Commonwealth v. Flor, R., Aplt.

[J-120-2019]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

EASTERN DISTRICT

BAER, C.J., SAYLOR, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 771 CAP

:

Appellee : Appeal from the Order dated

: November 21, 2018 (docketed

: November 26, 2018) in the Court of

v. : Common Pleas, Bucks County,

: Criminal Division at No. CP-09-CR-

: 0006917-2005.

ROBERT ANTHONY FLOR, :

: SUBMITTED: December 19, 2019

Appellant :

Justice Mundy delivers the opinion of the Court with respect to

Parts I, II, III(G), VI, and VII, in which Chief Justice Baer, Justice

Saylor, and Justice Dougherty join; Justice Wecht delivers the

opinion of the Court with respect to Parts II and III of his expression,

in which Justices Saylor, Todd, and Donohue join. Justice Mundy

announces the judgment of the Court with respect to all other

issues.

OPINION

JUSTICE MUNDY DECIDED: September 22, 2021

In this capital case, Appellant, Robert Flor, appeals from the order of the Court of

Common Pleas of Bucks County denying his first, timely petition for post-conviction relief

filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA).1

1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. This Court has exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from the

denial of PCRA relief in death penalty cases. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9546(d).

I. Background

On October 23, 2006, Appellant entered a plea of guilty to the first-degree murder

of Officer Brian Gregg, of the Newtown Borough Police Department. He further entered

pleas nolo contendere to various other charges in connection with the events of

September 29, 2005.2

In preparation for the penalty phase, counsel for Appellant retained and consulted

with a number of experts to evaluate, ascertain, and report on potential mitigation factors.3

Specifically, counsel attempted to prove that Appellant was under the influence of

extreme emotional disturbance; Appellant’s capacity to conform his conduct to the

requirements of law was substantially impaired; and any other evidence of mitigation

concerning the character and record of Appellant and the circumstances of the offense,

referred to often as the “catch-all” mitigator. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(e)(2),(3), and (8). In

support of those mitigating factors, Appellant offered evidence to demonstrate he had

brain damage, mental impairments, emotional disturbances, impairments caused or

exacerbated by alcohol and drug abuse, and a family upbringing marked by abuse and

neglect. See Flor, 998 A.2d at 626. In addition to a number of Appellant’s family members

testifying on his behalf, and of particular relevance to his first claim, Appellant offered

expert testimony which this Court previously summarized as follows:

2 We have detailed the factual and procedural basis of this case in Appellant’s direct

appeal in this matter. See Commonwealth v. Flor, 998 A.2d 606 (Pa. 2010). Briefly, on

the evening of September 29, 2005, Appellant, while in police custody, seized a firearm

from a police officer’s holster while he was at a hospital undergoing blood alcohol testing

relative to suspected driving under the influence. In an attempt to escape, he shot and

killed Officer Gregg and shot and wounded an emergency room technician and another

police officer.

3 Attorneys Peter Hall and Bradley Bastedo of the Bucks County Public Defender’s Officer

represented Appellant.

[J-120-2019] - 2

After the testimony of the family witnesses, the

following three mental health experts, who had been retained

by Appellant, then testified: (1) Dr. Jonathan Mack, a

neuropsychologist and forensic psychologist who, in the

weeks prior to the penalty hearing, subjected Appellant to an

extensive neuropsychological evaluation to determine if brain

damage was present, and the extent and effect of any such

damage, N.T., 11/13/06, at 100–05, 109–10; (2) Dr. Pogos

Voskanian, a physician certified in psychiatry and forensic

psychiatry who conducted a psychiatric evaluation of

Appellant involving four personal interviews, beginning in

October 2005, as well as interviews of Appellant’s mother and

grandmother, and review of relevant records and collateral

information, N.T., 11/14/06, at 74–75, 81–83; and (3) Dr. Alan

Tepper, a psychologist and attorney, who conducted a

psychological evaluation of Appellant a few weeks prior to the

penalty hearing, and reviewed background materials to

assess possible mitigation factors. Id. at 158, 163–64.

All three of the mental health experts concluded that

Appellant suffered from one or more mental illnesses. Their

diagnoses, which were not identical but did overlap, included

the following: major depressive disorder, severe without

psychotic features; bipolar disorder, manifesting

predominantly as depression; dementia; personality change

due to brain damage (also known as organic personality

syndrome) of the labile, disinhibitive, and aggressive type;

post-traumatic stress disorder, related to various childhood

traumas; and personality disorder, not otherwise specified. All

the experts recognized Appellant’s long history of alcohol and

drug abuse, and agreed that he exhibited borderline

intellectual functions. In addition, the experts found several

events to have been significant to Appellant's state of mind at

the time of Officer Gregg’s murder, i.e., Appellant’s loss of the

custody of his young daughter, his domestic dispute with the

child’s mother, his drinking of alcohol, and his arrest. In the

opinion of the three defense experts, on the day of Officer

Gregg’s murder, Appellant was acting under the influence of

extreme emotional disturbance and was substantially unable

to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law, due to

some combination of mental illness, intoxication and long-

term substance abuse, and recent stressful experiences.

N.T., 11/14/06, at 28–29, 128–29; N.T., 11/16/06, at 39–41.

Each expert reached these conclusions from his distinct

perspective.

[J-120-2019] - 3

Dr. Mack opined that Appellant had sustained mild to

moderate brain damage, caused by a series of head injuries

and chronic alcohol abuse. N.T., 11/14/06, at 8–11, 17, 23–

24. Dr. Mack further opined that Appellant’s brain damage

had resulted in the loss of an “internal brake” in his brain,

which normally functions to inhibit inappropriate responses or

inappropriate behavior due to anticipation of negative

consequences. N.T., 11/13/06, at 167–68; N.T., 11/14/06, at

18–19. Dr. Mack explained that alcohol consumption

exacerbated Appellant’s problems: “You add those two [loss

of the internal brake and alcohol consumption] together and

you get even worse disinhibition, disinhibition of brain

functions, but [Appellant’s] brain is bad without alcohol. He’s

missing his brain, to a large extent, regardless of whether he’s

on mood altering substance, or sedating substances or not.”

N.T., 11/13/06, at 167–68. In addition, Dr. Mack opined that

it was “very likely [that Appellant was] in major depressive

disorder at the time of the incident in question, as triggered by

the removal of his daughter by Children and Youth Services,

a few weeks prior, and severe fighting, dysfunction with his

daughter’s mother.” N.T., 11/14/06, at 20.

Dr. Voskanian opined that, at the time of Officer

Gregg's murder, Appellant was suffering from bipolar disorder

and from alcohol and cocaine dependence, and in addition

was acutely intoxicated. N.T., 11/14/06, at 83. Dr.

Voskanian determined that Appellant’s bipolar disorder

manifested predominantly as depression, and he suggested

multiple causes, including his genetic background, his

traumatizing upbringing, his substance abuse, and/or his

head injuries. Id. at 119–20. Finally, in Dr. Voskanian’s view,

“the entire rampage at the emergency room, it starts after

[Appellant] shot himself in the hand and he could see the

emergency room through the hole of the gunshot wound

through his hand. That’s when he completely loses any

volition and control over his behavior.” Id. at 128.

Dr. Tepper testified regarding Appellant’s long history

of treatment for drug and alcohol abuse and dependence,

beginning in 1992, and then continuing in March 1999, from

November 2002 to February 2003, in April 2004, and in

February 2005. Finally, on September 20, 2005, just nine

days before Officer Gregg’s murder, Appellant began drug

and alcohol treatment as part of a program to regain custody

of his daughter. N.T., 11/16/06, at 16–23. Dr. Tepper also

focused on Appellant’s poor problem-solving skills.

[J-120-2019] - 4

Specifically, he testified as follows: “[w]ell, [Appellant], when

he is sober and somewhat stable, he has real modest ability

to solve problems. If he’s more upset, angry, impulse [sic],

high, drugged, those problem solving abilities are going to be

diminished even further.” Id. at 26–27; see also id. at 34

(“under times of stress, under times of difficulty, when feeling

angry, when getting mad, getting upset, if he’s drinking, if he’s

high or intoxicated, modest problem solving skills he has, are

only going to be diminished further. There’s also the

underlying brain damage so that influences how he interacts

and reacts in general and that is going to be aggravated with,

if not stress, specifically when he's under the influence of

alcohol or drugs.”). With regard to Appellant’s emotional

functioning, Dr. Tepper opined that Appellant's “cumulative

history of developmental interferences [from his childhood] ...

really disabled him from later developing a strong kind of

sense of himself and ability and confidence.” Id. at 29.

Finally, Dr. Tepper testified that Appellant had difficulty with

“impulse control,” which rendered him at times unable to

control himself. Id. at 37–41. On the day of Officer Gregg’s

murder, Dr. Tepper opined, Appellant was behaving in an

“impulsive” way, “meaning that he was making threats, that he

was talking about either [sic] hurting individuals. He talked

about killing himself. He’d been drinking alcohol.” Id. at 36.

Thus, as summarized above, the defense experts all

concluded that Appellant had difficulty controlling his behavior

and his actions. Furthermore, the experts agreed that, on the

day of Officer Gregg's murder, Appellant's difficulty with

impulse control came to the fore, exacerbated by his

consumption of alcohol and recent stressful events in his life.

The Commonwealth did not call its own mental health

expert to testify at the penalty proceedings; however, the

Commonwealth challenged the defense expert witnesses’

testimony with extensive and thorough cross-examination.

For example, the Commonwealth clarified that, although

Appellant may very well have had some mental health issues,

he did not suffer from hallucinations, he was not delusional,

and he was not even mildly mentally retarded. N.T., 11/14/06,

at 54–56; N.T., 11/16/06, at 65–66. The Commonwealth also

emphasized that Appellant’s head trauma, postulated by the

defense experts as a cause of brain damage, was not

supported by any medical record or medical history of head

injury. N.T., 11/14/06, at 49–53, 134–35.

Commonwealth v. Flor, 998 A.2d 606, 628–30 (Pa. 2010).

[J-120-2019] - 5

Specifically, with respect to the question of intellectual disability, the

Commonwealth questioned Dr. Mack resulting in the following exchange: “Q [Appellant]

is not mentally retarded?; A I used the words borderline. No, he’s not mentally retarded.;

Q [Appellant’s] not mildly or mentally retarded?; A Correct.” N.T., 11/14/06, at 56.

Similarly, Dr. Tepper testified on cross examination, “[Appellant’s] not diagnosed as

mentally retarded because of his scores and what’s called his adaptive functioning. . . .

He is not, quote, mentally retarded. . . . Mild mentally retarded is about 65 to 69 and he

doesn’t fall into that category.” N.T., 11/16/06, at 65.4

At the conclusion of the penalty phase, the jury found the following aggravating

circumstances: 1) the victim was a peace officer; 2) Appellant committed the murder

during the perpetration of a felony; 3) in the commission of the offense, Appellant

knowingly created a grave risk of death to another person in addition to the victim; and 4)

Appellant had a significant history of violent felony convictions. See 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 9711(d)(1), (6), (7), and (9). The jury found no mitigating circumstances. This Court

affirmed Appellant’s death sentence on July 22, 2010,5 and the United States Supreme

Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari on April 18, 2011. Commonwealth v. Flor,

998 A.2d 606 (Pa. 2010), cert. denied, Flor v. Pennsylvania, 563 U.S. 941 (2011).

4 Previously, the term “mentally retarded” was used to refer to persons whose intellectual

functioning rendered them ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins. The United States

Supreme Court has since recognized that the preferred term is “intellectual disability.”

See Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701, 704 (2014) (recognizing the change in terminology

under the current edition at the time of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders). This Court uses the term intellectual disability unless quoting from other

sources. See Commonwealth v. VanDivner, 178 A.3d 108, 110 n.1 (Pa. 2018).

5 We remanded for resentencing on ten counts of recklessly endangering another person.

[J-120-2019] - 6

On May 26, 2011, Appellant filed a timely pro se motion for post-conviction relief

pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.6 On

February 25, 2013, the Federal Community Defender’s Office filed an amended PCRA

petition. The amended petition included the following claims:

Trial counsel were ineffective during Petitioner’s guilty/no

contest plea for failing to properly investigate Petitioner's

background, Social History and Medical History, failing to

consult with necessary experts, failing to properly advise

Petitioner during the plea process and allowing Petitioner to

enter into a guilty/no contest plea without knowingly,

intelligently and voluntarily waiving his right to a trial.

Trial counsel was ineffective for advising Petitioner to waive

his right to a trial without a plea agreement to a life sentence,

in violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments

and Article I, Sections 9 and 13.

The prosecutor engaged in pervasive misconduct from her

opening statement through her closing argument, sparking an

inappropriate response from the jurors. Trial and appellate

counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s

improper conduct or raise this issue on direct appeal.

6 Appellant’s pro se petition contained the following claims:

A violation of the Constitution of this Commonwealth or the

Constitution or laws of the United States which, in the

circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth-

determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or

innocence could have taken place.

Ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances

of the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining

process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence

could have taken place.

A plea of guilty unlawfully induced where the circumstances

make it likely that the inducement caused the petitioner to

plead guilty and the petitioner is innocent.

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 42-43.

[J-120-2019] - 7

Petitioner is ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v.

Virginia and its progeny. Trial counsel were ineffective for

failing to investigate Petitioner’s adaptive deficits and

intellectual disabilities, and failing to present evidence that he

was ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v. Virginia in

violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments

and Article I, Sections 9 and 13.

Trial counsel was ineffective at Petitioner’s penalty phase for

failing to investigate Petitioner’s background, failing to

investigate Petitioner’s medical and mental health history and

failing to present valuable mitigation evidence; Petitioner’s

right to effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth, Eighth,

and Fourteenth Amendments and Article I, Sections 9 and 13

was violated.

Petitioner’s sentence of death must be vacated because the

aggravating circumstances of “grave risk of death to another”

is too vague to be constitutionally applied, and was improperly

applied here, violating Petitioner's rights under the Sixth and

Eighth Amendments. Trial and appellate counsel were

ineffective for failing to litigate this claim.

Petitioner’s death sentence must be vacated because the

sentencing jury was erroneously instructed that defendants

who had undergone capital sentencing proceedings in

Pennsylvania had received commutations, in violation of the

Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. All prior counsel

rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to

challenge the improper penalty phase instruction.

Petitioner was denied his right to a public trial in violation of

the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Article I, Sections 7, 9, and 11 of the

Pennsylvania Constitution because the court conducted a full

day of trial when the courthouse was closed to the public. All

prior counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the

courthouse closure.

Petitioner was denied his rights to a fair trial, to a fair and

impartial jury and to due process in violation of his rights under

the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, and Article I, Section

9, because the jury pool from Bucks County was saturated

with highly prejudicial pretrial publicity. All prior counsel were

ineffective for failing to properly litigate this issue at trial and

on direct appeal.

[J-120-2019] - 8

Petitioner was denied his constitutional right to due process

and a reliable sentencing hearing because of the cumulative

prejudice of the errors set forth in this Petition.

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 43-45.

