Heddleston, B. v. Obstetrical and Gynecological

J-S27030-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

BRIAN HEDDLESTON, INDIVIDUALLY : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

AND AS ADMINISTRATOR OF THE : PENNSYLVANIA

ESTATE OF MARIA HEDDLESTON :

:

Appellant :

:

:

v. :

: No. 1166 WDA 2020

:

OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL :

ASSOCIATES OF PITTSBURGH INC. :

D/B/A OB/GYN ASSOCIATES OF :

PITTSBURGH, RENATA D. HOCA, :

M.D., PEDIATRIC ALLIANCE, P.C., :

D/B/A THE BREASTFEEDING CENTER :

OF PITTSBURGH, NANCY BRENT, :

M.D., LUCAS GODINEZ, D.O., ALICIA :

HARTUNG, D.O., MAGEE-WOMENS :

HOSPITAL-UPMC, AND UPMC :

:

Appeal from the Judgment entered September 30, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Civil Division at

No(s): GD-12-10765

BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED: NOVEMBER 17, 2021

Appellant Brian Heddleston, individually and as administrator of the

estate of Maria Heddleston (decedent), appeals from the judgment1 entered

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Appellant took this appeal from the September 25, 2020 order denying post-

trial motions. However, judgments were entered in favor of all remaining

defendants in this case on September 30, 2020, before Appellant filed his

notice of appeal. We have amended the caption of this appeal to reflect that

J-S27030-21

after a jury found in favor of Appellees Obstetrical and Gynecological

Associates of Pittsburgh Inc. d/b/a OB/GYN Associates of Pittsburgh, Renata

Hoca, M.D. (Dr. Hoca), Pediatric Alliance, P.C., d/b/a The Breastfeeding Center

of Pittsburgh, Nancy Brent, M.D. (Dr. Brent), Lucas Godinez, D.O. (Dr.

Godinez), Alicia Hartung, D.O. (Dr. Hartung), Magee-Womens Hospital-UPMC,

and UPMC.2 Appellant claims that the trial court erred in its rulings on the

parties’ standard of care evidence and when overruling his objections to

electronic medical records templates and other medical records. We affirm.

The parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this

matter. We briefly note that Appellant and his wife, the decedent, commenced

this medical malpractice action in 2012. They asserted that shortly after the

birth of their second child, Nathan, the decedent experienced severe pain in

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this appeal properly lies from the final judgment entered September 30, 2020.

See Johnston the Florist, Inc. v. TEDCO Const. Corp., 657 A.2d 511, 514

(Pa. Super. 1995) (en banc) (noting that “an appeal to this Court can only lie

from judgments entered subsequent to the trial court’s disposition of any post-

verdict motions, not from the order denying post-trial motions” (citations

omitted)).

2 Dr. Hoca was an OB/GYN who practiced through Obstetrical and

Gynecological Associates of Pittsburgh Inc. d/b/a OB/GYN Associates of

Pittsburgh (OB/GYN Associates), which, in turn, was affiliated with Magee-

Womens Hospital-UPMC, and UPMC (collectively, UPMC).

Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung, were pediatricians who specialized in

breastfeeding and lactation medicine. They practiced at Pediatric Alliance,

P.C., d/b/a The Breastfeeding Center of Pittsburgh (Pediatric Alliance).

Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung each obtained different attorneys.

Additionally, separate counsel represented Pediatric Alliance. Dr. Hoca and

UPMC were jointly represented by separate counsel.

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her left breast. They claimed, in part, that the defendant-physicians failed to

take appropriate steps to determine that the decedent’s pain resulted from

cancer while the decedent was in their care from September to October 2009.

The decedent was diagnosed with Stage IV metastatic breast cancer in her

left breast on October 29, 2010. Appellant and the decedent commenced their

action while the decedent received cancer treatment.

In 2014, a jury issued a verdict for all defendants. On July 22, 2016,

this Court remanded the case for a new trial. Heddleston v. Obstetrical &

Gynecological Assocs. of Pittsburgh, Inc., 443 WDA 2015, 471 WDA

2015, 490 WDA 2015, 2016 WL 4920304 (Pa. Super. filed July 22, 2016)

(unpublished mem.), appeal denied, 169 A.3d 25 (Pa. 2017), appeal denied

169 A.3d 26 (Pa. 2017).3

Following this Court’s remand, the decedent passed away on January

22, 2018. On August 2, 2018, the trial court granted Appellant leave to file a

third amended complaint to substitute himself as the administrator of the

decedent’s estate and include wrongful death and survival causes of action.

See R.R. at 450a-454a (Mot. to Amend Compl.), 537a (Order, 8/2/18).4 The

trial court also allowed Appellant to add Drs. Godinez and Hartung as

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3 This Court concluded, in part, that the trial court erred in allowing the

defense’s cross-examination of the decedent using slides from the Susan G.

Komen website and sustaining the defense’s objections to testimony from

Barry Singer, M.D., Appellant’s and the decedent’s causation expert at the

time. Heddleston, 2016 WL 4920304, at *3-7.

4 We cite to the reproduced record for the convenience of the parties.

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defendants. See id. Appellant withdrew his claims against Diana Jordan, a

non-physician consultant at Pediatric Alliance. See id. at 606a-607a (Order,

9/17/18).

On January 9 and January 10, 2020, the trial court held a pre-trial

conference on the parties’ motions in limine. At trial, the parties presented

competing fact and expert testimony concerning the nature of the decedent’s

pain and the significance of her pain as a symptom of breast cancer. 5

Additionally, Appellant disputed the authenticity and accuracy of Pediatric

Alliance’s medical records and documents. Appellant also asserted that

Pediatric Alliance failed to disclose certain documents before the second trial.

The parties further presented the jury with conflicting interpretations of terms

and phrases used in the medical records and other documents.

Appellant presented an expert witness, Alan Kessler, M.D. (Dr. Kessler)

concerning the standard of care owed by the defendant-physicians, Drs. Brent,

Godinez, Hartung, and Hoca. Dr. Kessler concluded that the defendant-

physicians failed to take actions to properly address the decedent’s pain.

Specifically, Dr. Kessler asserted that the defendant-physicians failed to take

adequate histories at the decedent’s visits, conduct physical examinations,

and seek imaging studies. R.R. at 4246a. Dr. Kessler emphasized that the

defendant-physicians should have ordered imaging studies to rule out the

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5 Appellant proceeded with derivative claims against Pediatric Alliance,

OB/GYN Associates, and UPMC for vicarious liability for the defendant-

physicians and did not assert claims of corporate negligence.

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most serious problem and “make sure that there was no cancer.” Id. at

4251a. Dr. Kessler also stated that Dr. Godinez breached the standard of care

by failing to prepare and send a physician’s note to Dr. Hoca. Id. at 4254a.

The defense called three experts to testify concerning the standard of

care. First, Maya Bunik, M.D. (Dr. Bunik) testified as Dr. Brent’s standard of

care expert. Second, Ann Kellams, M.D. (Dr. Kellams) testified as the

standard of care expert for Drs. Godinez and Hartung. Third, Jay Goldberg,

M.D. (Dr. Goldberg) testified as Dr. Hoca’s standard of care expert.

Additionally, Drs. Brent, Godinez, Hartung, and Hoca all testified at trial. We

note that Mark Pearlman, M.D. (Dr. Pearlman) testified at the first trial as Drs.

Hoca and Brent’s standard of care expert. However, none of the defendants

called Dr. Pearlman at the second trial, although the defendants indicated Dr.

Pearlman would testify.

