grant or denial of a motion for

a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will be

reversed only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v.

Brooks, 104 A.3d 466, 469 (Pa. 2014). An abuse of discretion is not merely

an error of judgment; rather, discretion is abused when “the law is overridden

or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the

result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the

record.” Id. (citation omitted).

“A bald allegation of an insufficient amount of time to prepare will not

provide a basis for reversal of the denial of a continuance motion.”

Commonwealth v. Ross, 57 A.3d 85, 91 (Pa. Super. 2012). “Instead, an

appellant must be able to show specifically in what manner he was unable to

prepare his defense or how he would have prepared differently had he been

given more time.” Id. (quotation omitted).

The trial court’s March 2, 2020, written order denying Appellant’s motion

for a continuance specified “the motion is denied at this time, without

prejudice to renew.” Order, 2/28/20 (emphasis added). The opportunity to

renew tracked both an earlier in-chambers conference on the motion and the

court’s subsequent formal announcement from the bench “not to grant the

motion at this time at least.” N.T., 2/2/20, at 5.

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Prior to entering its order, the court asked defense counsel if he wanted

“to add anything before I do that or qualify what you want to have happen?”

Defense counsel responded, “I don’t think it’s necessary, Your Honor. I may

renew the motion later on in the day; but at this point, I certainly respect the

Judge’s – Your Honor’s ruling.” Id.

During a break in Day 1 testimony, defense counsel updated the court

regarding the prospect of a renewed motion:

Defense counsel: For what it’s worth, Your Honor, just as

sort of a housecleaning matter; having conferred with my expert,

I do not believe that I will be resuming my motion for continuance.

I think we’re okay in proceeding.

N.T. at 118. Accordingly, defense expert Justin Schorr, Ph.D., testified on the

following day.

In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925 Opinion, the trial court explains that it entered the

order without prejudice to renew because “we wanted to determine if in fact

the late receipt of discovery compromised or prejudiced the defense expert’s

presentation since the motion was speculative as to whether the expert might

be incapable of reviewing the materials over the weekend before the start of

trial.” TCO, 11/12/2020, at 2. Given both counsel’s Monday notice to the

court that it would not renew its motion and the expert’s Tuesday testimony

evaluating the photographs without complaint of insufficient time to prepare,

the trial court found that Appellant waived his right to raise this claim on

appeal. We agree.

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By indicating at Monday’s pretrial conference its willingness to consider

a renewed motion as the time for the expert’s Tuesday testimony drew closer,

which would allow better assessment by all of whether prior Thursday’s

discovery of the photographs provided adequate time for the expert to

prepare, the court stopped short of definitively ruling on the motion. It was

only when counsel later advised the court that after conferring with his expert

there was no need to renew and that he would be “okay in proceeding” that

the issue was settled, as counsel effectively withdrew his motion at such time.

We, thus, conclude waiver applies under the particular facts of the case. Cf.

Blumer v. Ford Motor Co., 20 A.3d 1222, 1232 (Pa.Super. 2011)

(“Consistent with . . . F.R.E. 103, a motion in limine may preserve an

objection for appeal without any need to renew the objection at trial, but only

if the trial court clearly and definitively rules on the motion. . . . [See] F.R.E.

103, Advisory Committee Notes—2000 Amendments (‘[W]hen the trial court

appears to have reserved its ruling or to have indicated that the ruling is

provisional, it makes sense to require the party to bring the issue to the court's

attention subsequently.’)”) (emphasis added).2

In Appellant’s second issue, Appellant challenges the court’s exercise of

sentencing discretion when it declared an aggravated range sentence for the

charge of AA-DUI was warranted because this was Appellant’s fourth DUI

____________________________________________

2 In the alternative, even if we did not find waiver, we discern no merit to

Appellant’s claim, as Dr. Schorr testified on the following day without claiming

any impairment to his ability to evaluate the photographs.

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conviction.3 Appellant maintains the court therefore double-counted

Appellant’s prior record score, which is already contemplated in guideline

calculations.