The PCRA court, per the Honorable Judge Alan M. Rubenstein (who also presided

over Appellant’s penalty proceedings) heard testimony on the petition over multiple dates

between 2016 and 2018.7 On November 21, 2018, the PCRA court denied the petition,

and Appellant appealed to this Court. On February 22, 2019, the PCRA court prepared

a 132 page opinion explaining its findings of fact and conclusions of law. 8 Appellant raises

the following issues:

1. Is Appellant ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v.

Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), and its progeny; were trial

counsel ineffective for failing to investigate and present

Appellant’s intellectual disability, adaptive deficits and

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

2. Were trial counsel ineffective for failing to investigate

Appellant’s history and background and failing to present

the mitigation evidence a reasonable investigation would

have uncovered?

3. Were Appellant’s rights to due process, protection from

cruel and unusual punishment, a fair trial, and a fair

sentencing violated when the prosecutor engaged in

misconduct; were trial counsel ineffective for failing to

litigate these issues at trial?

7 Specifically, hearings were held on December 2, 2016; December 5, 2016; February

16-17, 2017; September 14-15, 2017; February 8-9, 2018; and May 9-11, 2018.

Additionally, this Court resolved a discovery dispute during the pendency of the PCRA

proceedings. See Commonwealth v. Flor, 136 A.3d 150 (Pa. 2016).

8 As discussed infra, the PCRA court’s opinion only addresses Appellant’s Atkins claims.

“Although various issues are raised in Flor’s counselled Amended PCRA Petition. . . . his

new counsel has asserted that Flor’s trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing

to pursue the mitigation claim of ‘intellectual disability’ caused by [fetal alcohol syndrome]

at the penalty phase of Flor’s capital sentencing.” PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 1.

[J-120-2019] - 9

4. Were Appellant’s constitutional rights violated because the

aggravating circumstance “grave risk of death to another”

is too vague to be constitutionally applied and was

improperly applied here; were trial counsel ineffective for

failing to properly litigate this claim?

5. Was Appellant denied a fair trial, a fair and impartial jury,

and due process because the jury pool from Bucks County

was saturated with prejudicial pretrial publicity; were trial

counsel ineffective for failing to properly litigate this issue?

6. Were Appellant’s constitutional rights to due process and

a reliable sentencing hearing under the Fifth, Sixth, and

Fourteenth Amendments and Article I, Sections 9, 13, and

14 violated, because of the cumulative prejudice of the

errors set forth in the PCRA Petition?

Appellant’s Brief at 1-2.

II. General Principles of Law

Appellant seeks relief from his sentence of death under the PCRA. To be entitled

to PCRA relief, a petitioner must plead and prove by a preponderance of the evidence

that the conviction or sentence under review was the result of one or more specifically

enumerated bases, the claims have not been previously litigated or waived, and the

failure to litigate the issue was not “the result of any rational, strategic or tactical decision

by counsel.” See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543 (2)-(4). An issue is previously litigated if “the highest

appellate court in which the petitioner could have had review as a matter of right has ruled

on the merits of the issue; or it has been raised and decided in a proceeding collaterally

attacking the conviction or sentence.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(a)(2), (3). “[A]n issue is waived

if the petitioner could have raised it but failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary

review, on appeal or in a prior state postconviction proceeding.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b).

One basis, relevant to these proceedings, which would afford PCRA relief is “ineffective

assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined

the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have

[J-120-2019] - 10

taken place.” 42 Pa.C.S § 9543(2)(ii). When evaluating claims of counsel

ineffectiveness, we begin with the presumption that counsel is effective. Commonwealth

v. Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 259-60 (Pa. 2011). In order to prevail on an ineffectiveness claim,

a PCRA petitioner must comply with the test set forth by the United States Supreme Court

in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Commonwealth v. Sepulveda, 55

A.3d 1108, 1117 (Pa. 2012). In this Commonwealth, we have distilled from Strickland the

following three-pronged test for ineffectiveness, which the PCRA petitioner bears the

burden to prove: “(1) the underlying claim has arguable merit; (2) no reasonable basis

existed for counsel’s actions or failure to act; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice as

a result of counsel’s error such that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the

proceeding would have been different absent such error.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v.

Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 975 (Pa. 1987) (parallel citation omitted)).

With respect to our standard of review, we are limited “to examining whether the

PCRA court’s findings of fact are supported by the record, and whether its conclusions of

law are free from legal error.” Commonwealth v. Mason, 130 A.3d 601, 618 (Pa. 2015)

(citations omitted). We view the evidence of record in a light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below. Id. We are bound by the PCRA court’s

credibility determinations, unless those determinations are not supported by the record;

however, we review the PCRA court’s legal conclusions de novo. Id.

III. Issue 1 - Atkins

A. Appellant’s Argument - Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In Appellant’s first issue, he argues that because he is ineligible to receive the

death penalty under Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), due to his being intellectually

disabled, trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and litigate his Atkins claim.

Appellant’s Brief at 11-12. Appellant argues that the evidence presented at the PCRA

[J-120-2019] - 11

hearings demonstrated that trial counsel failed to ascertain certain facts for which there

were “red flags” that would have supported an Atkins defense rather than merely the

mitigation defense the retained experts were tasked with presenting. These “red flags”

of which, according to Appellant, trial counsel was or should have been aware, included:

Appellant exhibited signs of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS),9 Appellant’s claim to have

obtained a GED was of questionable credibility,10 and a preliminary assessment arranged

for by counsel indicated risk factors for intellectual disability. Specifically, regarding the

preliminary assessment, Appellant notes that trial counsel engaged Dr. Dougherty to

perform a screening assessment. Dr. Dougherty ultimately recommended counsel

arrange for a comprehensive neurological assessment of Appellant, and obtain

confirmatory documentation for issues in Appellant’s background. Dr. Dougherty’s

assessment also noted facial features consistent with the effects of FAS. Appellant

contends that trial counsel’s awareness of Appellant’s life history should have indicated

that his intellectual deficits preceded his 18th birthday.11 Appellant contends that, in light

of these red flags, it was unreasonable for trial counsel not to conduct a more thorough

investigation into the whether Appellant suffered from FAS, and to fail to specifically “ ask

9 Appellant explains that FAS “is a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

FASD is

an umbrella term used to describe the spectrum of brain damage caused by maternal

alcohol consumption during pregnancy. FAS is the most severe diagnosis on the fetal

alcohol spectrum.” Appellant’s Brief at 36.

10 As ascertained during the PCRA proceedings, Appellant’s claim to have obtained his

GED was not true.

11 Attorney Bradley Bastedo testified that he came to the opinion that Appellant was brain

damaged based on his observations and dealings with Appellant’s family. N.T., 7/25/16

PCRA Hearing, at 20-22, 199-201. However, contrary to Appellant’s assertion, he did not

opine that such damage existed “since childhood.” Compare id. with Appellant’s Brief at

44.

[J-120-2019] - 12

the experts they did retain to evaluate Appellant for [intellectual disability] or the presence

of adaptive deficits.” Appellant’s Brief at 47.

Appellant proceeds to discuss the factual basis for his Atkins claim to establish its

arguable merit and prejudice to Appellant incurred by counsels’ failure to present it at

sentencing. Appellant also faults the PCRA court’s factual findings and legal conclusions

in its holding that Appellant failed to prove his Atkins claim had merit.

B. Commonwealth’s Argument - Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

The Commonwealth recounts the steps trial counsel took to retain experts to

evaluate and diagnose Appellant for psychological and intellectual issues. The

Commonwealth notes that counsel retained Dr. Dougherty to perform an initial screening

and followed through on his recommendation to obtain a “comprehensive evaluation” by

retaining Drs. Voskanian, Mack, and Tepper. Dr. Voskanian was tasked with performing

a general evaluation so counsel could better ascertain “what [they] had” and to “lead them

in the right direction” relative to defenses or mitigation. Commonwealth’s Brief at 17

(citing N.T., 12/5/16 PCRA Hearing, at 14, 59). Dr. Mack was tasked with evaluating any

presence and extent of brain damage suffered by Appellant. Dr. Tepper was tasked with

developing a social history in aid of diagnosis and mitigation. The Commonwealth notes

that “[a]t no time did counsel ask their experts to rule in or out certain diagnoses, or

otherwise direct the expert witnesses on how to professionally perform their jobs.” Id. at

18 (citing N.T., 12/5/16 PCRA Hearing, at 144-45). The Commonwealth notes that none

of the retained experts related to counsel that they required more background, additional

expert evaluations, or further investigation to render the opinions they presented to a

reasonable degree of professional certainty. None related that there were “red flags” that

required supplementary evaluation. The experts explained that they did not opine about

Appellant’s potential intellectual disability diagnosis at sentencing because they were not

[J-120-2019] - 13

specifically requested to and were not provided certain information upon which they

subsequently relied in rendering their updated opinions in the PCRA proceedings. The

Commonwealth argues the PCRA court was correct to reject this explanation. The

Commonwealth notes that none of the expert witnesses expressed such limitation in their

reports, and Drs. Mack and Tepper in fact testified during the sentencing proceedings

that Appellant was not intellectually disabled.

The Commonwealth notes this Court’s recent holding that “court[s] may not

conflate the roles and professional obligations of experts and lawyers by demanding that

counsel spot ‘red flags’ when the mental health expert failed to do so.” Id. at 31 (quoting

Commonwealth v. Brown, 196 A.3d 130, 154 (Pa. 2018)). As such, the Commonwealth

argues counsel in this case cannot be deemed ineffective for any uncommunicated self-

imposed limitations inherent in an expert’s evidence.

C. Analysis

In the instant case, trial counsel retained a mitigation specialist and consulted three

mental health experts who testified in mitigation at Appellant’s sentencing. See N.T.,

12/5/16 PCRA Hearing, at 12-16; id. at 83-89. At the time they rendered their respective

professional opinions, none of the experts opined or suggested to trial counsel that

Appellant had FASD or an intellectual disability. See, e.g., id. at 94, 102, 125. Moreover,

numerous family witnesses testified to Appellant’s upbringing without a suggestion that

Appellant had FASD. In the intervening years, some of the experts have changed their

respective opinions. Although such shift in opinion may call into question the experts’

professional performance, it does not render counsels’ performance constitutionally

deficient. See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 15 A.3d 345, 384 (Pa. 2011) (concluding counsel

was not ineffective for retaining a clinical psychologist to offer mitigation evidence rather

than a neuropsychologist); see N.T., 12/5/16, at 59-60 (Trial Counsel (Attorney Hall)

[J-120-2019] - 14

testifying he retained mental health experts to explore defenses based on Appellant’s

mental health). In Lesko, PCRA counsel retained a neuropsychologist, Dr. Crown, to

assess Lesko’s mental health. Dr. Crown opined that Lesko suffered from brain damage

and that there were numerous “red flags” indicating that diagnosis, which the forensic

psychologist retained by trial counsel, Dr. Levit, should have discerned and followed up

on. We cautioned that:

[I]n applying Strickland, courts must be careful not to conflate

the roles and professional obligations of experts and lawyers.

In this regard, it is telling that Dr. Crown’s testimony at the

PCRA hearing was directed at the examination conducted by

Dr. Levit and not the strategy of counsel; thus, Dr. Crown

opined that the results of some of the testing conducted by Dr.

Levit raised “red flags,” which indicated that

neuropsychological testing should be conducted. Certainly,

these psychological “red flags” could not be directed at

counsel, who was unschooled in mental health matters, but

were directed at Dr. Levit. In fact, by the neuropsychologist’s

own testimony, the diagnosis of Borderline Personality

Disorder—a diagnosis made by Dr. Levit, not trial counsel—

should have raised a question relating to the possibility of

brain damage. Again, such opinions, if valid, may call into

question Dr. Levit’s professional performance, but that is not

the same thing as providing a basis to fault trial counsel’s legal

performance.

Lesko, 15 A.3d at 382.

Additionally, in Commonwealth v. Brown, 196 A.3d 130 (Pa. 2018), we addressed

whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to arrange further neuropsychological

testing to detect brain damage notwithstanding the fact that the expert retained at trial 12

did not advise counsel to any “red flags” pointing to the possibility for brain damage.

Similar to the circumstances in the instant case, the expert’s opinion in Brown of the

defendant’s brain functioning changed in the years between the imposition of the death

12 The expert in Brown was the same Dr. Tepper retained by Appellant in the instant case.

[J-120-2019] - 15

sentence and the defendant’s attempts to receive post-conviction relief. We observed,

“Dr. Tepper’s contention that he would have testified differently if he had access to

neuropsychological testing raises issues with his own performance, not with the

performance of trial counsel. It was his role as the mental health expert, rather than the

role of trial counsel, to recognize ‘red flags’ and recommend further testing.” Brown, 196

A.3d at 156. We see no basis to depart from that reasoning in the instant case in an

Atkins context.

The PCRA court found that “there were no limitations placed on the experts as to

what they should be seeking or what they should consider during their evaluations.”

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 111. It further found that counsel reasonably “expected

that the experts would advise trial counsel as to [Appellant’s] mental health issues and

any diagnosis.” Id. The PCRA Court found that the experts were aware of the import of

the Atkins case at the time they performed their evaluations and prepared their reports,

but none suggested to trial counsel that they needed additional information or testing. Id.

None suggested further evaluation for FASD. Id. at 112. “The experts retained by

counsel produced detailed reports and offered their opinions to a reasonable degree of

certainty in their respective fields, with two . . . experts specifically testifying that

[Appellant] was not intellectually disabled.” Id. at 112 (citing N.T., 7/25/16 PCRA Hearing,

at 106-110).

We conclude these findings are amply supported by the record. We agree that

counsel cannot be found to have been ineffective for failing to recognize and respond to

the purported “red flags” when the experts retained by counsel were competent and able

to advise counsel of any need for further information, or evaluation to address any

limitations in their ability to fully evaluate the issues presented by Appellant’s mental

health, yet failed to do so.

[J-120-2019] - 16

D. Appellant’s Argument - Atkins Issue Reviewable on its Merits

Appellant argues that, independent of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim,

his substantive Atkins claim is cognizable under 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9542(a)(2)(i) and

(a)(2)(vii). Appellant argues that the issue has not been waived or previously litigated,

because the evaluations and opinions presented in the PCRA hearing were based on

clinical manuals that post-date Appellant’s sentencing. Appellant notes that the United

States Supreme Court held that a finding of intellectual disability must be based on

objective criteria informed by the current prevailing clinical definitions. Moore v. Texas

(Moore-I), 137 S. Ct. 1039, 1052-53 (2016). The chief diagnostic authorities expressing

prevailing standards are the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental

Disabilities (AAIDD), and the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Id. The AAIDD

and the APA publish diagnostic manuals, which are periodically updated. Appellant notes

that “[a]fter Appellant’s trial in 2006, five additional clinical manuals have been issued:

AAIDD-2007, AAIDD-2010, AAIDD-2012, the DSM-5, and AAIDD-2015, all of which

included significant advancements in the diagnosis of [intellectual disability].” Appellant’s

Brief at 41-42. Appellant argues that even if his ineffective assistance of counsel claim,

which focuses on what was or was not presented at the time of sentencing, is rejected,

failure to address his substantive Atkins claim would preclude the required adjudication

under current standards. Specifically, he argues the following:

Appellant did not waive his Atkins claim by failing to present it

at trial. For waiver to have occurred, Appellant must have had

the opportunity to raise the same claim in a previous

proceeding and failed to take advantage of this opportunity.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9544. Appellant’s Atkins claim relies on five

diagnostic manuals issued after 2006; 16 peer-reviewed

articles and the 2010 issue of the Journal of

Psychoeducational Analysis devoted to the Flynn Effect, all of

which were published after 2006, see Section I(2), infra; and

Moore-I, Brumfield, Hall, Moore v. Texas (Moore-II), 139 S.