As to causation, Appellant called Paul Tartter, M.D. (Dr. Tartter) as an

expert to testify that the failure to diagnose the decedent’s cancer in 2009

increased the risk of harm to the decedent. The defense called Dr. William

Farrar, M.D. (Dr. Farrar) as their expert on causation.

On January 31, 2020, the jury found in favor of all defendants.

Specifically, the jury determined that Drs. Brent, Hartung, and Hoca did not

violate the standard of care. The jury found that Dr. Godinez was negligent,

but his negligence was not a factual cause of any harm to the decedent.

Appellant timely filed post-trial motions on February 10, 2020, as well

as a supplemental post-trial motion on March 4, 2020. The trial court did not

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consider the timeliness of the March 4, 2020 supplemental post-trial motion,

but convened a hearing on July 23, 2020 at which Appellant argued all of his

issues. The trial court denied post-trial relief on September 25, 2020. The

defendants praeciped for the entry of judgment on September 29 and

September 30, 2020.

Appellant timely appealed and complied with the trial court’s order to

file and serve a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court filed a Rule

1925(a) opinion.

Appellant presents the following questions for review:

1. Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial

court’s error in permitting defendant Drs. Hoca, Brent, Godinez

and Hartung to testify as experts on the standard of care and

to also exceed the scope of their pretrial testimony by altering

it?

2. With respect to the applicable standard of care, whether the

trial court committed reversible error in incorrectly permitting

defense expert William Farrar, M.D. to testify outside the scope

of his report while simultaneously limiting the testimony of

[Appellant’s] expert, Paul Tartter, M.D.?

3. Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial

court’s error in not permitting him to authenticate, use /

publish to the jury Mark Pearlman, M.D.’s medical literature

which had been authenticated, was represented as

authoritative by the defense and was repeatedly referred to

and relied on by the defense during the trial?

4. Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial

court’s error in deferring ruling on his motion in limine to limit

cumulative expert testimony and then permitting Defendants’

/ Appellees’ experts to testify cumulatively outside the scope

of their expert reports as to a medically unsubstantiated

“persistent pain” defense over multiple objections?

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5. Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial

court’s error in permitting the defense to utilize and admit

various medical records in direct violation of multiple rules of

the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, including the admission of:

“hyperlinked”[6] purported “medical records” that had not been

produced in discovery or in response to court orders and not

properly authenticated and were improper hearsay; as well as

unauthenticated / not properly authenticated Pediatric Alliance

records; and Nathan Heddleston’s records which also violated

the best evidence rule?

Appellant’s Brief at 4-5.

Standard of Care Evidence

In his first four claims, Appellant challenges several evidentiary rulings

concerning the standard of care.7 Appellant’s Brief at 21-23. Appellant

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6 Generally, “a hyperlink is an ‘element on a webpage—usu. a word, phrase,

or graphic, but sometimes a single pixel—that when clicked on, takes the user

to another part of the same website or to a different website.’”

Commonwealth v. Talley, 236 A.3d 42, 54 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting

Black’s Law Dictionary at 759 (8th Ed. 2004)), appeal granted, 250 A.3d 468

(Pa. 2021). As discussed below, the “hyperlinks” in Pediatric Alliances’

electronic medical records system were contained on a data entry template,

which when clicked, opened additional data entry templates.

7 It is well settled that

[a] plaintiff in a medical negligence matter is required to present

an expert witness who will testify, to a reasonable degree of

medical certainty, regarding the standard of care (duty); that the

acts of the physician deviated from the standard or care (breach);

and that such deviation was the proximate cause of the harm

suffered. Expert testimony in support of the plaintiff’s claim is an

indispensable requirement in establishing a plaintiff’s right of

action, as the treatment and injury typically involved are such that

the common knowledge or experience of a layperson is insufficient

to form the basis for passing judgment.

Mitchell v. Shikora, 209 A.3d 307, 315 (Pa. 2019) (citations omitted).

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asserts that the trial court erred in permitting the defense to present repeated

testimony that breast cancer manifests as “persistent pain.” Id. Appellant

claims that the trial court’s rulings allowed the defense to present cumulative,

“medically unsubstantiated” opinion evidence based on a “manufactured”

defense. Id. at 24, 33.

Appellant specifically contends that the trial court erred by (1) allowing

the defendant-physicians to testify as to the standard of care, (2) precluding

Appellant from using a learned treatise, (3) allowing defense-experts Drs.

Bunik, Goldberg, Kellams, and Farrar to testify beyond the scope of their

expert reports, (4) limiting Appellant’s counsel’s examination of Dr. Tartter

while allowing Dr. Farrar to testify concerning the standard of care, and (5)

deferring Appellant’s motion in limine seeking to limit the number of standard

of care witnesses called by the defense.8

Appellant continues that the defense exploited the trial court’s improper

rulings and that the jury could not have fairly considered the proper standard

of care. See id. at 26, 33, 42, 49. Appellant concludes that he is entitled to

a new trial.

Drs. Brent, Godinez, Hartung, and Pediatric Alliance, and Dr. Hoca and

UPMC respond that Appellant failed to properly preserve his appellate claims.

In any event, they assert that Appellant’s arguments lack merit.

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8 We address Appellant’s arguments in a different order than presented in his

brief.

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This Court has summarized the principles governing the review of the

denial of a motion for a new trial as follows:

Consideration of all new trial claims is grounded firmly in the

harmless error doctrine which underlies every decision to grant or

deny a new trial. A new trial is not warranted merely because

some irregularity occurred during the trial or another trial judge

would have ruled differently; the moving party must demonstrate

to the trial court that he or she has suffered prejudice from the

mistake. Once the trial court passes on the moving party’s claim,

the scope and standard of appellate review coalesce in relation to

the reasons the trial court stated for the action it took. Where the

court is presented with a finite set of reasons supporting or

opposing its disposition and the court limits its ruling by reference

to those same reasons, our scope of review is similarly limited. . .

.

Our standard of review prescribes the degree of scrutiny we apply

to the trial court’s decision and the manner in which we evaluate

its conclusions. If the trial court’s challenged ruling was one of

law, we review its grant or denial of a new trial on that point to

discern if the court committed legal error. Similarly, if the

challenged ruling involved a discretionary act, we review the

disposition of the new trial motion relative to that act for abuse of

discretion.

Crespo v. Hughes, 167 A.3d 168, 180-81 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations

omitted and formatting altered).

It is well settled that:

Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within

the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not

reverse the court’s decision absent a clear abuse of

discretion. An abuse of discretion may not be found merely

because an appellate court might have reached a different

conclusion, but requires a manifest unreasonableness, or

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support

so as to be clearly erroneous.

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In addition, to constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling

must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the

complaining party.

Parr v. Ford Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 690-91 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc)

(citations omitted and formatting altered).

A motion in limine is a pre-trial mechanism to obtain a ruling on the

admissibility of evidence and enables the trial court to “weigh potentially

prejudicial and harmful evidence before the trial occurs, thus preventing the

evidence from ever reaching the jury.” Id. at 690 (citation and quotation

marks omitted). “A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion in limine

is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of review.” Id.

(citation and quotation marks omitted).

“In order to preserve a claim that the trial court erred in overruling an

objection, a party must state the specific grounds of the objection.” Brown

v. Halpern, 202 A.3d 687, 708 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citing Pa.R.E.

103(a)(1)(B)), appeal denied, 217 A.3d 207 (Pa. 2019), appeal denied, 217

A.3d 809 (Pa. 2019). Further, this Court has stated that

a motion in limine may preserve an objection for appeal without

any need to renew the objection at trial, but only if the trial court

clearly and definitively rules on the motion. Conversely, if the trial

court defers ruling on a motion in limine until trial, the party that

brought the motion must renew the objection at trial or the issue

will be deemed waived on appeal.