It is not disputed, however, that the court learned while reviewing post-

sentence motions that because the presentence investigation report had

contained miscalculated scores and, consequently, understated guideline

ranges, the court’s sentence actually fell within the standard guideline range

when proper calculations were applied. Rather than resentence Appellant to

a new aggravated range sentence the court elected to retain what was now a

standard range sentence. Appellant, nevertheless, complains that the court

abused its discretion in imposing a guideline sentence that focused on the

seriousness of the offense and the injury to the victim rather than on

Appellant’s rehabilitative needs.

It is well-settled that “[c]hallenges to the discretionary aspects of

sentencing do not entitle an appellant to review as of right.” Commonwealth

v. Derry, 150 A.3d 987, 991 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted). Rather,

before reaching the merits of such claims, we must determine:

(1)whether the appeal is timely; (2) whether Appellant preserved

his issue; (3) whether Appellant's brief includes a concise

statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with

____________________________________________

3 Appellant concedes that despite his reference to his sentence being “akin to

cruel and unusual punishment” he is not raising a challenge to the legality of

his sentence but is, instead, asserting the court failed to consider that his

injuries and need for rehabilitation would be best addressed at the county

level within the context of a probationary sentence with extensive restrictions.

See infra.

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respect to the discretionary aspects of sentence; and (4) whether

the concise statement raises a substantial question that the

sentence is appropriate under the sentencing code.

Commonwealth v. Edwards, 71 A.3d 323, 329-30 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(citation omitted).

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, properly preserved his claim by

filing a post-sentence motion for reconsideration, and includes a concise

statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal under Pa.R.A.P.

2119(f). The only issue remaining then is whether he has raised a substantial

question that the sentence is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code.

The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must

be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. A substantial question

exists only when the appellant advances a colorable argument

that the sentencing judge's actions were either: (1) inconsistent

with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary

to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process.

Commonwealth v. Ali, 197 A.3d 742, 760 (Pa. Super. 2018) (internal

citations and quotations omitted).

The crux of Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) Statement asserts as follows:

Appellant alleges that the trial court violated the sentencing

guidelines by failing to consider his individual circumstances and

imposing a sentence within the sentencing guidelines. The

sentencing court erred by focusing [instead] solely on the

seriousness of the offense and the injury to the victim rather than

[on Appellant’s] rehabilitative needs. Therefore, a substantial

question has been raised failed to consider his individual

circumstances and imposed a sentence.

Appellant’s brief (Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) Statement), at 20-21. Appellant raises a

substantial question. See Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 770

(Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc) (stating an excessive sentence claim, in

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conjunction with an assertion that the court failed to consider mitigating

factors, raises a substantial question).

Pertinent law is well-settled:

Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the

sentencing judge. The standard employed when reviewing the

discretionary aspects of sentencing is very narrow. We may

reverse only if the sentencing court abused its discretion or

committed an error of law. A sentence will not be disturbed on

appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an

abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment.

Rather, the appellant must establish, by reference to the record,

that the sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised

its judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or

arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision. We must accord

the sentencing court's decision great weight because it was in the

best position to review the defendant's character, defiance or

indifference, and the overall effect and nature of the crime.

Commonwealth v. Nevels, 203 A.3d 229, 247 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation

omitted).

The Sentencing Code provides that on appeal, this Court “shall vacate

the sentence and remand the case to the sentencing court with instructions if

it finds: ... the sentencing court sentenced within the sentencing guidelines

but the case involves circumstances where the application of the guidelines

would be clearly unreasonable[.]” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c)(2). In determining

whether a sentence is “clearly unreasonable,”

the appellate court must consider the defendant's background and

characteristics as well as the particular circumstances of the

offense involved, the trial court's opportunity to observe the

defendant, the presentence investigation report, if any, the

Sentencing Guidelines as promulgated by the Sentencing

Commission, and the ‘findings’ upon which the trial court based

its sentence.