Ct. 666 (2019), Commonwealth v. VanDivner, 178 A.3d 108,

[J-120-2019] - 17

130 (Pa. 2018), and Commonwealth v. Cox, 204 A.3d 371,

387 (Pa. 2019), . . .. As none of those authorities were

available at the time of Appellant’s trial, he could not have

raised the same claim at that time.

Appellant’s Brief at 42.13

E. Commonwealth’s Argument - Atkins Issue Reviewable on its Merits

The Commonwealth does not directly argue against Appellant’s assertion that his

substantive Atkins issue is cognizable under the PCRA independently of his ineffective

assistance of counsel claim. Rather the Commonwealth reviews the testimony of the

various experts and the PCRA court’s credibility findings to argue that Appellant did not

meet his burden to prove he is intellectually disabled.

[Appellant] spends much time “cherry-picking” out phrases

from the PCRA court’s decision in order to find error with the

court's ultimate conclusion that they have not proven by a

preponderance of the evidence that Appellant suffers either

from FAS or ID. In fact, the PCRA court’s Opinion makes plain

that after listening to the competing experts' opinions over

nearly five years of litigation, the PCRA court simply found

[Appellant’s] experts incredible. The court did not consider

impermissible factors. It was aware of the relevant law and

carefully considered the reports, testimony and conclusions of

the many experts who testified. As Dr. Martell admitted, the

disparate conclusions the experts reached were really just a

matter of “opinion.” N.T. 2/9/18, pp. 34-36. The PCRA court

credited the opinion of Dr. [Marcopulos] and considered the

opinions of [Appellant’s] experts not credible. These

credibility and factual determinations are entitled to “great

deference” by this Honorable Court. Cox, 204 A.3d at 389.

[Appellant’s] bald, conclusory assertions of “facts” to the

contrary offer no basis on which to reverse the PCRA court’s

determinations.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 114-115.

13 The Flynn Effect, named for its initial proponent, is a statistical phenomenon, suggested

by numerous studies, describing the tendency for the mean scores of an intelligence test

to drift upward over time from the initial date for which it was normed, leading to the

concern that scores may be inflated over time if a testing instrument is not regularly re-

normed. See Commonwealth v. Cox, 204 A.3d 371, 389-92 (Pa. 2019) (Cox III).

[J-120-2019] - 18

F. Analysis - Reviewability

Although not addressed by the PCRA court or the Commonwealth, we question

Appellant’s assertion that his Atkins claim is reviewable under the PCRA. Initially, we

remark that the issue as articulated in his amended PCRA petition does not present his

Atkins issue distinct from his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. As noted by the

PCRA court, in his amended PCRA petition, Appellant asserted:

Petitioner is ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v.

Virginia and its progeny. Trial counsel were ineffective for

failing to investigate Petitioner’s adaptive deficits and

intellectual disabilities, and failing to present evidence that he

was ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins v. Virginia in

violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments

and Article I, Sections 9 and 13.

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 44 (quoting Appellant’s amended PCRA petition).

Nothing in Appellant’s issues presented to the PCRA court suggests his claim was based

on an entitlement to a review of his Atkins claim due to changes in diagnostic criteria in

the amended versions of the DSM and AAIDD. Appellant now argues the following

changes are pertinent:

The 2006 findings were not based on current diagnostic

criteria, but the criteria present at that time. Moore-I rejected

any attempt to make an Atkins determination based on past

criteria, and mandated the imposition of current diagnostic

guidelines in any Atkins case. Moore-I, 137 S. Ct. at 1049,

1052-53. The distinction is significant. Diagnostic standards

have made advances since 2006, including, inter alia: (1) the

mandate that IQ scores be corrected for the Flynn Effect

during an ID evaluation; (2) the rejection of hard IQ cutoffs,

the DSM-5’s emphasis on the clinical assessment of

intellectual functioning, and the expansion of prong one to

include scores above 75; (3) the AAIDD’s description of

commonly held but erroneous stereotypes; (4) the DSM-5’s

emphasis on failure to reach age-related expectations as the

benchmark of adaptive behavior; (5) the inclusion in the

DSM-5 of a clinical description for deficits in each domain of

adaptive functioning; (6) the DSM-5’s emphasis on clinical

judgment in assessing adaptive functioning; (7) the DSM-5’s

[J-120-2019] - 19

rejection of the use of group-administered testing in

assessing intellectual functioning; and (8) the emphasis on

the comprehensive nature of an adaptive behavior

assessment by both the AAIDD and the APA. See . . . DSM-

5 at 34, 37-38.

Appellant’s Brief at 82.

Appellant’s experts, however, while rendering their opinions in the PCRA hearing

based on the current diagnostic standards, did not articulate that their opinions were

different than what they would have been under the prevailing criteria extant at the time

of sentencing. Further Appellant’s conclusion that the changes in the DSM and AAIDD

alter the diagnostic landscape is overstated. As the Commonwealth argued relative to

the application of the “Flynn Effect,” the updated publications do not mandate its

application for diagnostic or IQ scoring purposes.14

14 The Commonwealth explains,

The current version of the DSM - the DSM-V - mentions the

Flynn Effect as a factor “that may affect test scores,” but does

not suggest adjusting individual scores to account for it.

Exhibit D-PCRA-24 (DSM-V: Intellectual Disability, p. 37).

The technical manual for the WAIS-III recognizes the Flynn

Effect and advises that this phenomenon makes “periodic

updating of the norms [ ] essential,” but does not instruct to

adjust the individually-obtained scores for the Flynn Effect.

N.T. 5/22/17 (Vol. I), p. 54; Exhibit D-PCRA-29. Nor does the

current version of the Wechsler scale, the WAIS-IV, instruct

that the scores obtained from its administration be adjusted.

N.T. 5/22/17 (Vol. I), pp. 54-55. [While the FCDO states that

the “DSM directs practitioners to Flynn-correct through its

requirement that IQ scores be interpreted through clinical

judgment,” Appellant’s Brief, p. 89, this claim is false. There

is absolutely no support for the proposition that the DSM’s

admonition to use clinical judgment in interpreting IQ scores

is a direction to practitioners to adjust individual scores for the

Flynn Effect, and [Appellant] cites to none.]

Commonwealth’s Brief at 36-37 (with footnote in brackets).

[J-120-2019] - 20

These revisions do not purport to redefine intellectual disability, but refine clinical

techniques and criteria to aid professionals in recognizing and diagnosing the same. In

this case, the PCRA court conducted full evidentiary hearings permitting Appellant to

submit evidence that he was intellectually disabled in an effort to prove that trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to present evidence and argue he was ineligible for the death

penalty in accordance with Atkins v. Virginia and its progeny. The PCRA court evaluated

the evidence and held Appellant failed to meet his burden to show counsel was

ineffective. “There is nothing in the record from 2006 which supports Flor’s claim that his

counsel was ineffective in not arguing that Flor was intellectually disabled . . ..” PCRA

Court Opinion, 2/22/19 at 132. We do not view its decision to address Appellant’s

presentation of evidence as part of the arguable merit and prejudice prongs of a Strickland

ineffective assistance of counsel claim as a recognition that the merits of the Atkins claim

was cognizable under the PCRA outside of that context.

Appellant only references Section 9543(a)(2)(i) and (vii) when asserting this claim

was not waived and is cognizable in a PCRA action. He does not further explain how

these provisions entitle him to relief. As such his claim is underdeveloped. The pertinent

provisions are as follows:15

(a) General rule.--To be eligible for relief under this

subchapter, the petitioner must plead and prove by a

preponderance of the evidence all of the following:

...

(2) That the conviction or sentence resulted from one or more

of the following:

(i) A violation of the Constitution of this Commonwealth or the

Constitution or laws of the United States which, in the

15 Appellant does not cite subsection (2)(vi), but we include it for completeness in light of

Appellant’s claim that his Atkins claim is not waived because it could not have been raised

earlier applying the current diagnostic criteria.

[J-120-2019] - 21

circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth-

determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or

innocence could have taken place.

...

(vi) The unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory

evidence that has subsequently become available and would

have changed the outcome of the trial if it had been

introduced.

(vii) The imposition of a sentence greater than the lawful

maximum.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(i), (vi), (vii).

“We . . . construe the PCRA and its eligibility requirements broadly, inasmuch as

narrowly confining the PCRA to the enumerated areas of review would undermine the

legislative intent that the PCRA is the sole means of obtaining collateral relief.”

Commonwealth v. Koehler, 229 A.3d 915, 929 (Pa. 2020) (emphasis in original).

Appellant claims, without explanation, that his substantive Atkins claim is cognizable

under the Subsection (a)(2)(i). The constitutional violation Appellant appears to rely on

is the imposition of a death sentence on an individual who is intellectually disabled as

prohibited by Atkins.

In Commonwealth v. Miller, 888 A.2d 624 (Pa. 2005) we held that, procedurally,

the vindication of this right is placed on the defendant, who has the burden to raise and

prove the issue. Accordingly, a defendant may waive consideration of whether he or she

is intellectually disabled explicitly, or by failing to present evidence at sentencing.

[T]his Court laid out over a series of cases the process by

which an intellectual disability challenge may be brought. In

so doing, we held in one matter that, analogous to

determinations of criminal competency and sanity, a

defendant seeking Atkins relief bears the burden to prove

intellectual disability under the accepted definitions by a

preponderance of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Mitchell,

576 Pa. 258, 839 A.2d 202, 210 nn. 7 & 8 (2003). It follows

that a defendant bears the burden of bringing the Atkins-

[J-120-2019] - 22

based claim in the first place or may instead elect to

forego bringing an Atkins claim altogether.

Commonwealth v. Mason, 130 A.3d 601, 666 (Pa. 2015) (emphasis added).

Such is the circumstance in this case. Indeed, as previously noted, Appellant’s

experts at sentencing expressly opined Appellant was not intellectually disabled. Thus

Appellant waived his Atkins claim. Accordingly, subsection (a)(2)(i) does not entitle

Appellant to relief under the PCRA independent of his ineffective assistance of counsel

claim.

Nevertheless, Appellant avers his current claim could not have been raised earlier

because of changes to the diagnostic criteria since the date of Appellant’s sentencing.

Implicitly, this assertion relies on subsection (a)(2)(vi). We deem this section inapplicable.

The updated manuals are not evidence. They represent diagnostic norms by which

evidence is evaluated. See Moore-II, 137 S. Ct. at 1052-53. Additionally, the new

opinions rendered by Appellant’s experts, to the extent they could be considered “new”

evidence, do not pertain to Appellant’s guilt and are therefore not exculpatory. See

Black’s Law Dictionary 8th edition (“exculpatory evidence. Evidence tending to establish

a criminal defendant’s innocence”). The facts underlying the expert reports and

testimony, i.e., the various testing, clinical interviews, and background assessments, were

all accessible at the time of Appellant’s sentencing.

Moreover, subsection (a)(2)(vii) is also inapplicable. Appellant’s sentence of death

did not exceed the legal maximum. If, as Appellant argues, the issue was not waived and

he was entitled to a hearing and consideration of the merits of his Atkins claim because

of new diagnostic criteria, then, implicitly, his sentence was proper under the diagnostic

criteria prevailing at the time he was sentenced. If this was not the case, the changes in

the criteria would be immaterial, and the Atkins issue must be deemed waived.

[J-120-2019] - 23

Based on the foregoing, we reject Appellant’s assertion that he is entitled to relief

pursuant to the merits of his Atkins issue independent of his ineffective assistance of

counsel claim. Absent a determination of counsel’s ineffectiveness, the question of

whether the additional evidence presented during the PCRA hearings independently

established Appellant’s intellectual disability contrary to Appellant’s assertion was not

before the PCRA court.16 Resetting of the issue each time an update to diagnostic and

testing standards is published, which occurs regularly based upon ongoing research,

would belie any finality to capital sentences.17,18

16 As noted, the PCRA court made factual findings and credibility determinations of the

testimony Appellant presented in support of the arguable merit and prejudice prongs of

his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Based on those findings the PCRA court

concluded Appellant had not met his burden.

17 For example, the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

updated 2021 manual refines its definition to include onset by age 22.

18 Justice Wecht, in Section II(A) of his responsive opinion, disputes our conclusion that

Appellant waived his merits based Eighth Amendment challenge as being a non-waivable

challenge to the legality of his sentence. Justice Saylor has, in the past, expressed

concern over conflating the definition of “legality of sentence” as it occurs in different

contexts, e.g. the Sentencing Code, cognizablity issues under the PCRA, and this Court’s

developed waiver jurisprudence, a concern this author shares. See Commonwealth v.

Barnes, 151 A.3d 121 (Pa. 2016) (Saylor, C.J. concurring). Our caselaw concerning the

non-waivability of legality of sentence issues have not been based merely on a “lack of

authority”, but that the “authority” to impose a sentence was based on a facial application

of the statutory provision or constitutional limitation to established or uncontested facts.

In the instant case, it is Appellant’s failure, in the face of his burden of production and

persuasion, to advance, at the time of sentencing, a challenge to the factual

underpinnings of his eligibility for the sentence received that determines waiver, which

was absent in those cases. See Commonwealth v. Moore, 247 A.3d 990, 997 n.12 (Pa.

2021).

That said, as this Court has long noted, the United States Supreme Court in Atkins

and its progeny, left it to the individual states to implement standards and procedures for

implementing its ruling. Despite urging, our legislature has to date not done so. As

Justice Eakin expressed in Miller, “this is inherently a legislative matter-it is hoped that

[J-120-2019] - 24

G. Alternative Analysis - Merits

Even if Appellant’s Atkins claim is deemed to have been reviewable by the PCRA

court independently of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we conclude that in

determining Appellant failed to meet his burden to prove he is intellectually disabled, the

PCRA court’s factual findings and credibility determinations are supported by the record

and its legal conclusions are based on correct legal standards.19 “In reviewing the grant

or denial of PCRA relief, an appellate court considers whether the PCRA court's

conclusions are supported by the record and free of legal error. Moreover, the factual

findings of a post-conviction court, which hears evidence and passes on the credibility of

witnesses, should be given deference.” Commonwealth v. Housman, 226 A.3d 1249,

1260 (Pa. 2020) (internal citations omitted). “A PCRA court passes on witness credibility

at PCRA hearings, and its credibility determinations should be provided great deference

by reviewing courts. Indeed, one of the primary reasons PCRA hearings are held in the

first place is so that credibility determinations can be made . . ..” Commonwealth. v.

Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 539 (Pa. 2009) (internal citations omitted).

Our standard of review of the PCRA court’s determination

regarding whether a petitioner is [intellectually disabled] is a

mixed question of law and fact, for which the standard of

review is as follows:

A question involving whether a petitioner fits the definition of

[intellectual disability] is fact intensive as it will primarily be

based upon the testimony of experts and involve multiple

credibility determinations. Accordingly, our standard of review

is whether the factual findings are supported by substantial

evidence and whether the legal conclusion drawn therefrom

the legislature would also act without delay.” Miller, 888 A.2d 624 at 633 (Eakin, J.

concurring).

19 In Pennsylvania, an appellant, as proponent of an Atkins claim, bears the burden to

prove his intellectual disability by a preponderance of the evidence. Commonwealth v.

Sanchez, 36 A.3d 24, 63 (Pa. 2011); see also Mason, supra at 666.