Blumer v. Ford Motor Co., 20 A.3d 1222, 1232 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations

omitted).

Testimony by Defendant-Physicians

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Appellant challenges testimony from the defendant-physicians, Drs.

Brent, Godinez, Hartung, and Hoca. Appellant contends that the trial court

improperly allowed the defendant-physicians to offer expert evidence

concerning the standard of care. Appellant’s Brief at 42, 48-49. Specifically,

Appellant contests the admissibility of the defendant-physicians’ testimony

that “pain had to be persistent to be a symptom of breast cancer” and that “a

persistent problem was needed for exams or further testing.” Id. at 48-49.

By way of background, Appellant filed a motion in limine claiming that

the expert qualifications provisions of the Medical Care Availability and

Reduction of Error (MCARE) Act precluded Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung

from testifying as experts concerning the standard of care.9 R.R. at 2243a-

2251a (Appellant’s Tenth Mot. in Limine). Appellant filed a separate motion

in limine asserting that the defense agreed that Dr. Hoca would not testify

concerning the standard of care. Id. at 2195a-2196a (Appellant’s Second

Mot. in Limine).

At the hearing on the parties’ pre-trial motions, the trial court ruled that

Dr. Hoca could not testify to a “retrospective standard of care.” Id. at 2746a,

2770a. However, the trial court deferred ruling on the defense argument that

Dr. Hoca could testify from her “knowledge base” and experience as an

OB/GYN. See id. at 2746a (indicating that the trial court ruled that “we’ll

cross that bridge if we need to”). The trial court overruled Appellant’s motion

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9 See 40 P.S. § 1303.512.

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in limine as to Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung and allowed them to testify

that they believed they followed the standard of care. Id. at 2770a.

At trial, Appellant introduced evidence that Drs. Brent, Godinez,

Hartung, and Hoca previously testified in depositions that they did not know

pain was associated with cancer. The defendant-physicians testified to the

following as part of their case presented at trial.

On September 21, 2009, four days after the birth of Nathan, Dr. Brent

was the decedent’s physician for the decedent’s first breastfeeding evaluation

at Pediatric Alliance. Id. at 3160a. Dr. Brent was a pediatrician with a

subspecialty in breastfeeding medicine. Id. at 3153a.

At the September 21, 2009 visit, the decedent reported breast pain with

pumping and described the pain as eight out of ten. Dr. Brent testified that

breast pain is not unusual shortly after childbirth and “when nothing is coming

out” with breast pumping. Id. at 3162a. Dr. Brent stated that she was

familiar the signs and symptoms of breast cancer “from a general medical

point of view.” Id. at 3166a-3167a.

When asked to explain her prior deposition testimony that she did not

know that pain with pumping described as eight out of ten could be associated

breast cancer, Dr. Brent testified:

Because in my medical experience I had always assumed when

you are looking at diagnosis of cancer in terms of pain, the most

common presentation is a painless lump, no pain. So that

certainly wasn’t what we had here. The other thing is that pain

associated with cancer does not remit. It’s persistent and it

continues. And it wouldn’t occur only with pumping, it would be

there all the time. So I didn’t know if somewhere in the literature

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it said that, that yes, pain has been associated with pumping.

That’s why I said I don’t know. The other thing is that I do know

and that I knew back then is that advanced cancer, I think

everybody in the room knows, is associated with pain, advanced

cancer of any type.

Id. at 3167a. Dr. Brent continued that she had not seen medical literature

stating that eight out of ten pain with pumping is a symptom of cancer. Id.

Dr. Brent stated that she did not consider cancer because she had an

explanation for the pain “in that [the decedent] had low milk supply.” Id.

On September 28, 2009, Dr. Godinez was the decedent’s physician for

the decedent’s follow-up evaluation at Pediatric Alliance. Dr. Godinez was a

pediatrician, who was certified as a lactation consultant. Id. at 3239a-3240a.

Dr. Godinez testified that breast pain with pumping was common. Id. at

3256a.

When asked to explain his prior deposition testimony that he did not

know pain was a sign of breast cancer, Dr. Godinez stated:

At that time when I was asked, it was a very general question

about can pain with the breast be associated with cancer, and I

said I don’t know. And those were my words. And at that time

the very general question, a very general answer for me. I think

it’s important to recognize that there should be an understanding

of whether this is a woman who is lactating versus a woman who

is not. I think you have to understand history as a risk factor as

well for that. Is there a history of breast cancer with the family

or not? And the age of the patient. There are multiple factors

that go along with it. So at the time, to say breast pain by itself

associated with cancer, I said I don’t know because I think that it

is not a specific thing that I learned, nor is it anything that I’m

aware of, that it is pain only by itself.

Id. at 3260a.

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Dr. Godinez also responded to Appellant’s expert evidence that he

should have referred the decedent for further diagnostic testing. Id.

Specifically, Dr. Godinez stated:

You are again seeing a patient at a moment in time, and at that

moment in time she is in the office with us, we have to take in

what is currently going on with her and what has changed from

her prior visit, since this was a follow-up consultation. There was

no indication of pain, ongoing pain, persistent pain. She also was

not pumping. At that time there wasn’t any pain that she reflected

on at all in that visit. So I felt no immediate need nor urgency

that we needed to do any further follow-up for that pain at that

point. I felt that because of the measures that Dr. Brent did in

the prior visit, that the specific treatment plan that she went over

with [the decedent], how to help get her milk supply, addressed

that issue of a low milk supply and possibly helping to get that

supply up, but also that she was not having any pain at the visit

when I saw her so I felt things had been corrected.

Id. at 3260a-3261a.

On October 6, 2009, Dr. Hartung was the decedent’s physician for the

decedent’s third visit to Pediatric Alliance. Dr. Hartung was a pediatrician,

who was certified as a lactation consultant. Id. at 3316a. Dr. Hartung noted

that “[f]requently moms that are lactating can have pain early on [or] pain

with pumping . . . but that pain should improve.” Id. at 3322a. Dr. Hartung

testified that she had not encountered any patient who had persistent pain in

her practice. Id. If the pain was persistent, she would refer the patient back

to the OB/GYN for testing. Id.

When asked to explain her prior deposition testimony that she did not

know pain was a sign of breast cancer, Dr. Hartung testified:

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I did not know. I am not an oncologist, I am not an OB/GYN.

Even after sitting in this courtroom for last two weeks I’m still

unsure that pain can definitely be a diagnostic sign of breast

cancer. However, what I do know is any type of persistent pain

that is not improving with the modalities that have been tried

needs to be further investigated.

Id. at 3324a.

On October 26, 2009, Dr. Hoca was the decedent’s physician for her

postpartum examination. Dr. Hoca was the decedent’s OB/GYN since the

decedent was a teenager and provided care before and after the birth of

Nathan.

Dr. Hoca and UPMC’s counsel elicited Dr. Hoca’s testimony concerning

her personal experiences diagnosing cancer. Id. at 3337a. Additionally, Dr.

Hoca testified concerning the symptoms of cancer in the following exchange:

[Dr. Hoca and UPMC’s Counsel:] In your experience, Doctor, with

patients who have ultimately been diagnosed with breast cancer,

what is their most common presentation that leads to further

investigation?

[Dr. Hoca:] A painless mass.

Q A painless mass?

A Yes.

Q Doctor, in your education, training, and experience, up to the

present time, have you ever been involved in the care of a patient

where you determined that a transient complaint of pain during

lactation when pumping was a sign of breast cancer?

A Never.

Id.