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Commonwealth v. Coulverson, 34 A.3d 135, 147 (Pa. Super. 2011)

(citation omitted). See also 42 Pa.C.S.A. 9781(d). Furthermore, “[w]here,

as here, the sentencing court has the benefit of reviewing a pre-sentence

investigation report, we can assume the sentencing court was aware of

relevant information regarding the defendant's character and weighed those

considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.” Commonwealth v.

Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 919 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).

After careful review, we find that the record belies Appellant’s claim.

Specifically, the court devoted the initial part of the sentencing hearing to the

findings and recommendations contained in Appellant’s presentence

investigation report with respect to Appellant’s rehabilitative needs:

I have before me a Presentence Report concerning you dated May

21, 2020, prepared by Probation Officer Sean Madden; and I have

reviewed it. I want to verify, we’re going to talk about the

contents here in a minute, but I want to make sure that you’ve

had a chance to review it as well.

...

We have treatment assessment recommendations from

Northumberland County’s program, Behavioral Health and

Intellectual Development Services Program; and they state, based

on the information provided by [Appellant], he does not meet

criteria for D&A [drug and alcohol] treatment at this time, which I

think is kind of interesting.

There is a CRN report prepared by our probation office which does

identify you as a problem drinker and does say that – well, you

are going to go to the Alcohol Highway Safety School anyway;

and, of course, it recommends the alcohol assessment and drug

assessment which we just referred to.

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...

Then on the – just to follow further, the report also includes as an

attachment a computerized assessment and referral system

report concerning you which does an evaluation of your mental

health and other issues. It’s a screening tool only, identifies you

as having two mental health problems and recommends seeking

a professional mental health screening which did occur.

And going on through the report, it -- on page 7 you had a positive

screen for two mental health conditions. Further assessment is

needed to confirm whether he qualifies for these disorders.

Referrals to the five closest resources for additional substance use

and/or mental health screening are listed below. So, generally,

since this is going to end up in state prison, we are hoping that

perhaps the state prison system can address some of these issues.

Sentencing Hearing, 6/1/20, at 3-4.

The court also heard defense counsel zealously advocate for a

probationary sentence with restrictive conditions not only because Appellant’s

serious injuries and his overall poor physical condition enhanced his

vulnerability to Covid-19 exposures in prison, but also because Appellant’s

compliance with Union County Adult Probation had been excellent and the

Probation Office’s treatment program is a nationally recognized mentor team.

N.T. at 12-13.

Therefore, the trial court had an opportunity to review and discuss

openly the presentence report and to consider Appellant’s argument for

mitigation before it imposed its sentence.

Under these circumstances demonstrating the court’s consideration of

rehabilitative needs and mitigating circumstances, and in light of controlling

decisional law, we decline to find Appellant’s standard range sentence

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unreasonable. See Commonwealth v. Corley, 31 A.3d 293, 298 (Pa.

Super. 2011) (“Where the sentencing court imposed a standard-range

sentence with the benefit of a presentence report, we will not consider the

sentence excessive.”).

In addition, Appellant concedes his sentence is in the standard range,

Appellant's Brief at 28, and “where a sentence is within the standard range of

the guidelines, Pennsylvania law views the sentence as appropriate under the

Sentencing Code.” Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 171 (Pa.

Super. 2010).

In Appellant’s third issue, he argues that the Commonwealth failed to

present evidence sufficient to establish that his intoxication was the direct and

proximate cause of his passenger’s injuries. We disagree.

We are mandated to frame our sufficiency review of

Appellant's AA–DUI convictions by viewing “all the evidence

admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner,”

to determine whether “there is sufficient evidence to enable the

fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Commonwealth v. Nunn, 947 A.2d 756, 759

(Pa.Super.2008) (internal citations omitted). “We may not weigh

the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder ... [

] [who] while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the

weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none

of the evidence.” Id.

The offense of AA–DUI is defined as follows.