[J-120-2019] - 25

is clearly erroneous. We choose this highly deferential

standard because the court that finds the facts will know them

better than the reviewing court will, and so its application of

the law to the facts is likely to be more accurate.

Commonwealth v. Crawley, 924 A.2d 612, 616 (Pa 2007) (emphasis added). This

deference is equally applicable to a court’s credibility assessments of expert witnesses.

Commonwealth v. Williams, 61 A.3d 979, 992 (Pa. 2013). “We will not disturb the findings

of the PCRA court if they are supported by the record, even where the record could

support a contrary holding. This Court’s scope of review is limited to the findings of the

PCRA court and the evidence on the record of the PCRA court’s hearing, viewed in the

light most favorable to the prevailing party.” Commonwealth v. Jones, 912 A.2d 268, 293

(Pa. 2006) (internal citations omitted).

An abuse of discretion exists when the trial court has rendered a

judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious,

has failed to apply the law, or was motivated by partiality, prejudice,

bias, or ill will. A finding by an appellate court that it would have

reached a different result than the trial court does not constitute a

finding of an abuse of discretion. Furthermore, a trial judge passing

upon [issues dependent of expert opinion testimony] is free to accept

one expert witness’s opinion over that of a conflicting opinion so long

as there is adequate record support.

Commonwealth v. Banks, 29 A.3d 1129, 1135 (Pa. 2011).

Although Atkins determinations are couched in objective clinical

terms... the proof is often highly subjective, whether provided by

mental health experts or lay persons. Indeed, the fact that mental

health experts can draw contrary conclusions from the same set of

circumstances, particularly where little pre-conviction record

evidence is available, shows the difficulty with such determinations.

That difficulty is only exacerbated in a case … where no clinical

diagnosis of [intellectual disability] was made prior to age 18, and

[the] claim of [intellectual disability] is forwarded strictly in the context

of seeking relief under Atkins….

Commonwealth v. Dejesus, 58 A.3d 62, 85 (Pa. 2012).

As we have explicated, the United States Supreme Court has held that the

determination of a defendant’s intellectual disability is to be informed by prevailing

[J-120-2019] - 26

medical methods and criteria rather than politically created rules disconnected from

general professional consensus. Commonwealth v. Cox, 240 A.3d 509, 517 (Pa. 2020)

(Cox IV). That consensus includes definitions provided by the AAIDD and APA, and

diagnostic methods outlined in their respective periodically updated publications the

AAIDD and DSM as noted earlier. Those authorities, as this Court has previously

described, define three elements to be established for an intellectual disability

determination: 1) sub-average intellectual functioning; 2) significant adaptive limitations;

and 3) onset before age 18. Commonwealth v. Keaton, 45 A.3d 1050, 1079-80 (Pa.

2012).

Intellectual functioning is determined by professional testing rendering an

intelligence quotient (IQ) score, with possible intellectual disability implicated when an

individual is approximately two standard deviations from the norm, i.e., 30 points below

the mean score of 100. Commonwealth v. Hackett, 99 A.3d 11, 27 (Pa. 2014). However,

a strict cut-off score is not warranted given the role of clinical judgment in the relation of

this prong with the others. Keaton, 45 A.3d at 1080. Rather than a strict numerical

measure, testing results represent the probability a subject’s IQ is within a range of

confidence around the stated score known as a standard error of measurement (SEM),

typically a 98% confidence within a ten point range. Cox III, 204 A.3d at 376 n.6. While

particular circumstances may affect clinical judgment in the confidence range of a score,

Moore has clarified that “other sources of imprecision ... cannot narrow the test-specific

standard error range.” Id. at 388 (citation omitted).

Adaptive limitations are assessed in certain defined sub-categories, with the

AAIDD recommending use of standardized testing to determine if a subject has limitations

more than two standard deviations below the mean overall or within one of the realms of

conceptual, social and practical skills. Hackett, supra at. 27. The DSM directs

[J-120-2019] - 27

assessment of deficits in two subcategories of communication, self-care, home living,

social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional

academics, work, leisure, health and safety. Id. An adaptive behavior is a collection of

conceptual, social and practical learned skills that people acquire to function and adapt

to the demands of daily life. Id. We have held that while the standardized measures for

assessing adaptive deficits are preferred, they are not the exclusive means to do so. Cox

IV, 240 A.3d at 531-32.

Finally, the evidence must demonstrate that any qualifying intellectual functioning

and adaptive deficits existed prior to a subject’s 18 th birthday. The assessment of this

prong is self-explanatory and dependent on available information as to the best sources

pertinent to the period of time at issue.

As noted, Appellant argues the trial court ignored current diagnostic standards and

made findings unsupported by the record. Appellant’s Brief at 13. To the contrary, we

conclude the PCRA court made exhaustive review of the voluminous testimony and

reports from multiple expert witnesses, making credibility findings and assessments

based on the legal standards developed by Atkins and its progeny. That evidence and

the court’s findings include the following.

Dr. James Patton, Ed.D., was accepted to testify for Appellant as an expert in the

field of Intellectual Disability. He had been retained to evaluate Appellant’s adaptive

functioning prior to the age of 18. The records Dr. Patton referenced in his report included

the 2006 reports of Dr. Allen Tepper, J.D., Psy. D., Dr. Pogos Vosakian, M.D. and Dr.

Richard Saul, M.D. Dr. Patton also considered Appellant’s school records, treatment

center records and employment records. Additionally, in 2012, Dr. Patton administered

an Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (2nd Ed.) (ABAS-II), which is designed to have

a “declarant” rate a subject’s skills and abilities in specific areas relevant to adaptive

[J-120-2019] - 28

development. Dr. Patton chose Appellant’s step-sister, Stacey Gilbert (a daughter of one

of Appellant’s step fathers), as the declarant, instructing her to focus the ratings on when

she and Appellant were about 11 years old. Based on Ms. Gilbert’s responses, Appellant

was rated as impaired for all three domains of adaptive functioning, conceptual, social,

and practical. Dr. Patton also testified regarding Appellant’s functional academics

domain, referencing school records and declarations from school personnel.

The PCRA court discounted the credibility of Dr. Patton’s conclusions for a number

of reasons. With respect to the ABAS-II, Dr. Patton testified that valid results are

dependent on the declarant being “reliable, credible, had regular contact with the

individual of reasonably long duration, had an opportunity to observe behaviors

associated with the specific skill areas of adaptive functioning, were in close contact with

the individual prior to 18 ….” PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/2019, at 55, (quoting Dr. Patton

Report pp 7-8). However, Ms. Gilbert’s own declaration disclosed she did not live with

Appellant during the period she was asked to report on and did not visit most weekends.

She did not attend the same school, nor did she necessarily interact with Appellant during

the time she did visit. Id. (citing N.T. 6/27/2014 at 188). The PCRA court noted that other

interviews and records contained contradictory information, which Dr. Patton did not

include in his reports. Id. at 58-59 (providing examples). Additionally, the court noted

that Ms. Gilbert was given a form intended for parents or caregivers. Id. at 59 (citing N.T.

6/27/2014 at 56). Furthermore, Dr. Patton testified that the ABAS-II is not designed for

retrospective use. Id. (citing N.T. 6/27/2014 at 202-203).

Dr. Tepper, who as noted was retained by Appellant as a mitigation expert in 2006,

at which time he testified that Appellant was not intellectually disabled, was contacted

again in 2013 to review materials for Appellant’s PCRA proceedings and offer a new

opinion. Dr. Tepper testified that he changed his opinion and now believed Appellant is

[J-120-2019] - 29

intellectually disabled. He based his opinion on a re-review of Dr. Mack’s 2006

psychological testing but now taking into account the Flynn Effect to conclude a reduced

Full Scale IQ score for Appellant from 76 to 73. Dr. Tepper did not testify that his

application of the Flynn Effect in 2015 was based on updates of the APA and AAIDD

diagnostic Manuals. Rather, he acknowledged that the principle was known and

accepted in 2006, but that he did not apply it then because no adaptive assessment had

been done in 2006 to make the difference between a score of 76 and 73 significant. N.T.,

7-9-2015 at 147-148. Having now reviewed materials to assess for any adaptive deficits

manifesting before the age of 18, including Dr. Patton’s report, and declarations of lay

witnesses, Dr. Tepper opined Appellant meets the definition for intellectual disability.

The PCRA Court found Dr. Tepper’s 2013 report and PCRA testimony

unpersuasive. The court noted that, contrary to Dr. Tepper’s explanation, he had access

to largely the same information in 2006 that he claimed was new in 2013. He did not

testify in 2006 when asked if Appellant met the definition for intellectual disability that

Appellant had not been evaluated for such or that he had insufficient information from

which to draw a conclusion. Rather, he answered that Appellant was not intellectually

disabled. In 2006, Dr. Tepper testified that he performed a thorough “tracking” of

Appellant from birth to age 18. The PCRA court had independently deemed Dr. Patton’s

report, which Dr. Tepper cited as newly available information, not to be credible. Neither

did the court credit Dr. Tepper’s learning that Appellant had not obtained a GED, as he

believed in 2006, as a probative factor in supporting his change of opinion. There is no

evidence Appellant was unsuccessful in an attempt to pass a GED exam, merely

speculation that he was “masking” in an attempt to cover inadequacies, a trait Dr. Tepper

acknowledged is not peculiar to individuals with intellectual disability. Additionally, had

[J-120-2019] - 30

Appellant obtained a GED, that fact would not itself preclude the existence of deficits in

other domains, which Dr. Tepper had not found or questioned in 2006.

Appellant offered the testimony of Dr. Dougherty, who had been retained by trial

counsel to provide an evaluation of Appellant in 2006. At that time, he administered the

Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, 2nd edition, (K-BIT-2), and a Kaufman Short Assessment

of Neuropsychological Instrument (K-Snap) to obtain a rough idea of whether intellectual

functioning or brain impairment issues were present that would warrant more

comprehensive testing. Based on the results, he recommended trial counsel pursue more

comprehensive evaluations. In response, trial counsel retained Drs. Mack, Voskanian

and Tepper. Dr. Dougherty was contacted by PCRA counsel to offer an opinion of

whether Appellant was intellectually disabled. To inform his opinion, Dr. Dougherty

reviewed the affidavits from Drs. Mack, Tepper, Voskanian, Patton, and Greenspan, and

declarations from lay witnesses, as provided by PCRA counsel. Dr. Dougherty did not

conduct any interviews or testing of his own. However, Dr. Dougherty testified that it is

important to interview people familiar with the individual subject, and conceded that

Stacey Gilbert did not ideally meet that criteria. The PCRA court found Dr. Dougherty’s

opinion suffered from the same credibility weaknesses it independently noted in the

materials and other expert opinions upon which he relied. PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19

at 64-65.

Appellant offered the testimony of Dr. Mack, who explained he changed his opinion

from 2006 relative to Appellant’s intellectual disability based on new information. Dr.

Mack reconsidered his prior opinion based on application of the Flynn Effect to his

WAISS-III test results from 2006. A second consideration was that Appellant had lied

about obtaining a GED at age 19. He testified that in 2006 he viewed Appellant as

“capable of passing” a GED but that “[w]hen it became clear that he was not, it put a

[J-120-2019] - 31

different light on the overall understanding of the neurological test results.” N.T. 10/18/13,

174. However as noted above, “not obtaining” a GED is not equivalent to “incapable of

passing” a GED, and there is nothing in the record establishing the latter. Further, Dr.

Mack relied on new reports from the medical and psychological experts and lay

declarations to inform his changed opinion. Relative to assessment of adaptive deficits,

Dr. Mack considered the report of Dr. Patton and the same lay declarations Dr. Patton

reviewed. For example, Dr. Mack considered the declaration from Lester Brassington,

who was employed by Pennsbury School District at the time Appellant attended, stating

that Appellant was only promoted from grade to grade based on age rather than academic

achievement, although he did not personally remember Appellant. The records Mr.

Brassington consulted were the same reviewed by Dr. Mack and others in 2006 when no

such conclusion was drawn. Another example was a declaration from John and Stacey

Butler reporting on Appellant’s childhood, although they did not know Appellant during

that time. PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19 at 70-71. Another important factor in Dr. Mack’s

new assessment was Dr. Julian Davies’ diagnosing Appellant with Fetal Alcohol

Syndrome (FAS) (alcohol exposure unconfirmed). Although not in a discipline to enter a

diagnosis, Dr. Mack understood the visual signs and indicators for FAS but never

suspected FAS in 2006. Id. at 72.

Appellant also called Dr. Voskanian to testify about his changed opinion

concerning Appellant’s intellectual disability. In 2006, Dr. Voskanian conducted an

extensive evaluation of Appellant, interviewing him on four occasions, interviewing

Appellant’s mother and grandmother, and reviewing school and medical records. At that

time he opined that Appellant was not intellectually disabled. As with Drs. Tepper and

Mack, Dr. Voskanian based his change of opinion on the report of Dr. Patton, the

additional declarations from lay individuals, the diagnosis by Dr. Davies that Appellant

[J-120-2019] - 32

suffered from FAS, as well as the revelation that Appellant had not obtained a GED. Id.

at 72-73.

The PCRA Court noted that Dr. Voskanian had extensive contact with Appellant

over a year-long period in 2006, including four interviews, interviews with Appellant’s

mother and grandmother, and review of school and medical records. Dr. Voskanian was

familiar with the visual signs of FAS but, despite his close contact with Appellant in

preparation for mitigation at sentencing, Dr. Voskanian never suspected FAS or called for

further investigation. After that contact he concluded Appellant was not intellectually

disabled. Id. at 73.

Appellant offered the testimony of Dr. Julian Davies, M.D., a pediatrician who

testified as an expert in the field of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Dr. Davies had been

retained to evaluate Appellant for possible FAS. Dr. Davies interviewed Appellant for 90

minutes and reviewed multiple court, medical, employment and educational records. He

did not interview Appellant’s Mother or review prenatal or childhood records, however.

Dr. Davies indicated there are four accepted prongs to a FAS diagnosis: 1) prenatal

growth deficiency (weight and/or length); 2) certain minor facial abnormalities (narrow eye

slits widths, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum); 3) brain dysfunction or damage; and 4) pre-

natal alcohol consumption by mother. A specific finding of the fourth prong is not required

for a diagnosis if the facial features are present, as they are specific to FAS. Dr. Davies

accepted that Appellant’s birth weight was five pounds five ounces20, and that his current

stature of five feet four inches was in the third percentile range. Dr. Davies noted

Appellant had facial features associated with FAS, including a thin upper lip and a smooth

20 During the testimony, Appellant interjected that he was seven pounds, six ounces at

birth, but as noted, Dr. Davies did not review birth records, but consulted a previous memo

from a mitigation expert retained at trial, who had interviewed Appellant’s Mother.

[J-120-2019] - 33

philtrum.21 For the third prong, Dr. Davies did not detect any brain abnormalities from

brain scans or tests, and did not perform neuropsychological testing. He relied on Dr.

Mack’s testing of Appellant at age 39. For the final prong, Dr. Davies merely opined that

prenatal alcohol consumption would have been consistent with reports Mother drank as

a minor even though he reviewed no evidence that mother actually drank during her

pregnancy with Appellant. Id. at 74-77.