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Dr. Hoca did not perform a breast examination at the postpartum

examination. Dr. Hoca explained her practice of doing a “directed physical

examination” of the area where her patients report pain. Id. at 3346a.

Therefore, she would not conduct a breast examination if there was “no

current complaint [or] persistent issue.” Id. Dr. Hoca concluded that based

on her review of the decedent’s records, the decedent’s “breast related

symptoms were gone.” Id. at 3347a.

Dr. Hoca also explained that she did not order or refer the decedent for

further testing because:

You do testing based on whether there is a persistent problem. If

you have a transient problem that is addressed, the most likely

diagnosis and the treatment in relation to your working diagnosis

is effective to a certain degree. At least in [the decedent’s] case

when it comes to pumping, production, and effective completely,

according to the chart, as far as resolution of pain, there is no

indication to go further, or do additional studies.

Id. at 3347a-3348a. Appellant did not object to Dr. Hoca’s testimony

concerning pain as a symptom of cancer.

In a further exchange with counsel for Dr. Brent, Dr. Hoca testified:

[Dr. Brent’s Counsel:] Doctor, you were asked questions about

this pain with pumping, this transient complaint of pain with

pumping. Have you ever heard of pain with pumping being a sign

of breast cancer?

[Dr. Hoca:] Never heard it, never read it, have not seen a case

report, no.

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Id. at 3349a.10

On appeal, Appellant asserts that Dr. Hoca’s testimony on the standard

of care violated the trial court’s pre-trial ruling. Appellant’s Brief at 48-49.

Appellant notes that defense counsel represented Dr. Hoca would only testify

as a fact witness at Dr. Hoca’s deposition, but elicited Dr. Hoca’s expert

standard of care testimony at trial. Id.

Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in overruling his motion

in limine that Drs. Godinez and Hartung were incompetent to testify regarding

the standard of care pursuant to the MCARE Act. Appellant’s Brief at 45.

Appellant asserts that the decedent “was an adult patient and discussing

standard of care for non-adult patients only served to substantially confuse

the jury and prejudice [Appellant].” Id. at 48.

Lastly, Appellant claims that the trial court rulings permitted Drs. Brent,

Godinez, Hartung, and Hoca to testify inconsistently with their prior testimony.

Id. Appellant contends that the defendant-physicians “went from having no

knowledge of pain and its association with cancer prior to trial, to

inconsistently and miraculously at trial becoming not just knowledgeable

about pain and its association with cancer, but that pain had to be persistent

to be a symptom of breast cancer.” Id. at 48-49.

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10 Appellant objected at this point but sought to cross-examine Dr. Hoca using

an article written by Dr. Pearlman.

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Initially, we conclude that Appellant’s challenge to Dr. Hoca’s testimony

is waived. At the pre-trial hearing, although the trial court stated that Dr.

Hoca could not testify concerning “retrospective standard of care,” the trial

court also stated that it would “cross that bridge if we need to” when the

defense argued that Dr. Hoca could testify concerning her personal knowledge

base and experiences as an OB/GYN. Id. at 2746a, 2770a. Thereafter,

Appellant neither objected to the alleged violation of the trial court’s pretrial

ruling, nor did he renew his objections that Dr. Hoca’s could not provide

standard of care testimony. See Blumer, 20 A.3d at 1232. Accordingly, we

find that Appellant waived his argument that the trial court erred in permitting

Dr. Hoca to testify in support of the defense’s persistent pain theory. See

Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1)(B); Brown, 202 A.3d at 708; Blumer, 20 A.3d at 1232.

As to Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung, it is well settled that the MCARE

Act provides heightened requirements for qualifying experts than the common

law. See Gbur v. Golio, 963 A.2d 443, 452-53 (Pa. 2009). Section 1303.512

states:

(a) General rule.—No person shall be competent to offer an

expert medical opinion in a medical professional liability action

against a physician unless that person possesses sufficient

education, training, knowledge and experience to provide

credible, competent testimony and fulfills the additional

qualifications set forth in this section as applicable.

(b) Medical testimony.—An expert testifying on a medical

matter, including the standard of care, risks and alternatives,

causation and the nature and extent of the injury, must meet the

following qualifications:

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(1) Possess an unrestricted physician’s license to practice

medicine in any state or the District of Columbia.

(2) Be engaged in or retired within the previous five years from

active clinical practice or teaching.

Provided, however, the court may waive the requirements of this

subsection for an expert on a matter other than the standard of

care if the court determines that the expert is otherwise

competent to testify about medical or scientific issues by virtue of

education, training or experience.

(c) Standard of care.—In addition to the requirements set forth

in subsections (a) and (b), an expert testifying as to a physician’s

standard of care also must meet the following qualifications:

(1) Be substantially familiar with the applicable standard of

care for the specific care at issue as of the time of the alleged

breach of the standard of care.

(2) Practice in the same subspecialty as the defendant

physician or in a subspecialty which has a substantially similar

standard of care for the specific care at issue, except as

provided in subsection (d) or (e).

(3) In the event the defendant physician is certified by an

approved board, be board certified by the same or a similar

approved board, except as provided in subsection (e).

(d) Care outside specialty.—A court may waive the same

subspecialty requirement for an expert testifying on the standard

of care for the diagnosis or treatment of a condition if the court

determines that:

(1) the expert is trained in the diagnosis or treatment of the

condition, as applicable; and

(2) the defendant physician provided care for that condition

and such care was not within the physician’s specialty or

competence.

(e) Otherwise adequate training, experience and

knowledge.—A court may waive the same specialty and board

certification requirements for an expert testifying as to a standard

of care if the court determines that the expert possesses sufficient

training, experience and knowledge to provide the testimony as a

result of active involvement in or full-time teaching of medicine in

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the applicable subspecialty or a related field of medicine within the

previous five-year time period.

40 P.S. § 1303.512.

Instantly, Appellant sued Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung claiming that

they were negligent for failing to take steps to diagnose cancer during the

decedent’s visits to Pediatric Alliance for breastfeeding issues. Appellant cites

no case law, nor do we discern a basis in Section 1303.512 to preclude Drs.

Brent, Godinez, and Hartung’s testimony regarding their understanding of the

symptoms of cancer, or their beliefs that the decedent did not show symptoms

of breast cancer that required further diagnostic imaging. Because Appellant

claimed Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung were negligent when the decedent

was in their care as breastfeeding and lactation specialists, we cannot

conclude that the MCARE Act precluded their testimony that they believed

they acted reasonably under the circumstances. Accordingly, Appellant fails

to establish that the trial court erred or abused its discretion when permitting

Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung’s testimony over his MCARE Act objection.

Lastly, as to Appellant’s contention that the trial court permitted the

defendant-physicians to testify inconsistently with their prior testimony, we

conclude no relief is due. Appellant’s assertion goes to the weight not the

admissibility of evidence. See generally Martin v. Evans, 711 A.2d 458,

463 (Pa. 1998) (noting that “[c]redibility determinations are within the sole

province of the jury” and that “a jury can believe any part of a witness’

testimony that they choose, and may disregard any portion of the testimony

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that they disbelieve” (citation and quotation marks omitted));

Commonwealth v. McCrae, 832 A.2d 1026, 1035 (Pa. 2003) (noting that

an appellant’s argument based on inconsistencies between preliminary

hearing and trial testimony were “classic points affecting evidentiary weight

and not admissibility” (citation omitted)). Therefore, this argument fails.