Any person who negligently causes serious bodily

injury to another person as the result of a violation of

section 3802 (relating to driving under influence of

alcohol or controlled substance) and who is convicted

of violating section 3802 commits a felony of the

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second degree when the violation is the cause of the

injury.

75 Pa.C.S. § 3735.1.

The offense at Section 3735.1 contains the element of criminal

negligence, which is present where:

A person acts negligently with respect to a material element of an

offense when he should be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable

risk that the material element exists or will result from his

conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the

actor's failure to perceive it, considering the nature and intent of

his conduct and the circumstances known to him, involves a gross

deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person

would observe in the actor's situation.

18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(4). When presented with a challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence for criminal negligence, this Court has stated that we must

determine “whether [a]ppellant's conduct amounted to a gross deviation from

the standard of care:

In determining whether a person's actions constitute criminal

negligence one must obviously consider the entire situation; and

we hold that the determination whether those actions qualify as a

“gross deviation” within the meaning of the statute, can depend

upon the nature of the standard applicable to a given situation.

Commonwealth v. Kutzel, 64 A.3d 1114, 1119 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Lobiondo, 462 A.2d 662, 666 (Pa. 1983)). “While both

criminal negligence and recklessness involve ‘gross’ deviations from

reasonable conduct, recklessness includes conscious disregard of a risk

whereas criminal negligence is accompanied by lack of awareness of a risk.”

Commonwealth v. Heck, 491 A.2d 212, 216 (Pa. Super. 1985). “A driver's

failure to act with reasonable care or attention in the circumstances is nothing

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more than proof of his negligence as that term is used in the civil law.” Id.

at 216–17 (citation omitted).

Additionally, the following definitions are germane to our analysis:

(a) General rule.—Conduct is the cause of a result

when:

(1) it is an antecedent but for which the result in

question would not have occurred; and

(2) the relationship between the conduct and result

satisfies any additional causal requirements imposed

by this title or by the law defining the offense.

***

(c) Divergence between probable and actual

result.—When recklessly or negligently causing a

particular result is an element of an offense, the

element is not established if the actual result is not

within the risk of which the actor is aware or, in the

case of negligence, of which he should be aware

unless:

(1) the actual result differs from the probable result

only in the respect that a different person or different

property is injured or affected or that the probable

injury or harm would have been more serious or more

extensive than that caused; or

(2) the actual result involves the same kind of injury

or harm as the probable result and is not too remote

or accidental in its occurrence to have a bearing on

the liability of the actor or on the gravity of his

offense.

18 Pa.C.S. § 303(a); (c).

In Nunn, we reiterated:

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To establish criminal causation, the

Commonwealth must prove that the defendant's

conduct was so directly and substantially linked to the

actual result as to give rise to the imposition of

criminal liability. Commonwealth v. Long, 425

Pa.Super. 170, 624 A.2d 200, 203–204 (1993),

appeal denied, 535 Pa. 645, 633 A.2d 150 (1993)

(citing Commonwealth v. Rementer, 410 Pa.Super.

9, 598 A.2d 1300, 1304 (1991), appeal denied, 533

Pa. 599, 617 A.2d 1273 (1992)).

In Rementer, we set forth a two-part test for

determining criminal causation. First, the defendant's

conduct must be an antecedent, but for which the

result in question would not have occurred.

Rementer, 598 A.2d at 1305; 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

303(a)(1). A victim's death cannot be entirely

attributable to other factors; rather, there must exist

a “causal connection between the conduct and the

result of conduct; and causal connection requires

something more than mere coincidence as to time and

place.” Rementer, 598 A.2d at 1305, n. 3 (quoting

LaFave and Scott, Substantive Criminal Law, Vol. 1,

Ch. 3., at 391–392 (1986)). Second, the results of

the defendant's actions cannot be so extraordinarily

remote or attenuated that it would be unfair to hold

the defendant criminally responsible. Rementer, 598

A.2d at 1305.