The PCRA court did not find Dr. Davies diagnosis credible. No previous expert

evaluation suggested FAS, even though the various experts, although not in disciplines

qualified to diagnose, were familiar with the diagnostic criteria and in a position to

recommend further evaluation and did not do so. Further, the various alternative

explanations were propounded to explain Appellant’s behavioral and learning issues,

including a chaotic upbringing and abuse. In addition, Dr. Davies described the process

usually employed to evaluate for possible FAS involving a team of specialists which was

not employed in this case. The PCRA court noted “[Appellant] was interviewed by Dr.

Davies and given a few tests” based upon which he offered an opinion contrary to the

host of experts employed during the mitigation phase of Appellant’s trial and sentencing.

Id. at 81.

Appellant, next offered the testimony of Dr. Natalie Novick-Brown, Ph.D., who had

conducted a “life-long functional assessment” of Appellant, concluding there were a

number of adaptive deficits based on six “red flags” she noted in a review of records and

witness declarations. These “red flags” included 1) Appellant’s Mother’s alcohol use

surmised from her being “a child of the 60’s”; 2) Mother’s drug use would correlate with

alcohol use; 3) Appellant’s low birth weight (determined from the same source used by

21 Based on in-person measurement and software analysis, Dr. Davies opined the

smoothness of Appellant‘s philtrum rated a 4 on a five point lip-philtrum guide with five

being the most severe.

[J-120-2019] - 34

Dr. Davies); 4) in connection to possible “executive” dysfunction issues, there were

secondhand hearsay reports of two childhood incidents where Appellant reportedly at age

two started a kitchen fire, and at some unknown time sawed a head off a hobbyhorse; 5)

a statement from Appellant’s grandmother that he was a restless active child, which could

be an indicator for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; and 6) possible learning

deficits based on standardized testing and school records.

The PCRA court reviewed the various conclusions drawn by Dr. Novick-Brown

about Appellant’s supposed adaptive deficits, noting contradictory information contained

in the records reviewed and relied upon. The Court also rejected Dr. Novick-Brown’s

assertion that experts employed by the defense in 2006 were less qualified to detect these

“red flags” and see the deficits she had described. Id. at 88-89.

Appellant next presented the testimony of Dr. Stephan Greenspan, a

developmental psychologist specializing in neurodevelopmental disorders, which

includes intellectual disability. Dr. Greenspan was accepted by the court not as an expert

to render an opinion concerning Appellant’s diagnosis, but to address the methodology

and standards employed by the other experts in the case. Dr. Greenspan described the

elements of an intellectual disability diagnosis and the criteria and techniques and best

practices employed to assess those elements. Dr. Greenspan explained that deficits in

adaptive functioning are determined by inabilities or weaknesses not negated by the

existence of strengths. An evaluator looks to a subject’s typical performance of skills

being assessed. Dr. Greenspan testified approvingly of the assessments by Appellant’s

other experts and critically of the Commonwealth’s expert. The PCRA court noted several

inconsistencies in Dr. Greenspan’s explanation of those best practices and his uncritical

acceptance of the opinions of the Appellant’s other experts notwithstanding those best

[J-120-2019] - 35

practices were not adhered to, which led it to discount the credibility of his opinion

evidence.

For example, Dr. Greenspan opined that in assessing adaptive deficits an

evaluator should review as many sources of information as possible to strengthen the

results of the ABAS-II ratings. Id. at 93-94. Yet he was uncritical of Dr. Patton

administering only a single ABAS-II as contrasted with the Commonwealth’s expert, Dr.

Marcopulos, administering three. Id. at 91. Dr. Greenspan also faulted Dr. Marcopulos

for accepting the higher ABAS-II scores uncritically, although Dr. Patton was similarly

uncritical of Stacey Gilbert’s very low scores, with which Dr. Greenspan took no issue.

Dr. Greenspan testified that, as an evaluator, he would give less weight to declarations

he had not been involved in preparing or from individuals with whom he had not spoken.

Nevertheless he did not take issue with Dr. Patton giving weight to declarations Dr. Patton

had not been involved in preparing and from individuals to whom he had not spoken.

The PCRA court also questioned Dr. Greenspan’s approval of Dr. Patton excluding

from his report evidence of Appellant’s adaptive strengths under the guise that Intellectual

Disability is defined by adaptive deficiencies. While evidence of adaptive strengths

cannot be considered to counterbalance evidence of a distinct adaptive deficiency, where

evidence is conflicting about a particular adaptive trait, comparison of the respective

probity of the evidence and the credibility of the sources must inform a diagnostic opinion.

Id. at 96. This is evidenced by Appellant’s experts testifying that they did not consider

exploring intellectual disability as an option at sentencing in part because of their belief

Appellant had earned a GED, i.e. evidence of an adaptive strength in conceptual skills

that outweighed contrary evidence. In finding Dr. Greenspan not credible, the PCRA

court explored other inconsistencies in Dr. Greenspan’s explanation of best practices, his

uncritical review of Appellant’s other experts’ reports and his critical review of the report

[J-120-2019] - 36

from the Commonwealth’s expert, Dr. Marcopulos. Id. 96-100. The PCRA court also

opined that Dr. Greenspan was motivated by his opposition to the death penalty, noting

“[w]hile this did not automatically disqualify his opinion, his testimony barely veiled his

bias towards any opinion that failed to comport with his own.” Id. at 101.

Appellant’s final expert witness was Dr. Daniel Martell, a forensic

neuropsychologist who was called to critique the report from Dr. Marcopulos. Dr. Martell

reviewed documents from the penalty phase through the PCRA proceedings and

conducted interviews with some of the earlier declarants that had provided statements.22

The PCRA court, as with Appellant’s earlier expert witnesses, found Dr. Martell lacking in

credibility by essentially cherry-picking information to support a predetermined

conclusion. Id. at 106. For example, Dr. Martell gave little consideration to the ABAS-II

tests conducted by Dr. Marcopulos and the single ABAS-II test conducted by Dr. Patton

because they lacked a “convergent validity,” being at odds in their assessments.

Nevertheless, Dr. Martell relied on the various reports from Appellant’s other experts

which in turn relied on Dr. Patton’s report. The shortcomings perceived by the PCRA

court were compounded by the mutual reliance by the experts upon one another’s reports.

Id. at 102-103. The PCRA court also questioned Dr. Martell’s reliance on Lester

Brassington’s interpretation of Appellant’s school records, where Mr. Brassington did not

know Appellant, and was not a counselor at the school while Appellant was there. The

court also found Dr. Martell’s approach to Appellant’s alcohol abuse inconsistent. He

opined that intellectual disability may lead to alcohol abuse, but admitted on cross-

examination that other facts present in this case, such as Appellant’s bi-polar disorder

and family history were factors.

22 These included Appellant’s step-brother Gary Morgal, Jr, family acquaintances John

and Judy Butler, and school counselor Lester Brassington.

[J-120-2019] - 37

Dr. Martell also testified in prior cases that mental health issues, such as

depression can affect an IQ score, lowering the result. In this case, the only IQ test was

given to Appellant during the pendency of this case. Dr. Martell did not assign any

importance to these factors in this case. Rather he endorsed adjustment of the score for

the Flynn Effect even though he acknowledged that the Flynn Effect is a “group effect”

not typically applied in clinical settings. Id. at 105 (citing N.T., 5-8-18, at 184). He

suggested it was typical in “high stakes” settings but could cite no studies attesting to the

propriety for doing so. Id. (citing N.T., 5-8-18, at 185-186).

The PCRA court noted that Dr. Martell was critical of Dr. Marcopulos’ consideration

of Appellant’s standardized test from his school records, opining that achievement tests

are not proxies for intelligence measurement. He did not explain why he assumed all the

test scores reviewed were achievement tests rather than aptitude tests, which he later

conceded would be closer approximations. Nevertheless Dr. Martell agreed with Dr,

Marcopulos’s statement that standardized tests are not substitutes for IQ tests, but are

good evidence when assessing intellectual disability. Id.

As noted, the Commonwealth offered Dr. Marcopulos, a clinical neuropsychologist,

as an expert in intellectual disability. Dr. Marcopulos reviewed the defense experts’

reports prepared for the sentencing as well as those presented in support of Appellant’s

PCRA. She also conducted her own interviews and review of the records to render an

opinion as to whether Appellant was intellectually disabled. Dr. Marcopulos testified that,

based on her review, Dr. Mack’s testing, report and opinion rendered in 2006 in

connection with Appellant’s sentencing was sound and she agreed with its assessment.

As noted, that testing resulted in a full-scale IQ score of 76, which Dr. Mack at that time

opined could have been higher prior to Appellant suffering years of substance abuse and

possible concussions. Id. at 113 (citing N.T. 12/2/16, at 53-54). Dr. Marcopulos agreed

[J-120-2019] - 38

with Dr. Mack’s 2006 findings of Appellant’s strengths and weaknesses in cognitive

functioning, which she also noted was consistent with Appellant’s school records. Dr.

Marcopulos testified that Appellant’s school records offer the best contemporaneous

indicator of his intellectual functioning, given that the only IQ testing did not occur until

2006. Those records, she explained, demonstrate that through the sixth grade

Appellant’s performance was average and satisfactory. These records include results

from standardized testing, and an aptitude test administered in the fifth grade. Id. at 114

(citing N.T. 12/2/16 at 81-85). Consistent with the theory advanced by Dr. Mack at the

time of Appellant’s sentencing, Appellant’s performance deteriorated when his step-father

died, and he began drinking, using drugs, and missing school. Dr. Marcopulos testified

that the Flynn Effect is not generally applied in a clinical setting and she noted its use is

mainly raised in capital sentencing cases. Dr. Marcopulos noted that since 2006, revised

versions of the DSM and the AAIDD place less emphasis on IQ cut offs and place more

emphasis on adaptive deficits, such that variations reflected in the standard deviation or

particularized anomalies in testing would render a range of IQ scores compatible with an

intellectual disability diagnosis. N.T. 2/16/17 at 107-111. She also noted that prior to Dr.

Mack administering the IQ testing, Appellant had undergone competency assessments

and was treated for depression which could negatively impact performance, depressing

the score. Id. at 115.

Concerning the second prong of an intellectually disabled diagnosis, adaptive

deficits, Dr. Marcopulos explained that it is important to consult multiple sources from a

variety of times and settings. This is true of reliance on ABAS-II testing. Id. at 115 (citing

N.T. 12/2/16 at 104). As such, Dr. Marcopulos was critical of Dr. Patton’s report and his

over reliance of the single ABAS-II administered to Stacey Gilbert. Initially, Dr.

Marcopulos considered Ms. Gilbert a poor source given her limited contact with Appellant

[J-120-2019] - 39

during the period she was asked to recall. Dr. Marcopulos also deemed her extremely

low scores in all areas, equating to “profoundly impaired”, were clearly incompatible with

all other available information. Id. at 116 (citing N.T. 12/2/16 at 111-116).

Dr. Marcopulos administered the ABAS-II to a number of people who knew

Appellant at various times and settings in his life. These included Rhonda Bealer, who

lived with Appellant for ten years, had a child with him and worked with him in his carpet

installation business; Patricia Kairis, who knew Appellant when they were children and

reconnected with him as adults, entering into a relationship and having a child together;

and Matthew Popovich, a close friend of Appellant when they were children, having

greater contact than Ms. Gilbert had during that period.

Mr. Popovich scored Appellant as low-average in the realms of communication,

community use, and functional academics and scored a six for the realms of leisure, self-

care, and social skills. Ms. Kairis’s scores showed Appellant had significant deficits

during a time he suffered severe substance abuse problems. Dr. Marcopulos explained

that these scores, together with Ms. Kairis’s explanation, are consistent with deficits

caused by substance abuse, but do not indicate intellectual disability. By contrast, Ms.

Bealer’s scores were higher than Ms. Kairis’s but covered a time Appellant was relatively

drug and alcohol free.

Dr. Marcopulos also interviewed Appellant, largely to explore his relationship with

the various individuals who provided the statements and information used in the various

experts’ reports, and to corroborate the information given to minimize reliance on faulty

or biased reporting. Dr. Marcopulos noted that the experts who changed their opinions

relative to whether Appellant is intellectually disabled did so largely on the basis of Ms.

Gilbert’s ABAS-II scores, new lay witness declarations, and Dr. Davies’ FAS diagnosis.

Dr. Marcopulos found these insufficient to support their conclusions. As related above,

[J-120-2019] - 40

Dr. Marcopulos did not find Ms. Gilbert’s scoring credible. She considered the lay

declarations to be chiefly anecdotal and at variance with interviews she conducted and

her observations of Appellant’s communications with others.

Pertaining to the FAS diagnosis, Dr. Marcopulos noted the lack of direct evidence

confirming that Appellant’s mother drank during her pregnancy. She acknowledged that

FAS puts an individual at risk for intellectual disability, but is not a substitute for an

independent evaluation. FAS is a spectrum disorder exhibiting a variety of symptom

combinations such that in an individual case there may be physical features but no

cognitive impairment and vice versa. Id. at 123 (citing N.T. 12/2/16 at 137-139).

The PCRA court found Dr. Marcopulos to be thorough and compelling and based

on independent testing and interviews as well as a review of existing reports and records.

Id. at 125. The court noted when cross examined on diagnostic criteria and testing

protocols from various current manuals and professional sources, Dr. Marcopulos

acknowledged them and explained her adherence to them in preparing her report and

rendering her opinion. Id.

The Commonwealth presented testimony from forensic psychologist, Dr. Leigh

Hagan, who had been tasked with evaluating the methods employed by Drs. Mack,

Tepper, and Voskanian and whether they comport with accepted scientific and

professional standards. Relying on peer-reviewed professional literature, Dr. Hagan

opined in his report that Drs. Mack, Tepper, and Voskanian were all professionally well-

qualified and their respective 2006 reports and evaluations were thorough and detailed.

Id. at 126. Dr. Hagan considered their methods employed at that time comported with

professional standards and the opinions expressed were supported. However, he pointed

out that some of the factors they relied on in changing their opinion did not. Id. In

particular, he reported that reliance on lay declarations from individuals not interviewed

[J-120-2019] - 41

by the evaluator was not standard. It is important to assess the basis for knowledge, the

credibility of the declarant, corroborating information, the circumstances under which the

declaration was given and like factors. N.T., 5/22/17 at 69. Dr. Hagan also testified

concerning whether it is generally accepted to apply the Flynn Effect to IQ scores. He

testified that adjustment of IQ scores for the Flynn Effect is not generally accepted outside

the Atkins context, i.e. for clinical, qualification for benefits, or educational purposes. The

Flynn Effect is not necessarily a linear phenomenon and may in fact reverse for periods

of time. See Def. Ex. 27, AAIDD-2010, at 37. It is more an indication of uncertainty similar

to the SEM considerations that make IQ scores an expression of a range of confidence

rather than a hard and fast ranking. Further the consensus for reducing a score for the

Flynn Effect in Atkins case contexts is mixed at best, and the advocates for adjustment

cite largely to one another rather than independent scientific authority. PCRA Ct. Op. at

126-127. Adjustment is not recommended in the manual for the past and current WAIS

test. Id. at 54-55. Further the three point adjustment applied or accepted by Drs. Mack,

Tepper, and Voskanian, in Dr. Hagan’s view, is arbitrary as the various studies measuring

the effect demonstrate “a very wide range of score shifts … including 0.171. 0.25, 0.299,

0.30, and 0.311.” Id. at 127 (quoting PCRA-C-30 at page 9).