Dr. Pearlman’s Writing

Appellant claims that the trial court denied him an opportunity to cross-

examine Dr. Kellams, who was Drs. Godinez and Hartung’s standard of care

expert, with a writing co-authored by Dr. Pearlman, a defense expert who did

not testify at the second trial. Appellant’s Brief at 22-23, 50-59. Appellant

asserts that Dr. Pearlman’s writing “is a learned treatise” that “would have

been a ‘silver bullet’ through the heart of the fabricated ‘persistent pain’

defense.” Id. at 52, 58.

Appellant contends that he established the writing was authentic

through Dr. Pearlman’s testimony at the first trial. Id. at 57. Appellant also

argues that the defense essentially vouched for Dr. Pearlman’s

authoritativeness by calling him as a witness in the first trial, representing

that Dr. Pearlman would testify at the second trial, and referring to him during

the qualifications of their other experts at the second trial. Id. Appellant

asserts that the defense’s late decision not to call Dr. Pearlman precluded him

from properly authenticating Dr. Pearlman’s writing through his own experts.

Id. at 53. Appellant continues that Dr. Kellams cited Dr. Pearlman’s article

and testimony in her expert report. Id. at 58. Alternatively, Appellant

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contends that the trial court improperly limited his attempts to establish a

foundation for the article during cross-examination of Dr. Kellams. Id.

This Court has stated:

Our rules of evidence do not recognize a hearsay exception for a

learned treatise. A learned treatise is any textbook, published

work, or periodical that has been accepted as authoritative or as

reliable authority by members of a specific professional

community. Under Pennsylvania law, the contents of a learned

treatise offered at trial to establish principles or theories is

inadmissible hearsay, an extrajudicial declaration offered to prove

the truth of the matter asserted. Experts may rely on

authoritative publications in formulating their opinions, and, to a

limited extent, our courts permit experts to briefly reference

materials to explain the reasons underlying their opinions. While

such materials are not admissible, an expert may be impeached

with statements contained in a text or publication deemed

authoritative or reliable by him or other experts in the same field.

* * *

The law in this Commonwealth is well-settled that an expert

witness may be cross-examined on the contents of a

publication upon which he or she has relied in forming an

opinion, and also with respect to any other publication which

the expert acknowledges to be a standard work in the field.

In such cases, the publication or literature is not admitted

for the truth of the matter asserted, but only to challenge

the credibility of the witness’s opinion and the weight to be

accorded thereto. Learned writings which are offered to

prove the truth of the matters therein are hearsay and may

not properly be admitted into evidence for consideration by

the jury.

Charlton v. Troy, 236 A.3d 22, 38-39 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citations and

footnote omitted and formatting altered), appeal denied, 251 A.3d 772 (Pa.

2021).

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Instantly, Appellant sought to use Dr. Pearlman’s writing, titled

“Common Breast Problems.” Therein, Dr. Pearlman wrote that “isolated focal

pain in any age woman requires appropriate diagnostic imaging.” R.R. at

3233a, 3235a. At a sidebar conference, the trial court ruled that Appellant

could ask Dr. Kellams about the writing but could not “get into . . . the pain

aspect.” Id. at 3235a. The trial court noted that “it’s different if” Dr. Kellams

acknowledged that the writing was authoritative. Id.

Appellant then sought to establish a foundation for cross-examining Dr.

Kellams with the “Common Breast Problems” article in an exchange that

covered seven pages of the transcript. Appellant, without success, attempted

to refresh Dr. Kellams’ recollection as to whether she read Dr. Pearlman’s

writing, and questioned her if she knew “what it means for an article to be

authoritative,” if the writing was generally accepted as being accurate, and

whether she accepted Dr. Pearlman’s prior testimony and expert report as

authoritative. Id. 3235a-3236a. Finally, when Appellant asked whether

viewing the article refreshed Dr. Kellams’ recollection, defense counsel

objected based on the question being asked and answered. Id. at 3236a.

When the trial court sustained the objection, Appellant moved to a different

topic in cross-examination. Id.

Based on the foregoing, we discern no merit to Appellant’s contention

that he established a foundation to use Dr. Pearlman’s writing or that the trial

court denied him an opportunity to attempt to use the article as a learned

treatise. The trial court gave Appellant considerable latitude to establish that

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the writing was authoritative. However, Appellant failed to elicit Dr. Kellams’

testimony that the writing was “accepted as authoritative or as reliable

authority by members of a specific professional community.”11 See Charlton,

236 A.3d at 38-39. Therefore, no relief is due.

Fair Scope of Expert Reports

Appellant claims that the trial court erred in permitting defense standard

of care experts, Drs. Bunik, Goldberg, and Kellams, to testify beyond the scope

of their expert reports. Appellant’s Brief at 30-31. Additionally, Appellant

asserts that the defense causation expert Dr. Farrar testified beyond the scope

of his expert report. Id. at 31.

This Court has stated:

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 4003.5 requires parties to

timely submit their expert reports, and confines the expert’s

testimony to the scope of those reports, to avoid unfair surprise.

In such situations, trial courts may exclude the offending

testimony entirely or, in some cases permit the opposing party to

depose the witness during trial.

____________________________________________

11 Appellant cites no legal authority for the proposition that the use of a writing

at one trial establishes a proper evidentiary foundation at a new trial when

the writing is used for different purposes. In any event, we note that although

Appellant was able to cross-examine Dr. Pearlman using his article at the first

trial, there was no indication that the article was accepted as a learned

treatise. Additionally, although not heard by the jury at trial, Appellant

unsuccessfully attempted to establish a foundation for the use of “Common

Breast Problems” during the video deposition of his standard of care expert

Dr. Kessler. R.R. at 3565a. Therefore, the record does not support Appellant’s

assertion that the late decision by the defense not to call Dr. Pearlman

prevented him from authenticating the writing through his own experts.

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Gregury v. Greguras, 196 A.3d 619, 630-31 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc)

(citations omitted).

“No hard and fast rule exists for determining when a particular expert’s

testimony exceeds the fair scope of his or her pre trial report, and we must

examine the facts and circumstances of each case.” Woodard v. Chatterjee,

827 A.2d 433, 442 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted and formatting

altered). A court’s inquiry focuses on “whether, under the particular facts and

circumstances of the case, the discrepancy between the expert’s pre-trial

report and his trial testimony is of a nature which would prevent the adversary

from making a meaningful response, or which would mislead the adversary as

to the nature of the appropriate response.” Id. (citation and emphasis

omitted); accord Hassel v. Franzi, 207 A.3d 939, 951 (Pa. Super. 2019),

appeal denied, 218 A.3d 862 (Pa. 2019).

Instantly, Appellant’s objections were not sufficiently specific as to

preserve his arguments concerning testimony beyond the fair scope of the

experts’ reports. See R.R. at 3055a (objecting to “leading” when defense

counsel asked Dr. Bunik whether breast pain would be “persistent, focal, and

without obvious explanation”). Even when Appellant objected to the questions

or testimony being outside the scope of an expert report, his arguments did

not focus on a diagnosis of cancer requiring persistent pain as a symptom.

See id. at 3082a-3083a (objecting to Dr. Goldberg’s testimony as being

“outside the scope of his report” but arguing at sidebar that the testimony

exceeded the scope of his report because it went to causation). See id. at

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3206a (objecting to Dr. Kellams’ testimony for being outside the scope of her

report but asserting that she was not an oncologist and that her testimony

concerning pain and “persistent, often worsening” pain was “speculative”).

Appellant also did not object to the exchange in which Dr. Farrar testified that

pain can be associated with cancer but is “usually a persistent pain that’s

lasted over a period of time.” See id. at 3132a. Therefore, we conclude that

Appellant’s fair scope arguments are waived because his trial objections were

not sufficiently specific.12 See Hassel, 207 A.3d at 951; Brown, 202 A.3d at

708.