As to the first part of the test, the defendant's

conduct need not be the only cause of the victim's

death in order to establish a causal connection.

Rementer, 598 A.2d at 1305. “Criminal

responsibility may be properly assessed against an

individual whose conduct was a direct and substantial

factor in producing the death even though other

factors combined with that conduct to achieve the

result.” Long, 624 A.2d at 203 (citing

Commonwealth v. Skufca, 457 Pa. 124, 321 A.2d

889 (1974), appeal dismissed, 419 U.S. 1028, 95

S.Ct. 510, 42 L.Ed.2d 304 (1974)). The second part

of the test is satisfied when the victim's death is the

natural or foreseeable consequence of the defendant's

actions. Id. (citing Rementer and Commonwealth

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v. Paquette, 451 Pa. 250, 301 A.2d 837 (1973)).

“Where the fatal result was an unnatural or obscure

consequence of the defendant's actions, justice would

prevent us from allowing the result to have an impact

upon a finding of the defendant's guilt.” Id. at 204,

624 A.2d 200 (citing Rementer, 598 A.2d at 1306–

1307).

Nunn, 947 A.2d at 760.

[I]n Commonwealth v. Fabian, 60 A.3d 146 (Pa.Super.

2013), we expressed:

In seeking to define the requirement that a criminal

defendant's conduct be a direct factor in the death of

another, the courts of this Commonwealth have held

that ‘so long as the defendant's conduct started the

chain of causation which led to the victim's death,

criminal responsibility ... may be properly found.’

Fabian, supra, at 152 citing Commonwealth v. McCloskey,

835 A.2d 801, 808 (Pa.Super. 2003).

Commonwealth v. Spotti, 94 A.3d 367, 374–76 (Pa.Super. 2014)

In Commonwealth v. Eichler, 133 A.3d 775 (Pa. Super. 2016), the

appellant was convicted of, inter alia, AA-DUI and this Court determined there

was sufficient evidence for the conviction. Id. at 791 (citation omitted).

Eichler was operating his vehicle when he swerved off the road, struck the

victim who was in a motorized wheelchair, and left the scene. Id. at 789,

790.

An investigating police sergeant went to Eichler’s home and observed

damage to the right front corner and passenger side door of the appellant's

vehicle. Id. at 790. Upon speaking to Eichler, the sergeant noticed he had

bloodshot eyes, was slurring his speech, and appeared to be highly

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intoxicated. Id. The sergeant asked Eichler why he left the scene of the

accident, and he responded that he had been drinking. Id. at 790–91. Eichler

was arrested and taken to a hospital where his BAC was found to be .30%.

Id. at 791.

At trial, a Pennsylvania state trooper who had conducted accident

reconstruction testified that the accident had occurred at nighttime, there

were no adverse weather or road conditions at the time of the collision, and

that the roadway was dry. Id. at 788. The trooper determined that based on

the conditions and the appellant's speed, a “reasonably sober attentive driver

would be able to ascertain that there was a threat in his lane, regardless of

what it was ... and a sober, attentive driver would have been able to, at least,

slow to a reasonable speed and ... steer out around the wheelchair, if not stop

altogether.” Id. at 789. Thus, this Court concluded that there was sufficient

evidence of criminal negligence for the jury to have convicted the appellant of

aggravated assault by vehicle while DUI. Id. at 792.

We find the case at bar analogous to Eichler. Here, Kara Eberle testified

that she witnessed Appellant drinking at four bars that night, and Appellant’s

post-accident BAC results were .28% and a toxicity screen showed the

presence of marijuana and cocaine in his blood.

Moreover, according to Eberle, the Appellant began to drive “very, very,

very rapidly” on a “loose gravel road,” where “you could feel the car didn’t

have good traction.” N.T. at 56. Eberle noted further that it was very dark

and there was “a little bit of fog” and some precipitation that she described as

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a “spritzing.” N.T. at 78-79. She testified that she asked him quite

hysterically to “‘please slow down.’ My car was brand new. I said, ‘You know,

you’re going way too fast.’ And he did, he did slow down.” Id.