We find the record supports the PCRA court’s conclusion that Appellant did not

meet his burden to show he is ineligible for the death penalty due to intellectual disability.

The court was presented with competing expert opinions from Appellant and the

Commonwealth and made credibility determinations based on the respective experts’

adherence to the professional standards and criteria for which there was general

consensus. The court noted that some of Appellant’s experts conducted thorough

investigations and evaluations at the time of sentencing and specifically determined

Appellant was not intellectually disabled. The court found that their stated reasons for

[J-120-2019] - 42

changing their opinions were either inadequate or reliant on faulty sources or procedures

not compliant with the professional standards espoused by the experts on both sides.

Relative to the first diagnostic prong for intellectual disability, the IQ test conducted

by Dr. Mack in 2006 and accompanying report was generally accepted by the experts as

comporting with current professional standards. As noted by the PCRA court, that report

concluded that Appellant could have scored higher prior to his years of substance abuse

and brain injury, which the report did not place at pre-age 18. The chief disputed

contention relative to this prong among the experts testifying was whether the score

should be adjusted for the Flynn Effect. This Court has not weighed in on the role of the

Flynn Effect in interpreting IQ test results, but we have noted “the question of whether to

consider the Flynn Effect is distinct from how the effect should be considered.” Cox III,

204 A.3d at 389 n.17. Based on the testimony, the general validity of the scoring drifts

identified in research of the Flynn Effect is accepted, however the precise measure of the

effect and its proper consideration in various diagnostic contexts supports less

consensus. The phenomenon is conceded not to necessarily be linear and the measure

drift varies in different studies.

We do not find the PCRA court’s conclusion that it is not generally accepted

practice to adjust an IQ score downward .3 points per year to account for the Flynn Effect

erroneous. The WAIS manual does not instruct such an adjustment, although it does

advocate updating norms regularly. The AAIDD-11 definition manual does include

“recognition of the potential Flynn Effect” in interpretation of IQ scores, but does not direct

a specific numerical score adjustment when the test used is the version current at the

time. Def. Ex. 27, AAIDD-2010, at 37.23 Rather we agree that the record here supports

23 Justice Wecht in his dissent concludes this requirement of “recognition” advises

downward adjustment of a subject’s score. Dissenting Opinion, Wecht, J., slip opinion at

4-5. Respectfully, we deem this reading to include a specific directive not present in the

[J-120-2019] - 43

the PCRA court’s conclusion that consideration of the Flynn Effect may be pertinent to

interpretation of a score in a particular case, but there is no generally accepted

professional requirement or standard for adjusting a specific numerical score. Treated

as a consideration, the PCRA court was free to assess the credibility of the respective

expert’s opinion relative to the impact that consideration had on their opinion of whether

Appellant was intellectually disabled. Viewed in this manner the PCRA court did not

reflexively reject Appellant’s assertion of intellectual disability based on the IQ score

alone. Rather, the court recognized such scores portray a range bounded by the tests

SEM, and that prevailing professional standards emphasize viewing such scoring as it

interacts with adaptive deficits relevant to the second prong. “[W]e do not adopt a cutoff

IQ score for determining [intellectual disability] in Pennsylvania, since it is the interaction

between limited intellectual functioning and deficiencies in adaptive skills that establish

[intellectual disability].” Miller, supra at 631. Additionally, as mentioned above, specific

circumstances may affect confidence in the range reflected in an IQ score but may not

narrow the test-specific SEM. As an example, Dr. Marcopulos opined that the testing

circumstances in 2006, including Appellant’s treatment for depression and his recent prior

competency evaluation may be such circumstances that could suppress results. N.T.

2/16/17 at 115. Therefore the PCRA court had support in the record to reject a

mechanical rescoring of Appellant’s IQ test result to account for the Flynn Effect in favor

of an assessment of the IQ score viewed with a broader range of uncertainty and its

interaction with evidence presented pertaining to alleged adaptive deficits. Cox III, 204

A.3d at 388.

manual’s language. What the AAIDD manual urges is that the most recently normed

version of a test be used. Adjustment for the Flynn Effect may be warranted only if an

older version of a test is used when a more recently normed version is available at the

time of testing. See e.g. Coleman v. State, 341 S.W.3d 221, n.55 (Tenn. 2011).

[J-120-2019] - 44

The PCRA court’s findings and credibility determinations relative to the second

diagnostic prong of adaptive limitations were also supported by the record. The PCRA

court found that while Appellant’s experts stated they rendered their respective opinions

based on prevailing professional standards, the methods and sources relied upon were

deficient. The PCRA court noted that Appellant’s experts to a large degree found support

for their opinions in the reports of the other defense experts, often without independent

corroboration, in a manner that compounded any error or deficiency inherent in those

reports. PCRA Court Opinion, 2/22/19, at 130. The chief example of this was Dr. Patton’s

report assessing whether Appellant encountered adaptive limitation prior to age 18. The

PCRA court credited the Commonwealth experts’ critique of the report on the basis of Dr.

Patton’s reliance on a number of lay declarations without having interviewed the

declarants to ascertain their basis of knowledge for the period being reported or potential

bias. We have held that in the absence of the preferred standardized testing, adaptive

limitations may be assessed according to standards espoused in the AAIDD and DSM

through a comprehensive and systematic review of medical, school, employment, and

other pertinent records, and “clinical interviews with … persons who know the individual

well … [i]deally … from those who have the opportunity to observe the person function

across community settings and times.” Cox IV, 240 A.3d at 531-32 (citing VanDivner,

178 A.3d at 116 (emphasis added)). On examination, the PCRA court did not discern

that the declarants relied on in the report had sufficient contact with Appellant during the

time periods for which they were reporting and that the reported observations were

inconsistent and unvetted. Interviews that Dr. Martell conducted with Gary Morgal, Jr.,

the Butlers, and Lester Brassington focused on a time period for which there was no

dispute or for which the subjects had insufficient personal knowledge. Additionally the

only ABAS-II relied on by Appellant’s experts was given to Stacey Gilbert to provide a

[J-120-2019] - 45

retrospective assessment of Appellant’s adaptive limitations. The PCRA court noted that

the ABAS-II was not designed for retrospective use, that Ms. Gilbert did not have sufficient

contact with Appellant during the reported timeframe, and that her extreme responses

were completely inconsistent with any other evidence. Nevertheless, Appellant’s experts

relied on those test results to support their conclusions that Appellant had adaptive

deficits before age 18.

As argued by Appellant, the Commonwealth’s experts accepted the professional

conclusions from Dr. Mack derived from his testing and assessment of Appellant in 2006

at the time of sentencing. Those conclusions included Appellant’s reported IQ score of

76, and the fact that he had various adaptive deficits. These findings were at that time

attributed to Appellant’s long-term drug and alcohol abuse and probable head trauma

from an undetermined date or dates. Contrary to Appellant’s contention, however, the

PCRA court did not discount these findings or the Commonwealth expert’s acceptance of

them in rejecting the credibility of Appellant’s additional sources offered to place the timing

of lowered IQ and adaptive deficits to a time before Appellant turned 18. The PCRA

court found the additional unvetted lay declarations, Ms Gilbert’s ABAS-II responses, and

bases of knowledge from those interviewed individuals, were not credible to place in

question the original conclusions from Drs. Mack, Tepper, and Voskanian. Thus, given

the court’s credibility determinations, its determination that Appellant did not prove the

second prong for the relevant period is supported by the record and not based on an error

of law.

Neither did the PCRA court err in discounting Dr. Davies diagnosis of FAS as a

factor justifying the conclusion drawn by Appellant’s experts that Appellant was

intellectually disabled. The PCRA court questioned the credibility of the reliance on the

diagnosis when Appellant’s experts involved in his initial evaluations for sentencing

[J-120-2019] - 46

mitigation, although not qualified to diagnose the syndrome, were aware of the symptoms

and risk factors but never found them implicated. Further, FAS does not necessarily

result in intellectual disability and the mere diagnosis of Appellant as having FAS did not

cure the probity and credibility issues with Appellant’s remaining evidence as discussed

by the PCRA court. For example, while it was testified that FAS is a risk factor for

intellectual disability there was no possibility offered for its delayed effect or manifestation,

rather that it is a condition from birth. Here the evidence from objective school records

and other sources indicated Appellant’s performance was average to satisfactory through

the sixth grade. Appellant’s deteriorating school attendance and performance began in

the seventh grade, which coincided with the death of his step-father and attendant family

dysfunction. The performance of Appellant’s sibling also deteriorated at that time. N.T.

11/13/06 at 76.

Appellant argues the PCRA court erred even if the FAS diagnosis is not accepted

because etiology is not a requirement for defining intellectual disability. All that is required

is that the first two prongs exist prior to age 18. Whether Appellant’s intellectual disability

is the result of FAS, or head trauma and drug and alcohol abuse is immaterial. While

Appellant is correct that etiology is not a definitional component of intellectual disability,

the PCRA court never held that it was. The findings of the PCRA court pertain to whether

the additional “red flag” evidence, including Dr. Davies’ FAS diagnosis, presented by

Appellant supported the changed opinions or newly offered opinions from Appellant’s

experts that Appellant was intellectually disabled. Additionally, as discussed above, given

that Appellant’s IQ score encompassed a range of uncertainty, perhaps widened with

consideration of the Flynn Effect and testing circumstances, it became pertinent to clinical

judgment of the interaction between IQ and adaptive deficits for which etiology may be

pertinent. As originally opined by Dr. Mack in 2006, given the then presumed causes of

[J-120-2019] - 47

Appellant’s mental issues, his IQ score may have been higher before age 18, whereas

with a diagnosis of FAS, this may have been otherwise. Thus etiology is relevant to the

extent it informs the existence or extent of the definitional factors. Neither does

acceptance by the Commonwealth’s experts of Dr. Mack’s 2006 testing and assessment

establish that those factors existed before Appellant turned 18. While Appellant’s drug

and alcohol use commenced pre-age 18, there is no evidence the PCRA court deemed

credible to establish that Appellant, from whatever cause, suffered a lowered IQ or

adaptive deficits prior to age 18.

We disagree with Appellant’s argument that the PCRA court relied on disapproved

Briseno factors24 or invalid stereotypes in discounting the expert testimony grounded in

scientific consensus. The examples of Appellant’s abilities cited by the PCRA court were

not offered to discount or offset scientific conclusions of Appellant’s deficits, but to

illustrate that the experts often neglected to consider all sources of information in forming

their opinions. The court did not offer examples of adaptive strengths to offset established

adaptive deficits, but to illustrate the credibility issues with some of the information relied

on by Appellant’s experts in determining the existence of a particular deficit in the first

place.

We find the record supports the PCRA court’s findings that Appellant failed to

establish by a preponderance of credible evidence that he is intellectually disabled and

therefore ineligible to receive the death penalty. We hold that the PCRA court’s

determination that the general scientific and professional consensus does not direct that

IQ scores be numerically adjusted to account for the Flynn Effect if the most current

24 See CoxIII, 204 A.3d at 376-378 (describing this Court’s past tacit acceptance of factors

deemed relevant to an assessment of whether a subject suffers from adaptive deficits as

set forth in Ex Parte Briseno, 135 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) and subsequently

rejected by the United States Supreme Court).

[J-120-2019] - 48

version of a test available was used is correct, although consideration of the Flynn Effect

is appropriate in making clinical judgments upon consideration of the range of the test’s

SEM and the interaction of the subject’s IQ with any adaptive deficits that may exist. Here

the PCRA court’s finding there was a lack of credible evidence of Appellant’s IQ pre-age

18, or the existence of adaptive deficits during that time, is supported by the record. We

defer, as we must to the court’s credibility determinations, which, contrary to Appellant’s

contention, were not the result of an abuse of discretion by the PCRA court.

IV. Issue 2 - Ineffective Assistance of Counsel - Presentation of Mitigating

Factors

A. Appellant’s Argument

Next, Appellant contends that he has been subject to ineffective representation of

counsel based on a purported failure to investigate and present mitigation evidence to the

jury. Appellant’s Brief at 101. Appellant notes counsel has a generally recognized duty

to thoroughly investigate a defendant’s background and any grounds for mitigation. Here,

Appellant argues that trial counsel “were aware of red flags” regarding potential prenatal

alcohol exposure resulting in FASD as well as intellectual and adaptive deficits and failed

to investigate to confirm the diagnosis. Id. at 101-102. As developed in his brief,

Appellant’s argument largely parallels his similar argument relative to his ineffective

assistance of counsel claim for failure to recognize the “red flags” and raise an Atkins

claim. Appellant further contends that trial counsel were ineffective by failing to consult a

forensic toxicologist to advise on the validity of the Commonwealth’s toxicologist’s

conclusions.25 Id. at 101-15.

25 Appellant notes the PCRA court did not address this claim. Appellant’s Brief at 114.

The Commonwealth acknowledges it was not addressed, but submits it can be decided

on the record before this Court. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 128. Indeed, it is unclear

why the PCRA court did not address this and the subsequent issues discussed herein.

Appellant avers the PCRA court deemed them waived, but the court did not specifically

[J-120-2019] - 49

B. Commonwealth’s Argument

The Commonwealth counters by detailing the steps counsel undertook to

investigate any available mitigation evidence. The Commonwealth points out that,

counsel retained an investigator, a mitigation specialist, and three mental health experts,

and conducted interviews with Appellant and his close family members. See

Commonwealth’s Brief at 118-19. In the Commonwealth’s view, there is no evidence in

the record to support the notion that counsel or their experts knew or suspected Appellant

of being intellectually disabled, or having sub-average intelligence prior to the age of 18.

See id. Likewise, with respect to FASD, the Commonwealth reasons that counsel acted

reasonably by relying on the three mental health experts retained, none of whom

concluded Appellant was ID or recommended further analysis to screen for FASD. Id. at

121-122. The Commonwealth disputes the significance of Dr. Novick-Brown’s testimony

regarding “red flags” for FASD allegedly overlooked by counsel on several grounds. To

that end, the Commonwealth posits it would be unreasonable for trial counsel to be

ineffective for failing to identify and investigate the “red flags” when the three mental

health and medical professionals retained for mitigation did not alert counsel to them. Id.

at 121-22.

Concerning the claim that trial counsel for Appellant was ineffective for failing to

hire a forensic toxicologist, the Commonwealth first points out that it was undisputed that

Appellant was intoxicated when he committed the offenses. Id. at 128. The

Commonwealth further contends that the jury’s failure to consider Appellant’s intoxication

as a mitigating circumstance is not the result of trial counsel’s failure to call its own

so state. It may be the PCRA court decided a written opinion was not required on these

issues absent any Rule 1925(b) statement being requested of Appellant in this case.

Regardless, the remaining issues involve no disputed facts and require only review of

whether the PCRA court’s rejection of the claims rests on proper legal foundation, which,

as we noted above, we review de novo.

[J-120-2019] - 50

toxicologist whose testimony would have been cumulative. Id. at 128. The

Commonwealth also points out that trial counsel testified that he made a strategic

decision to make his argument that Appellant’s intoxication should serve as mitigation

based on information extracted from the Commonwealth’s own toxicologist, rather than

retain his own witness who would be subject to cross-examination. Id. at 129 (citing N.T.,

7/25/16, at 202-204).

C. Analysis

Appellant’s claims do not merit relief. Claims regarding trial counsel’s stewardship

with respect to mitigation evidence require analysis of numerous factors including

counsel’s reasonableness in investigating evidence, the mitigation evidence presented,

and other mitigation evidence that could have been presented. See Commonwealth v.