However, even if Appellant preserved his arguments, no relief is due.

Appellant correctly notes that none of the expert reports used the phrase

“persistent pain.” However, the expert reports filed by Drs. Bunik, Goldberg,

Kellams, and Farrar fairly suggested the concept of persistent pain as a

symptom of cancer when they concluded that the defendant-physicians met

their standards of care because the decedent’s pain was “transient” or had

“resolved.” See R.R. at 1126a (indicating Dr. Bunik stated that “the pain

complaints were consistent with a mother with minimal milk supply seeking

support for lactation”), 993a-994a (indicating Dr. Goldberg concluded that

“breast cancer would certainly not be suspected . . . given resolution of the

breast pain”), 853a (indicating that Dr. Kellams concluded that care was

appropriate because the decedent’s initial complaint of pain “resolved

____________________________________________

12 We note that Appellant’s post-trial motion did not assert that the defense’s

experts testified outside of the scope of their reports.

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completely”); see also id. at 1036a (indicating that Dr. Farrar concluded that

the decedent’s “isolated complaints of what became transient pain while

attempting to breastfeed (pumping), is not suspicious for breast cancer”).

Therefore, we discern no basis for Appellant to assert that he was unfairly

surprised by the testimony and defense concerning “persistent pain.” See

Hassel, 207 A.3d at 951; Woodard 827 A.2d at 442.

For these reasons, Appellant’s claim based on the fair scope of the

defense’s expert reports merits no relief.

Questioning of Drs. Tartter and Farrar

Appellant contends that the trial court improperly limited his redirect

examination of his causation expert, Dr. Tartter, while permitting the defense

causation expert, Dr. Farrar to discuss the standard of care. Appellant’s Brief

at 41-42. Appellant asserts that the defense opened the door to standard of

care testimony by Dr. Tartter by implying that the decedent “never had any

sign or symptom of breast cancer that would warrant diagnostic imaging.” Id.

at 33. Appellant continues that the defense “duped” the trial court to sustain

their objections to his proposed redirect asking whether eight out of ten breast

pain was a symptom of cancer. Id. at 34-39.

As to Dr. Farrar, Appellant asserts that the defense advised the court

that Dr. Farrar would not be providing standard of care testimony. 13 Id. at

40. Appellant contends that the defense thereafter elicited Dr. Farrar’s

____________________________________________

13 Appellant adds that Dr. Farrar testified outside of the scope of his reports.

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testimony concerning persistent pain as a symptom of cancer. Appellant notes

that defense counsel also “guided twice to (falsely) point out the ‘absence’ of

literature regarding ‘transient’ pain as a sign or symptom of breast cancer.”

Id. at 41. Appellant argues that the inconsistent rulings between the two

experts “unfairly tipped the scale” in favor of Appellees. Id. at 42. Appellant

emphasizes that defense counsel took inconsistent positions when objecting

to Dr. Tartter’s testimony and eliciting testimony through Dr. Farrar. Id.

Dr. Tartter

Following qualifications at trial, the defense objected to Dr. Tartter

testifying concerning the standard of care based on the MCARE Act. The trial

court sustained the objections and limited Dr. Tartter’s testimony to causation.

Appellant’s claim that the defense opened the door to Dr. Tartter’s

standard of care testimony focuses on the following exchange with counsel for

Dr. Hoca and UPMC:

[Counsel for Dr. Hoca and UPMC]: Now, with respect to

symptoms, because you were provided those records, from the

time period of the postpartum visit with Dr. Hoca up to the

presentation at Dr. Donaldson’s office, there was no medical or

treatment record of any kind where the patient reported any

symptoms that you as a breast surgeon would associate with

breast cancer?

[Dr. Tartter:] Correct. With breast cancer or breast metastases?

Q. Breast cancer.

A. Well, she had pain in the breast.

Q. I said from the postpartum visit --

THE COURT: You should say the date.

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Q. Postpartum visit October 26th, ‘09, you will agree with me that

there is no report of pain in Dr. Hoca’s visit?

A. There is no report of pain, correct.

Q. I said a record. So there is no record of any kind from October

26, ‘09 until the presentation at the emergency room in August of

2010 of any symptoms that you even as a breast surgeon would

associate with breast cancer? In an office note, anywhere, PCP,

endocrinologist, anywhere. There is no report of a symptom of

that kind?

A. Correct.

R.R. at 2903a-2904a.

At a sidebar conference, Appellant asserted that he should be permitted

to ask if Dr. Tartter believed whether the decedent had any symptoms of

breast cancer before October 26, 2009, because the defense asked questions

about her symptoms after October 26, 2009. Id. at 2912a. Defense counsel

all objected. The trial court ultimately sustained the objection, although the

trial court’s basis for sustaining the defense objection to Appellant’s redirect

examination is unclear from the record.

On appeal, Appellant contends that at the sidebar conference, counsel

for Dr. Hoca and UPMC misrepresented the record to the trial court.

Appellant’s Brief at 34-39. Specifically, Appellant asserts that contrary to

counsel for Dr. Hoca and UPMC’s objection based on the scope of Dr. Tartter’s

report, Dr. Tartter discussed pain throughout his report. Id. at 36-38.

Appellant further claims that opposing counsel falsely stated that his cross-

examination questions concerned metastatic cancer when the questioning

related to symptoms of breast cancer. Id. at 33-36.

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Instantly, we conclude that Appellant was not prejudiced by the trial

court’s limitation on his redirect question to Dr. Tartter. As noted above, when

counsel for Dr. Hoca and UPMC asked whether the medical record contained

reference to breast cancer symptoms, Dr. Tartter initially replied, “Well, she

had pain in her breast.” Id. at 2904a. Additionally, Dr. Tartter referred to

pain being associated with breast cancer during examinations on his

qualifications and in his direct testimony. See id. at 2881a (responding that

pain associated with breast cancer is “well documented”), 2896a (responding

that he believed the decedent had Stage II or III cancer in 2009 because “her

only symptom in 2009 was related to the left breast where she had the

discomfort”). For these reasons, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s

preclusion of Appellant’s intended question to Dr. Tartter about an “eight of

ten pain as a symptom of breast cancer” affected the outcome of the trial.

See Parr, 109 A.3d at 690-91.

Dr. Farrar

As to Dr. Farrar, the record establishes that Appellant requested an offer

of proof before Dr. Farrar testified. During the offer, Appellant objected to Dr.

Farrar giving standard of care testimony and stated that the testimony was

cumulative to Dr. Goldberg’s testimony. Counsel for Dr. Hoca and UPMC

argued that Dr. Farrar would not express expert opinions as to the standard

of care, that is, the doctor would not testify regarding what the defendant-

physicians should or should not have done in 2009. R.R. at 3125a. However,

counsel maintained that Dr. Farrar could testify consistent with his report and

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“talk about [how] he diagnoses breast cancer, [and] what the symptoms of

breast cancer are . . . .” Id. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objections.

Id. at 3127a.

As noted above, Appellant contends on appeal that defense counsel

acted inappropriately when eliciting standard of care testimony from Dr. Farrar

and contrasts their respective proffers and objections concerning Dr. Farrar

and Dr. Tartter. Appellant, however, fails to argue that the trial court erred

in overruling Appellant’s objections during the offer of proof, or in failing to

preclude Dr. Farrar’s standard of care testimony. Appellant does not expressly

assert that Dr. Farrar was unqualified or incompetent to testify concerning the

standard of care. Therefore, we find Appellant’s appellate argument as to Dr.