Within a few minutes, however, he was going faster again, which was

when Eberle unbuckled her belt and considered jumping from the car until the

very high speed deterred her. She “was just begging him to ‘please stop, stop

the car. I’m a single mom.’ I asked him, ‘let me out.’ And he wasn’t phased

by my requests at all. He just, just stared out the windshield like I wasn’t –

like I wasn’t even in there.” N.T. at 56-57. Moments later, they crashed.

The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of accident

reconstruction expert, Pennsylvania State Trooper Gary Beadle, who

explained Eberle’s vehicle was traveling between 74 miles per hour and 80

miles per hour, in a 40 mile per hour zone, five seconds before impact. N.T.

at 147. The vehicle “failed to negotiate a left curve and struck a speed limit

sign” before striking several trees causing both passengers to be thrown from

the vehicle. N.T. at 147-48. Notably, Trooper Beadle testified that there were

no braking marks at the scene, and an analysis of the vehicle’s module

indicated the brake pedal wasn’t pressed until approximately one second

before impact. N.T. at 173.

The jury thus received the testimony of Eberle—whose post-accident

BAC level was below the legal limit—explaining that she was in such fear of

the high speed of travel combined with the reduced visibility and sensation of

poor traction that she hysterically begged Appellant to slow down. She was so

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dismayed at the prospect of a serious accident that she removed her seat belt

and prepared to jump from the speeding vehicle despite appreciating the great

risk associated with that option.

Eberle said that Appellant, in contrast, seemed insensible to or uncaring

about the grave danger he was creating. Though he momentarily honored

her distressed request to slow down, he soon resumed driving at a

frighteningly high speed without any outward sign of regard for either the

posted speed limit, the challenging conditions, or her crying plea for reason.

This testimony, combined with Trooper Beadle’s reconstruction

testimony identifying the vehicle’s 74-80 mile per hour speed of travel and

the lack of braking as the late model car failed to negotiate a curve allowed

the jury to conclude that a sober, attentive driver would have appreciated the

circumstances, slowed to a reasonable speed, and managed the curve

appropriately.

Thus, as we did in Eichler, we conclude there was sufficient evidence

of criminal negligence for the jury to have convicted the appellant of AA-DUI.

See also Commonwealth v. Ketterer, 725 A.2d 801, 804 (Pa.Super. 1999)

(sustaining conviction for AA-DUI for accident while traveling 65 m.p.h. in a

45 m.p.h. zone; speeding was particularly negligent because “minimal

visibility caused by severe weather conditions” led other drivers to travel at

approximately 25 m.p.h.).

In Appellant’s final issue, Appellant raises a challenge to the weight of

the evidence with respect to the identity of the driver at the time of the

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accident. Our standard of review for a weight of the evidence issue is well-

settled:

We adhere to the following standard of review:

[A]ppellate review of a weight claim is a review of the [trial

court's] exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of

whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because

the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the

evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest

consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial

judge when reviewing a trial court's determination that the verdict

is against the weight of the evidence. One of the least assailable

reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court's

conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of

the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the interest

of justice.

We stress that if there is any support in the record for the trial

court's decision to deny the appellant's motion for a new trial

based on weight of the evidence, then we must affirm. An

appellant is not entitled to a new trial where the evidence

presented was conflicting and the fact-finder could have decided

in favor of either party.

Corvin v. Tihansky, 184 A.3d 986, 992–993 (Pa. Super. 2018) (internal

citations omitted).

Appellant contends the court erred in concluding the jury’s verdict of

guilty on the charge of AA-DUI did not shock the conscience, as the verdict

necessarily relied on finding either Eberle credible or that the Commonwealth’s

experts’ combined analyses proved identity beyond a reasonable doubt. Not

only were Eberle’s and the experts’ testimonies insufficient proof, whether

viewed independently or in conjunction with one another, Appellant argues,

they were disproved by the testimony of defense expert Dr. Schorr, who

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testified that in his expert opinion Eberle was driving at the time of the

accident.