Ligons, 971 A.2d 1125, 1149 (Pa. 2009). The same reasoning we discussed above in

declining to conflate the roles of experts with the role of counsel applies here. See Brown,

196 A.3d at 156.

Likewise, Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel regarding the decision to not call an independent toxicologist. As the

Commonwealth highlights, it was undisputed Appellant was under the influence of

alcohol, and the jury was apprised of this fact. See, N.T., 11/14/06, at 127 (Dr. Voskanian

testifying to the acute circumstances Appellant experienced, including his intoxication and

blood alcohol level of .17%). We decline to deem counsel ineffective for not electing to

call his own witness to establish an undisputed fact of which the jury was already informed

by a number of witnesses. See Spotz, 18 A.3d at 311 (“We will not conclude [the

appellant’s counsel] was ineffective for failing to present additional, cumulative evidence

of [the appellant’s] drug use and addiction.”); See also Commonwealth v. Baumhammers,

92 A.3d 708, 725 (“A PCRA petitioner cannot succeed on a claim that counsel was

[J-120-2019] - 51

ineffective for failing to call a witness if the witness’s testimony would not have materially

aided him”). Appellant’s contention that an expert retained by defense counsel would

have more effectively presented the effects of the admitted alcohol use and

contextualized it more completely with Appellant’s other mitigating factors is purely

speculative.

V. Issue 3 - Ineffective Assistance of Counsel - Failing to Object and Litigate

Various Instances of Prosecutorial Misconduct

Preliminarily, we note that all of the claims in this section are premised on

Appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims. When questioned in the PCRA

proceedings counsel testified to a lack of recollection to his decision making respecting

these issues. As such he could not articulate any strategic reason for failing to object or

further litigate the issues beyond speculation. The following discussions are accordingly

focused on the arguable merit and prejudice prongs of the Strickland inquiry.

A. Misleading Jury as to its Role

1. Appellant’s Argument

In his third issue, Appellant challenges counsel’s failure to litigate purported

misconduct by the prosecuting attorney in the nature of improper remarks throughout the

penalty phase. Appellant’s Brief at 115.

Appellant argues that the prosecuting attorney made comments to the jury that

misled the jurors about their role and responsibility in sentencing Appellant. Id. Appellant

argues the following statement by the prosecuting attorney impermissibly relayed to the

jurors that responsibility for imposing a death sentence lies elsewhere than with the jury:

I want to make one thing perfectly clear to you all. Very clear

to you all. You do not-do not hold the power of life and death

in your hands. You do not. The law decides when that

sentence is to be imposed. . . . You cannot and will not come

back into this courtroom and decide the issue of life and death.

[J-120-2019] - 52

Appellant’s Brief at 116 (quoting N.T., 11/16/06, at 79).

Appellant cites to the United States Supreme Court case of Caldwell v. Mississippi,

472 U.S. 320 (1985), which held that the prosecution may not make comments that leave

the impression that the decision for imposing a death penalty lies other than with the jury.

Appellant notes that this Court has recently deemed a similar comment to be reversible

error. Appellant’s Reply Brief at 64 (citing Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 205 A.3d 274 (Pa.

2019)). Appellant remarks that trial counsel testified that he did not recall his reasons for

not objecting to the comment and allowed for the possibility that he may have “flat-out

missed” the Caldwell objection.

2. Commonwealth’s Argument

The Commonwealth responds that when reviewing a Caldwell claim, a court must

view the statements as a whole and claims Appellant has selectively parsed the comment,

skewing its meaning and impact. The Commonwealth also claims Caldwell is

distinguishable as it disapproved comments indicating the responsibility for imposing the

death sentence lay with the appellate courts. The Commonwealth notes the full passage

was as follows:

I want to make one thing perfectly clear to you all. Very clear

to you all. You do not-do not hold the power of life and death

in your hands. You do not. The law decides when that

sentence is to be imposed. The law sets the factors out.

You cannot and will not come back into this courtroom and

decide the issue of life and death. The law has done that

years before you entered into this courtroom. What you

are asked to do, is find out what the facts are and apply

the law faithfully.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 132 (citing N.T., 11/16/06, at 79) (emphasis added). The

Commonwealth argues that viewed in full context, the prosecutor was talking about the

existence of the death penalty as a potential sanction in the law, not the decision to

[J-120-2019] - 53

impose the penalty in this particular case. Viewed in context, the import of the comment

was to correctly advise the jury its duty was to determine the facts and apply the law.

Furthermore, even if the comment was technically improper, the Commonwealth

explains that trial counsel responded directly to the prosecutors comment when

addressing the jury.

[The prosecutor] is a very good district attorney. She’s a great

arguer. But I must say to my old friend, she’s not quite

accurate on the law. The decision of life and death is in your

hands. You are the deciders. You decide the weight to give

to the mitigating, and you decide the weight to the

aggravating. If that wasn’t your function, then he would

automatically get the death penalty for first degree murder of

a police officer.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 134 (quoting N.T., 11/16/06, at 105). Lastly, the

Commonwealth argues the trial court also instructed the jury that their verdict fixes the

sentence. “Members of the jury, your verdict is not merely a recommendation. It actually

fixes the punishment, death or life imprisonment. Your verdict, whether it is death or life

imprisonment, must be unanimous.” Id. (quoting N.T., 11/17/06, at 35).

3. Analysis

Appellant is not due relief. The comment relied on by Appellant when viewed in

its full context does not indicate the jury’s role is advisory or that it does not have the sole

responsibility for determining the sentence in this case. The prosecutor’s comment

addressed the fact that the death penalty exists in the law as a potential sentence. The

comment did not implicate the jury’s duty to apply the sentence in accordance with the

facts and the law. To the extent the comment may have been unartfully ambiguous, the

trial court’s instruction was clear.

In Montalvo, we addressed a Caldwell claim where the prosecution referred

several times to the jury’s role as advisory, including in the following exchange.

[J-120-2019] - 54

DEFENSE COUNSEL: But again, that is why I chose you

folks because I thought you would all try to be fair. So don't

look at him and say I hate that guy, he’s got to get the death

sentence. That is not what this is all about. And [the

prosecutor] certainly gave an impassioned plea. But you don’t

have to kill anybody. You don’t have to kill anybody.

PROSECUTOR: I object to that argument. They are not doing

it. They are recommending the sentence.

THE COURT: Objection sustained. That is an improper

statement, ladies and gentlemen. I am the sentencing

person. Your decision is a recommendation to the court.

Montalvo, 205 A.3d at 295. The trial court later gave a correct instruction: “Remember

that your verdict is not merely a recommendation. It actually fixes the punishment of life

or death, life imprisonment or death.” Id. at 295. We held that the later instruction, absent

expressly correcting the earlier misstatements of the law did not adequately dispel

potential juror confusion and that trial counsel was ineffective for not pursuing the issue

on appeal. In this case the trial court did not give or endorse conflicting directions to the

jurors regarding the nature of their role as determiners of sentence. Viewing the totality

of the presentations, we discern no impediment to the jurors’ understanding of their task

in this case. See Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697, 717 (Pa. 2015) (“Juries

are presumed to follow instructions”).

B. Exceeding Proper Scope of Victim Impact Evidence

1. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant alleges that the prosecution engaged in misconduct by permitting

inappropriate crime impact testimony and argument. Appellant’s Brief at 116. Appellant

argues that victim impact testimony is constitutionally and statutorily limited to the impact

of the death on the decedent’s family, and not society or the community at large. Id.

(citing Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 823 (1991); Commonwealth v. Means, 773

A.2d 143, 158 (Pa. 2001)). As examples of the prosecution’s misconduct in this regard,

[J-120-2019] - 55

Appellant points to the testimony of Officer Gregg’s brother, John Gregg, Jr., who testified

that his brother’s death had an impact on the community; i.e. that the community was in

“shock and grief,” the reaction of the community “has been a source of comfort for our

family,” describing the presence of the community members at the funeral and funeral

procession, and stating his brother was “the kind of man who was an asset to any . . .

community.” Id. (citing N.T., 11/10/06, at 163). Appellant contends the testimony of the

police chief was also improper when he testified that Officer Gregg was loved by his

colleagues and the communities to which he belonged. Appellant also references similar

testimony, from members of the Emergency Room staff and the other shooting victim

regarding the shooting’s effect as exceeding the proper scope of victim impact evidence.

See id. at 117-18.

2. Commonwealth’s Argument

The Commonwealth counters by noting this issue was raised on direct appeal.

While this Court held the issue waived for failure to object, we articulated an alternative

merits based reason for denying the claim. Relative to the testimony of the decedent’s

brother, we stated the following:

Although we deny this claim based on waiver, we must point

out that the challenged portion of Mr. Gregg’s testimony was

merely a few sentences describing how his grieving family

was comforted by the knowledge that Officer Gregg had

performed his professional duties well and was recognized in

the community for his service. The brief statement of Officer

Gregg’s admirable characteristics was not “improper

testimony [that] shifted the focus of the proceeding away from

victim impact.” Appellant’s Brief at 75. Rather, it was

testimony that rested well within the parameters explicitly set

forth in Section 9711(a)(2).

Flor, 998 A.2d at 635–36. Regarding the testimony of decedent’s fellow officers, we

opined as follows:

[J-120-2019] - 56

Although, as discussed in the text, supra, Appellant’s

challenges to this testimony are waived, we must note that

even if the issue were not waived, we would not grant

Appellant any relief. The challenged testimony describes

Chief Wojciechowski’s and Mr. Epp’s actions prior to and

shortly after the shootings, including their interactions with

Officer Gregg and their relationship with him. Included in the

testimony are some brief references to Officer Gregg’s good

qualities as a police officer and a person. We would not

conclude that such brief testimony, in the context of a penalty

phase hearing of nearly two weeks’ duration and involving

more than forty witnesses, so inflamed the passions and

prejudice of the jury that the verdict should be discarded.

Id. at 636 n. 12. Finally, with regard to the testimony of the hospital personnel, we indicted

the following:

We also must point out that the testimony of Ms. Fetteroff and

Ms. Townsend is not improper victim impact testimony—it is

not victim impact testimony at all. The challenged testimony

concerns neither the victim, nor the impact that the death of

the victim has had on his family.

Id. at 637 n. 13. The Commonwealth argues this testimony related to the complete

circumstances of Appellant’s criminal acts, which the jury was entitled to understand in

full rather than the killing of Officer Gregg in isolation.26

3. Analysis

As the Commonwealth argued, this issue was disposed of by this Court, albeit as

an alternative analysis to waiver, on direct appeal. Appellant has provided no additional

grounds or facts to depart from our prior disposition of the issue. Because the issue was

26 In his reply brief, Appellant argues that the disposition of the issues on direct appeal

does not foreclose review under a Strickland prejudice claim based on constitutional

ineffective assistance of counsel, which is evaluated on a cumulative basis with the totality

of Appellant’s PCRA claims, including the new mitigation evidence developed during the

PCRA hearing. Appellant also disputes the Commonwealth’s characterization of some

of the testimony as a description of the crimes. “While the Commonwealth can inform the

jury of the nature of the crime, the objectionable testimony from Epp, Fetteroff, and

Townsend was about the witnesses’ injuries separate from the crime. Accordingly, it was

improper.” Appellant’s Reply Brief at 69 (citation omitted).

[J-120-2019] - 57

previously litigated, it cannot provide a basis for relief under the PCRA. See Pa.C.S. §

9543(a)(3) (precluding relief if an allegation of error has been previously litigated or

waived).

C. Misinformed Jury as to the Definition and Role of Mitigating Evidence.

1. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant argues the prosecutor engaged in cross-examinations of his mitigation

expert witnesses about whether, at the time of the homicide, Appellant understood he

was shooting the victim and whether he had specific intent. Such questioning, Appellant

argues, was irrelevant to the mitigating evidence testified to by Drs. Mack, Tepper, and

Voskanian and, together with the prosecutor’s later argument only served to imply that

mitigation was intended to justify or diminish the severity of the acts. Appellant argues

that “[m]itigation can constitute ‘[a]ny other evidence of mitigation concerning the

character and record of the defendant and the circumstances of his offense,’ 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 9711(e)(8), and need not excuse, justify, lessen the severity of or even relate to the

offense.” Appellant’s Brief at 122 (citing Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S. 274, 287 (2004)).

2. Commonwealth’s Argument

The Commonwealth insists that the questions and argument were relevant to

different mitigating factors under the statute proffered by Appellant, namely, “[t]he

defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance” and “[t]he

capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his

conduct to the requirements of law was substantially impaired.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(e)(2),

(3). The Commonwealth argues it was entitled to show that Appellant was capable of

making decisions concerning his actions in shooting Officer Gregg and in appreciating

the criminality of his conduct.

3. Analysis

[J-120-2019] - 58

We agree with the Commonwealth. In his argument, Appellant focuses solely on

the “catch-all” mitigation circumstance set forth in Section 9711(e)(8). As we noted in this

case on direct appeal, Appellant sought to prove mitigation under Sections (e)(2) and

(e)(3) as well. Flor, 988 A.2d at 626. Accordingly, the questions and arguments were

entirely proper to test Appellant’s burden of proving these mitigating factors. We

acknowledged as much on direct appeal when we cited Dr. Tepper’s testimony as belying

any argument that Appellant had met his burden to prove mitigation under Section

9711(e)(3). See id. at 627 n. 7.

D. Misapprehension of Fact

1. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant notes that the prosecutor at sentencing argued against Appellant’s

mitigation evidence that he was brain damaged and suffered substance abuse problems

and a traumatic upbringing. The prosecutor argued Appellant had not met his burden to

prove mitigation on these grounds. However, during the testimony received during the

PCRA proceedings, the Commonwealth’s expert, whose testimony questioned

Appellant’s Atkins claim, “unequivocally found . . . Appellant was mentally ill and brain

damaged.” Appellant’s Reply Brief at 70. Further the PCRA court credited the expert’s

evidence. Given these findings from the PCRA proceedings, Appellant insists that it

follows that the prosecutor created a misapprehension of fact before the jury at

sentencing relative to Appellant’s brain damage, substance abuse, and traumatic

upbringing.

In responding to the Commonwealth’s argument (summarized infra), Appellant

argues that “this claim is not that trial counsel were ineffective but that the prosecutor’s

arguments caused Appellant to be sentenced under a material misapprehension of fact

[J-120-2019] - 59

in violation of his constitutional rights.” Appellant’s Reply Brief at 70 (citing Parker v.

Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 322-23 (1991)).

2. Commonwealth’s Argument

The Commonwealth argues that this assertion by Appellant bears no connection

to his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The evidence Appellant relies on did not

exist at sentencing and could not form a basis for claiming prosecutorial misconduct at

sentencing or on direct appeal. Further, the Commonwealth maintains that the testimony

of its expert relative to the PCRA Atkins issue, does not amount to a concession that

mitigating circumstances were established at sentencing.

3. Analysis

Despite Appellant’s assertion in his reply brief, the issue as presented in his PCRA

petition clearly alleged ineffective assistance of counsel. See PCRA Court Opinion,

2/22/19, at 44 (quoting Appellant’s amended PCRA Petition). Appellant offers no

explanation as to how this issue is cognizable under a PCRA if not tethered to his

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Furthermore, Appellant’s citation to Parker is

inapt. In that case, the issue involved a reviewing court’s misunderstanding of a trial court

finding. The reviewing court construed the trial court’s finding to be that the defendant

had not presented mitigating evidence, whereas the trial court actually found that

mitigation evidence was presented but did not outweigh aggravating evidence.