Farrar underdeveloped and decline to address Dr. Farrar’s testimony as an

independent basis for appellate relief. See Harris v. Toys “R” Us-Penn,

Inc., 880 A.2d 1270, 1279 (Pa. Super. 2005); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).

Cumulative Evidence

In addition to the individual evidentiary rulings discussed above,

Appellant presents a separate and overarching claim that the trial court erred

in deferring its ruling on his motion in limine to preclude cumulative evidence

pursuant to Pa.R.E. 403. Appellant’s Brief at 26-27. Appellant claims that by

deferring its ruling, “[t]he trial court was led into multiple evidentiary errors

relating to the pseudo-science ‘persistent pain’ defense that was allowed to

be cumulatively presented to the jury by multiple defense experts and thus

prejudiced [Appellant].” Id. at 24.

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Appellant asserts that:

while an argument could be made that the testimony of Drs.

Goldberg and Farrar were not cumulative because they practiced

in different fields of medicine, the same cannot be said for the five

board certified pediatricians [Drs. Bunik and Kellams, and

defendant-physicians Drs. Brent, Godinez, and Hartung] who

offered the same standard of care opinions on behalf of [Pediatric

Alliance and Drs. Brent, Godinez and Hartung]. The trial court

abused its discretion in permitting this cumulative testimony.

Id. at 25.

Throughout his brief, Appellant refers to the defense case as the beating

of a “‘persistent pain’ drum.” Id. at 31. Appellant repeatedly refers to the

“‘persistent pain’ defense” as “falsified,” “manufactured,” or “fabrication.” Id.

at 32-33, 49, 57, 58. Appellant further contends that the defense exploited

the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. Appellant notes that counsel for Dr.

Hartung, in closing argument, referred to Dr. Kessler, Appellant’s standard of

care expert, as a “lone wolf.” Id. at 32. Appellant concludes that the record

establishes that he “was prejudiced as [the defense] exploited the cumulative

imbalance to their advantage, as [he] was permitted only one standard of care

expert . . . while the defense was permitted to cumulatively put eight

physicians before the jury on the same issue.” Id. (formatting altered and

emphasis in original).

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 403 states:

The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is

outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair

prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,

wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.

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Pa.R.E. 403. “Prejudice does not mean detrimental to a party’s case, but

rather, an undue tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis.”

Pittsburgh Const. Co. v. Griffith, 834 A.2d 572, 585 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Pa.R.E. 403 cmt. (stating

that “‘[u]nfair prejudice’ means a tendency to suggest decision on an improper

basis or to divert the jury’s attention away from its duty of weighing the

evidence impartially”).

Initially, we note that Appellant’s claim based on the cumulative

evidence is subject to waiver. The trial court deferred ruling on Appellant’s

motion in limine. Except for a passing reference to the testimony of defense-

experts Drs. Goldstein and Farrar being cumulative, Appellant did not renew

his objections based on Rule 403 as to the defendant-physicians, or defense-

experts Drs. Bunik and Kellams. Further, Appellant did not object to the

repeated testimony concerning persistent pain as cumulative at trial.

Therefore, we could find Appellant’s claim waived. See Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1)(B);

Brown, 202 A.3d at 708; Blumer, 20 A.3d at 1232.

In any event, we conclude that Appellant’s arguments based on Rule

403 merits no relief. First, the trial court did not limit the number of standard

of care experts Appellant could present. Rather, it appears that Appellant

voluntarily declined to call other possible experts who had testified at the first

trial and that Appellant listed as possible witnesses for the second trial.

Second, the defendant-physicians’ care of the decedent involved

different standards of care under different circumstances. The three

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defendant-physicians at Pediatric Alliance were pediatricians responsible for

the decedent’s care for breastfeeding and lactation evaluations, with Dr. Brent

conducting the first evaluation on September 21, 2009, Dr. Godinez

conducting a follow-up on September 28, 2009, and Dr. Hartung conducting

an additional follow-up on October 6, 2009. Each were responsible for the

decedent’s care with different information available to them. Similarly, as

Appellant emphasizes Dr. Hoca was the OB/GYN responsible for the decedent’s

postpartum care and had information from the decedent’s visits at Pediatric

Alliance. Therefore, we discern no error in the trial court’s decision to defer

ruling on Appellant’s motion in limine based on Pa.R.E. 403 and in permitting

more than one expert to testify. Cf. Hassel, 207 A.3d at 953 (rejecting a

cumulative testimony argument when experts “approached the standard of

care issue” from different clinical perspectives).

Third, the record does not support Appellant’s contention that the

defense falsified their persistent pain theory under the facts and

circumstances of this case. Indeed, on cross-examination, Appellant’s

standard of care expert, Dr. Kessler, clarified that he did not believe diagnostic

imaging testing was necessary if the decedent was not suffering pain at the

September 28, October 6, and postpartum examinations. R.R. at 4222a,

4226a.

Lastly, we note that the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

You must weigh the evidence and evaluate the believability of the

witnesses in order to decide the facts in this case. The number of

witnesses and the number of exhibits offered by a party does not,

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alone, decide the weight of the evidence. The believable

testimony of one witness presented by one party may outweigh

the testimony of many witnesses presented by another party.

Only if the evidence presented by the parties seems equally

believable in weight and believability, should you consider the

number of witnesses presented by a party in reaching your

verdict.

Id. at 3511a. This instruction is consistent with Pennsylvania Suggested

Standard Jury Instruction 5.20. See Pa.SSJI (Civil) 5.20. The law presumes

that the jury followed the trial court’s instruction.14 Maya v. Johnson &

Johnson, 97 A.3d 1203, 1222 (Pa. Super. 2014)

Accordingly, we discern no basis to disturb the trial court’s denial of

Appellant’s motion for a new trial based on the repeated testimony concerning

the defendant-physicians’ decisions not to order diagnostic testing based on

the absence of persistent pain. See Crespo, 167 A.3d at 180-81; Parr, 109

A.3d at 690-91.

____________________________________________

14 We add that defense counsel’s “lone wolf” statement at closing argument

provides no further basis for relief. We note that the lone wolf comment

specifically referred to Dr. Kessler’s opinion that Dr. Hartung may have only

physically examined the decedent’s right breast at the October 6, 2009 visit.

See R.R. at 3445a. Even if the statement concerned pain as a symptom,

Appellant, as discussed above, has not established that severe pain alone

under the circumstances of this case required a diagnosis of cancer or the

need for diagnostic imaging to rule out cancer. Indeed, even if we were to

consider Appellant’s arguments based on Dr. Pearlman’s article, we note that

at the first trial, Dr. Pearlman explained during cross-examination that his

recommendation that isolated, focal breast pain required diagnostic imaging

was not intended to cover lactating women. See id. at 426a. Dr. Pearlman

also considered the decedent’s complaint of “pain” to be “tenderness” because

it was caused by the external force of the breast pump. See id. at 404a.

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Pediatric Alliance’s Records

In his last two claims, Appellant challenges the admissibility of records

from Pediatric Alliance. Appellant’s Brief 23, 60-68. By way of background to

this claim, Dr. Godinez testified that Pediatric Alliance utilized an electronic

medical records system in 2009, when the decedent was in the care of Drs.

Brent, Godinez, and Hartung. The system permitted the non-physician

lactation consultant, Jordan, and the physicians to enter information through

data entry templates connected with a “Lactation Group Visit” page.15 R.R. at

3245a. The system could print information from the data entered from the

Lactation Group Visit page in the form of a printed medical record as well as

correspondence to other physicians, such as Dr. Hoca.

Further, Pediatric Alliance maintained two sets of written medical

records, one for the child (Nathan’s records) and one for the parent (the

decedent’s records). According to Dr. Godinez, there were separate processes

for printing the records for Nathan and the decedent. Pediatric Alliance also

maintained an “audit trail” that purported to log who created, accessed, and

modified the records.