Specifically, Appellant contends that Eberle’s testimony is unreliable

and contradictory because it:

shocks one’s sense of justice to believe that this woman, a single

mom with a good job and an advanced degree, who was the

designated driver that night, would allow this man, who[m] she

hadn’t seen in many years and who was intoxicated, to drive her

brand-new car simply because he knew the way better than she

did. Further, her bias and motivation to lie is evident. Upon being

ejected from the vehicle, [Appellant] was outside the passenger

door of the car and was nonresponsive. Eberle’s brand new car

was totaled and she was scared that she had just crashed and

possibly killed someone. She needed not to be the driver in order

to protect herself, and her child.

Appellant’s brief, at 40.

Initially, we observe that the present weight of the evidence claim differs

from the weight claim raised in Appellant’s post-sentence motion, which

asked, instead, “Was the verdict against the weight of the evidence in that

there was no way to establish that the accident at issue occurred as a result

of substance abuse, erratic driving or some combination and thus any

conclusions drawn therefrom were impermissibly speculative?” Motion for

Post-Sentence Relief, 6/11/20, at 2. Accordingly, we find the present weight

of the evidence claim waived.4

____________________________________________

4 Appellant’s post-sentence motion also raised a challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence in which he claimed the “verdict was not supported by

sufficient evidence [because] even when reviewing the facts in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, the expert witness proffered by the defense

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Even if we were to find this claim preserved and reviewable, we would

find it fails to disprove Eberle’s testimony as Appellant claims. At trial, defense

counsel attempted to impeach her credibility, first on cross-examination and

then through Dr. Schorr’s testimony, but it does not shock one’s sense of

justice that the jury believed her testimony that she switched seats with

Appellant, whom she said displayed unimpaired speech and movement,

because she was having trouble navigating the dark and unfamiliar road to

Appellant’s father’s rural home.

Nor was Dr. Schorr’s testimony dispositive, as he opined instead in

terms of possibilities and probabilities. He testified that unbuckled passengers

often fly chaotically inside a cabin upon impact while traveling at high speeds,

and Appellant and Eberle may have crisscrossed in the cabin, which could have

____________________________________________

showed it was impossible that [Appellant] was the driver while simultaneously

explaining all alternatives offered by the prosecution.” Motion for Post-

Sentence Relief at 1. He now attempts to rebrand this challenge as one

directed to the weight of the evidence. By questioning the validity of the

verdict, however, Appellant was, as he claimed in his post-sentence motion,

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. Such arguments are improper in

the weight context. See Commonwealth v. Moreno, 14 A.3d 133, 136 (Pa.

Super. 2011) (“A motion for new trial on grounds that the verdict is contrary

to the weight of the evidence concedes that there is sufficient evidence to

sustain the verdict but contends, nevertheless, that the verdict is against the

weight of the evidence.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The only

real weight argument is that Dr. Schorr disagreed with Trooper Beadle’s

conclusions. Obviously, it cannot be that the existence of competing expert

opinions precludes a verdict, which is what Appellant contended both in his

motion and in the present appeal. This challenge as raised in Appellant’s post-

sentence motion, therefore, may not be viewed as one directed to the weight

of the evidence.

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accounted for Appellant’s blood stain on the driver’s side visor. N.T., 3/3/20,

at 47. He also conceded that Appellant’s right hip injury could be consistent

with his having collided with the gear shift from the driver’s seat position just

as Eberle’s could have occurred from impacting the vehicle’s passenger side

pillar. N.T., 3/3/20, at 81-82.

For these reasons, even if Appellant’s final claim were not waived, we

would find it meritless, as it would not shock the conscience for the trial court

to have understood the jury’s verdict as one which credited Eberle’s testimony

while viewing the conflicting expert testimony as either inconclusive or in favor

of the Commonwealth.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 9/29/2021

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