The parties litigated the numerous issues concerning the medical

records throughout discovery, which included the printing and disclosure of

the decedent’s records in 2012, after Appellant and the decedent commenced

____________________________________________

15 For example, if a user clicked on the phrase “Breast Feeding Assessment”

on the Lactation Group Visit page, a second data entry template would open

and permit the user to enter additional data.

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the present action. During the discovery litigation, Pediatric Alliance provided

additional records and the parties deposed two Pediatric Alliance employees

in 2014, shortly before the first trial. One of those employees, Gary

Janchenko, testified that in 2012, he printed “screen shots of the [L]actation

[G]roup [V]isit that were completed by either [Jordan or Dr. Godinez]” for the

September 28, 2009 visit to Pediatric Alliance. R.R. at 192a (referencing a

deposition exhibit Appellant marked as Exhibit 20). Janchenko also confirmed

that in reference to a document that Appellant marked as Exhibit 25 in the

deposition, he printed screenshots of the actual data in a data template but

did not create the data contained therein. Id. at 198a.

At the second trial, issues concerning the authenticity of the Pediatric

Alliance records continued to be the subject of litigation. However, when

raised by the trial court during a sidebar conference, Appellant stated that at

the deposition, Janchenko brought “his deposition documents that he

authenticated.” Id. at 2943a. Appellant then stated:

[T]he records have already been authenticated at deposition.

That’s why we did the deposition so we wouldn’t have to do it

again here. If we just agree that those records were produced at

that deposition, the data files, were authentic -- the data files they

produced -- then they’re going to agree, I think, that they’re

authentic. Then we don’t call Janchenko. But because I know

then I don’t to try to prove the authenticity, and then I can use it

on [c]ross if I had to.

Id.

Although the parties did not immediately agree to Appellant’s proposal,

the following day, counsel for Pediatric Alliance represented:

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With Paul’s [apparently referring to the trial court’s law clerk, Paul

Dachille, Esq.] help last night, we have a stipulation that the

medical records attached [to a Pediatric Alliance employee’s

affidavit] and the records that are base [sic] stamped with data

followed by a number, which we say starts with data 0001 through

1157. And those are authenticated.

Id. at 2957a. Subsequently, when discussing his objections to the defense’s

use of Nathan’s records, Appellant noted that “we agreed that the data records

are authentic” but disputed the authenticity of the medical records. Id. at

3005a.

At trial, the trial court overruled Appellant’s objections that the medical

records were not authentic and that the “best evidence” of the care that Drs.

Brent, Godinez, and Hartung provided were reflected in the decedent’s record

and not Nathan’s record. The defense thereafter used the Group Lactation

Visit templates as exhibits when questioning Drs. Godinez and Hartung and

the lactation consultant, Jordan. Those exhibits included colored hyperlinks

that purported to indicate whether the user clicked a particular condition

prompting the user to add additional information. Additionally, the parties

both used the decedent and Nathan’s records.

In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court found no error concerning

Pediatric Alliance’s records because Appellant stipulated to their authenticity.

Trial Ct. Op., 11/30/20, at 9. The trial court further concluded that Appellant

failed to establish a violation of the best evidence rule. Id.

On appeal, Appellant focuses his admissibility challenges to Defense

Exhibits 5620A, 5621A, 6205A, 6206A, 6293A and 6294A, the Group Lactation

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Visit templates that contained the colored hyperlinks. Appellant’s Brief at 63.

Appellant contends that Pediatric Alliance did not disclose the existence of the

documents before trial. Id. at 64. Appellant continues that he did not

stipulate to the authenticity of the templates and repeatedly objected to their

use. Id. at 64-65. Appellant claims that the defense failed to authenticate

the exhibits through their witnesses at trial. Id. at 65.

Additionally, Appellant asserts that the defense used the exhibits for

hearsay purposes by asserting that blue hyperlinks meant that the user did

not click a condition such as breast pain to enter additional information. Id.

at 63. Appellant contends that the exhibits prejudiced him because they

permitted the defense to (1) rebut Appellant’s evidence that she reported pain

at all three visits at Pediatric Alliance, (2) impeach the credibility of the

decedent’s prior testimony that she reported pain, and (3) establish that a

physician saw the decedent at her visits at Pediatric Alliance. Id. at 67.

Appellant also asserts that the trial court erred in admitting Nathan’s

records because “[t]he best evidence as to what occurred with [the decedent]

during her September 28[, 2009 visit at Pediatric Alliance] would have been

contained in [the decedent’s] record.” Id. at 67. According to Appellant,

“[a]dmission of such records served only to confuse the jury as to what

actually occurred on September 28 with [the decedent’s] visit—particularly

given the material inconsistency in the records about pain.” Id. at 68.

Following our review, we conclude that the record supports the trial

court’s conclusion that Appellant stipulated to the authentication of the

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Lactation Group Visit templates. Appellant suggested a stipulation based on

the prior deposition of Janchenko, and the parties apparently agreed to the

next day. See R.R. at 2943a, 2957a. Appellant later stated that he agreed

to the authenticity of the “data records.” See id. at 3005a.

Notably, each of the exhibits challenged by Appellant on appeal also

bears a stamp within the range of the data files stipulated to by Appellant.

See id. at 4079a-4080a (showing Defense Exhibits 5620a and 5621a bore

stamps of “DATA 0019” and “DATA 0020,” respectively), 4095a-4096a

(showing Defense Exhibits 6205a and 6206a bore stamps of “DATA 000566”

and “DATA 000567,” respectively), 4410a-4411a (showing Defense Exhibits

6293a and 6294a bore stamps of “DATA 000654” and “DATA 000655,”

respectively). Further, Appellant apparently referred to the Group Lactation

Visit templates at Janchenko’s deposition in 2014 and elicited testimony that

Janchenko printed screenshots of the templates but could not alter the data

contained in the templates. See id. at 192a, 198a.

Accordingly, we discern no merit to Appellant’s claims that Pediatric

Alliance failed to disclose to the Group Lactation Visit templates and that he

did not stipulate to the authenticity of the challenged data files.16 Therefore,

Appellant fails to establish an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision

to overrule Appellant’s objections to Group Lactation Visit templates.

____________________________________________

16 We add that Appellant cites no authority for the proposition that the color

indicating whether a hyperlink has been clicked constitutes an out of court

statement made by a declarant for the purpose of a hearsay objection. See

Pa.R.E. 801.

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Appellant’s challenge to Nathan’s records as the “best evidence” also

fails. Contrary to Appellant’s argument, the defense did not attempt to prove

the content of the record. Rather, the contents of the documents were

“merely evidence of, rather than material to, issues in the case,” namely

whether the decedent reported pain. Hamill-Quinlan, Inc. v. Fisher, 591

A.2d 309, 313 (Pa. Super. 1991) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.E. 1002 &

cmt., 1004(d). Further, we discern no basis to conclude that the best evidence

rule applied to preclude Nathan’s record where two original writings existed

memorializing the data from the visits. Therefore, we agree with the trial

court that Appellant failed to establish a violation of the best evidence rule.

Conclusion

For these reasons, we conclude that Appellant’s challenges to the trial

court’s evidentiary rulings concerning the standard of care are waived and lack

merit. We also affirm the trial court’s rulings admitting the data entry

templates presented Pediatric Alliance as exhibits and overruling Appellant’s

best evidence objections to Nathan’s medical records. Accordingly, we affirm

the judgment entered in favor of Appellees.

Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/17/2021

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