Therefore, when the appellate court in that case disapproved two of the aggravating

factors as factually unsupported it erred in failing to remand to the trial court for a

reweighing of the remaining aggravating factors with the mitigation evidence as required

under Florida law. The case did not involve allegations of prosecutorial misconduct. In

this case, the import of the evidence Appellant relies on is not conceded by the

Commonwealth and did not exist at the time of sentencing to be misconstrued.

[J-120-2019] - 60

E. Non-Statutory Aggravating Circumstances

1. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant argues testimony from Ms. Kairis about the circumstances surrounding

Appellant’s loss of custody of their daughter, her mother’s fear of retaliation leading to

Children and Youth Services assuming custody, Appellant’s threats to kill people made

the night before the shooting, and Appellant’s past physical abuse toward her was

inflammatory and lacked connection to the presence of mitigating or aggravating

circumstances. Similarly, Appellant challenges the arresting officer’s testimony that he

arrested Appellant without waiting for back-up because he feared Appellant could harm

his paramour. He argues the evidence amounted to non-statutory aggravating

circumstances and should have been excluded.

2. Commonwealth’s argument

The Commonwealth notes that trial counsel did object at sentencing and direct

appeal to the arresting officer’s testimony about his fear of harm to the paramour as

inflammatory and unduly prejudicial. This Court ruled against Appellant’s direct appeal

claim, explaining the testimony was probative of the circumstances of the arrest and

events leading to the murder of Officer Gregg. Flor, 998 A.2d at 640. The custody

evidence from Ms. Kairis was also offered by Dr. Mack as part of his assessment of

outside stressors affecting Appellant in support of mitigation. Thus, the Commonwealth

argues counsel could not object to evidence he was arguing supported Appellant’s case

for mitigation. Further, the challenged testimony was never offered, nor any argument or

instruction made, suggesting the jury should consider the evidence as supporting

aggravation.

3. Analysis

[J-120-2019] - 61

Appellant’s argument is woefully underdeveloped. Appellant lumps together the

different statements from different witnesses without any context or discussion. He fails

to address the Commonwealth’s claim that the issue was addressed on direct appeal. To

the extent Appellant includes additional statements other than those raised on direct

appeal, he does not explain how they warrant any different treatment. We conclude,

when viewed in context, the comments were a proper exposition of the events of the

crime. They do not relate ongoing impact on the witnesses, but rather the

contemporaneous reactions at the time of the shooting. Such comments gave the jury a

complete picture of the events leading up to and during the commission of the shooting

and its immediate aftermath. We discern no prejudice to Appellant on the jurors’ ability

to properly evaluate the evidence of aggravating factors and mitigation as instructed by

the PCRA court.

F. Improper Religious References

1. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant argues that the prosecution improperly offered testimony from various

witnesses that were rife with religious references. Appellant argues:

[t]he prosecutor presented testimony from Ms. Townsend that

she asked people in the emergency room to pray, NT 11/8/06

at 128-129; testimony from Dorothy Criss that after she

realized the decedent was dead, she prayed for his soul, id.

at 221-222; and testimony from ER technician Joseph White,

Jr., that he administered last rites to the decedent. NT 11/9/06

at 110.

Appellant’s Brief at 124. These statements together with religious references made by

the prosecutor, i.e., use of the word “hell” and the phrase “grace of god,” in her closing

argument constituted an impermissible reliance upon religion to support a death

sentence. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Chambers, 599 A.2d 630, 644 (Pa. 1991)).

2. Commonwealth’s Argument

[J-120-2019] - 62

The Commonwealth argues that the “religious” phrases identified by Appellant

used by the witnesses and prosecutor were instances of everyday use of such language,

not an improper invocation of religious authority. The Commonwealth argues that

Appellant’s reliance on Chambers is unavailing. The prosecutor in Chambers quoted

from the Bible saying, “and the murderer shall be put to death.” Chambers, 599 A.2d at

643. In determining that statement improper, this Court emphasized it was the invocation

of religious authority as an “independent source of law” that was per se prejudicial. Id. at

644. The statements referenced by Appellant did not invoke any religious authority as an

independent source of law or justification for imposing a death sentence.

3. Analysis

Appellant’s argument is again cursory and undeveloped. He cites to purportedly

religious references from witnesses and the prosecutor without providing any context and

baldly asserts they improperly influenced the jury. Appellant does not suggest that the

phrases from the witnesses were deliberately elicited by the prosecutor so as to be a

basis for the alleged prosecutorial misconduct. Clearly, the cited statements occur in

common parlance and Appellant refers to no authority requiring that such phrasing is

improper or should be excised from relevant testimony. The Commonwealth’s use of the

cited phrases in her closing constituted oratorical flair, not an invocation of religious

authority of concern in Chambers. As we explained:

More than allegorical reference, this argument by the

prosecutor advocates to the jury that an independent source

of law exists for the conclusion that the death penalty is the

appropriate punishment for Appellant. By arguing that the

Bible dogmatically commands that “the murderer shall be put

to death,” the prosecutor interjected religious law as an

additional factor for the jury’s consideration which neither

flows from the evidence or any legitimate inference to be

drawn therefrom. We believe that such an argument is a

deliberate attempt to destroy the objectivity and impartiality of

the jury which cannot be cured and which we will not

[J-120-2019] - 63

countenance. Our courts are not ecclesiastical courts and,

therefore, there is no reason to refer to religious rules or

commandments to support the imposition of a death penalty.

Id. Accordingly, Appellant’s claim lacks arguable merit.

VI. Issue 4 - Aggravating Circumstance Unconstitutionally Vague; Ineffective

Assistance of Counsel

A. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant argues the term “grave risk” as used in the aggravating factor set forth

in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(7) is unconstitutionally vague and was unconstitutionally applied

in this case.27 Appellant contends the term “grave risk” is susceptible to an overly broad

interpretation, and fails to provide any guidance to the jury. Appellant’s Brief at 127 (citing

Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)). To counter such susceptibility, a narrowing

instruction by the trial court or a narrow construction by a state’s appellate courts is

required. Id. (citing Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 360 (1988)). Appellant

contends neither method, to overcome the unconstitutional vagueness occurred, here.

Specifically, Appellant claims the trial court’s instruction did not clarify the meaning or

parameters of the “knowingly” or “close proximity” elements. Further the trial court did

not instruct the jury that they must “be unanimous about whom it found to be knowingly

placed at grave risk of death.” Id. at 128. Appellant acknowledges that this court has

rejected identical claims in other cases. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Smith, 540 A.2d

246, 261 (Pa. 1988)).

B. Commonwealth’s Argument

27 The text of the statute provides that “[i]n the commission of the offense the defendant

knowingly created a grave risk of death to another person in addition to the victim of the

offense.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9711(d)(7).

[J-120-2019] - 64

The Commonwealth echoes the point that this Court has previously held that

Section (d)(7) is not unconstitutionally vague. Further, the Commonwealth notes the facts

of this case, where Appellant fired several gunshots inside an emergency room with many

people present, indeed wounding one unintended victim, readily supports the jury’s

finding. The Commonwealth further argues the trial court’s instruction was proper and

identified the people in the zone of danger.28

The Commonwealth avers Appellant provides no authority for his claim that the jurors

must identify specific individuals they found to be at risk.

C. Analysis

As acknowledged by Appellant, this Court has rejected identical void for

vagueness claims relative to Section 9711(d). See Smith, 540 A.2d at 261 (holding, “The

jury is quite capable of understanding the meaning of ‘grave risk’ and of applying its

common sense and experience to the facts to determine whether a grave risk had indeed

been created). We reaffirmed this holding in Commonwealth v. Wright, 961 A.2d 119,

157 (Pa 2008), wherein we held:

Appellant further argues counsel were ineffective for failing to

object to the trial court’s charge regarding the “grave risk of

28 The court instructed as follows:

The third aggravating circumstance, in the commission of this

offense, the defendant, Robert Flor, knowingly created a

grave risk of death to another person, in addition to the victim

of the offense, Officer Brian Gregg. Again, it’s for you to recall,

as I understand the Commonwealth and their allegation, and

they have alleged that committing this First Degree Murder,

the defendant created a grave risk of death to Officer James

Warunek and to Joseph Epp, as well as to other persons, who

were in the emergency room at St. Mary’s Hospital at the time

of the shooting.

N.T., 11/17/06, at 27-28.

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death” aggravating circumstance. Appellant argues counsel

should have objected to the charge because the term “grave

risk of death” is vague and ambiguous and therefore

unconstitutional. He argues that without a specific definition

of “grave risk,” juries will inconsistently apply this aggravator.

Appellant’s argument is unpersuasive, as this Court has

already held the “grave risk of death” aggravator in §

9711(d)(7) is not unconstitutionally vague on its face.

[Commonwealth v. Stevens, 739 A.2d 507,] 524 (citing Smith,

at 261). Counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to raise

meritless objections.

Commonwealth v. Wright, 961 A.2d 119, 157 (Pa 2008). In Stevens, we addressed a

shooting scenario, not dissimilar to the instant case. There we held the following

instruction given by the trial court provided sufficient guidance and limiting criteria to allow

the jury to evaluate the “grave risk” factor.

A person knowingly creates a grave risk of death to another

person in addition to the victim of the offense if he’s aware that

his conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances exist.

Therefore, in deliberating on this aggravating circumstance

you should consider all of the evidence concerning the

defendant’s conduct at the time of the shooting and the

attendant circumstances including the number of people in the

bar at the time of the shooting, their relative location and

proximity with reference to the defendant at the time of the

shooting, the number and direction of shots fired, the danger

of ricocheted bullets, whether or not the defendant pointed the

gun at another person or persons, evidence of the spent

bullets in the bar stool, evidence of a hole in the coat of one

of the patrons and whether or not that hole was caused by a

bullet and evidence of fragments found and their location in

the area of the bar.

Stevens, 739 A.2d at 524. Instantly, we conclude the trial court’s instruction in this case

was sufficient and did not fail to limit the consideration of the jury pertaining to what must

be proven in order for this aggravating factor to apply. Id. As the claim lacks merit, trial

counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to litigate the issue. The PCRA court did

not err in failing to grant relief on this issue.

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VII. Issue 5 - Jury Pool Tainted by Pretrial Publicity; Ineffective Assistance of

Counsel

A. Appellant’s Argument

Appellant recounts trial counsel’s initial and renewed pretrial motions seeking a

change of venue on the basis of prejudicial pretrial publicity, which the trial court denied

without prejudice to renew again based on any additional facts developed during voir dire.

Appellant contends that various responses given by prospective jurors during voir dire,

and the fact that most of the panel had knowledge of the case through such publicity,

provided a basis for renewing the change of venue motion.29 Such evidence of taint,

Appellant argues, supports a presumption of prejudice. Id. at 130 (citing Rideau v.

Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723, 726 (1961)). Thus, he claims counsel was ineffective for failing

to renew his motion for change of venue or otherwise object to the empaneling of a jury

panel that was not impartial.

B. Commonwealth’s Argument

29 Appellant cites the following in support of his assertions.

During voir dire, only 15 of the 99 prospective jurors indicated

that they had never heard of the case. Of the 84 venire

members who indicated that they had heard or seen media

coverage, 17 indicated that they had either a fixed opinion for

death or were leaning that way because of that media

coverage. See NT 10/24/06 at 103 (Juror No. 3), 205, 208-

209 (Juror No. 10); NT 10/25/06 at 64-65 (Juror No. 15), 102-

103 (Juror No. 18), 133 (Juror No. 20), 156 (Juror No. 22); NT

10/26/06 at 8 (Juror No. 26); NT 10/30/06 at 85-86, 108, 110

(Juror No. 44), 218 (Juror No. 51); NT 10/31/06 at 58-59 (Juror

No. 59), 92-93 (Juror No. 62), 225-26, 232 (Juror No. 71), 245-

247 (Juror No. 72); NT 11/1/06 at 254-256 (Juror No. 83); NT

11/2/06 at 33 (Juror No. 89), 44 (Juror No. 90), 130, 135-36

(Juror No. 97). One of these individuals, Juror No. 83, was

seated as a juror and decided Appellant’s sentence. NT

11/1/06 at 282; NT 11/6/06 at 9.

Appellant’s Brief at 131.

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The Commonwealth notes this Court has held that the existence of pretrial publicity

alone does not establish prejudice to a defendant. Rather, the Commonwealth argues

the pertinent question “is not whether prospective jurors have knowledge of the crime

being tried, or have even formed an initial opinion based on the news coverage they had

been exposed to, but, rather, whether it is possible for those jurors to set aside their

impressions or preliminary opinions and render a verdict solely based on the evidence

presented to them at trial.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 152 (quoting Commonwealth v.

Briggs, 12 A.3d 291, 313 (Pa. 2011)). In this case, the prospective jurors were questioned

about their knowledge of the case. If they expressed the inability to set aside any

preconceived impressions, were unable to decide the case based solely on the presented

evidence, or indicated an unwillingness to follow the judge’s instructions, they were

excused for cause. The Commonwealth argues Appellant has made no showing of

prejudice beyond the jurors’ familiarity with publicity of the case. A change of venue would

not be warranted upon such showing.

C. Analysis

Our review is guided by the following:

Ordinarily, an accused challenging a trial court’s failure to

grant a motion for a change of venue on the basis of pretrial

publicity must demonstrate on the record that the publicity at

issue caused one or more of the seated jurors to form a fixed

opinion prejudicial to her defense. However, [] we have

recognized that pretrial publicity may be so inflammatory or

inculpatory in nature, and so sustained and pervasive in the

community, as to relieve the accused of her burden in this

regard, whereupon, regardless of the seated jurors’

indications that they could perform their duties fairly and

impartially, this Court will presume prejudice and order retrial.

In determining whether pretrial publicity is sufficiently

inflammatory or inculpatory as to implicate this presumption,

we have consistently looked to whether the publicity’s content

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is likely to cause readers to become prejudiced against the

accused, identifying as particularly suspect publicity which is

“sensational, inflammatory, and slanted toward conviction,

rather than factual and objective”; “reveal[s] the defendant’s

prior criminal record, if any [;]” “referred to confessions,

admissions or reenactments of the crime by the defendant,”

or is “derived from official police or prosecutorial reports.” In

determining whether publicity is sustained and pervasive in

the community, we have looked, inter alia, to the time between

the publicity and trial, the nature and size of the community,

opinion polling, and/or the statements of actual venire persons

as elicited during the jury selection process. However, we

have noted that, even where inflammatory or inculpatory

publicity is disseminated in a sustained fashion and

pervasively throughout the community, where that publicity is

followed by a “cooling off” period sufficient to dissipate its

prejudicial effect, a change of venue is unnecessary.

...

In reviewing a trial court’s determination of whether pretrial

publicity requires a change in venue, because the trial court

“is in the best position to assess the atmosphere of the

community and to judge the necessity of any requested

change,” we reverse the determination only where it

constitutes an abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth. v. Walter, 119 A.3d 255, 269-270 (Pa. 2015) (citations omitted)

In Appellant’s instant claim, he does not develop any analysis of the pretrial

publicity, which he concedes trial counsel submitted to the trial court, to counter the trial

court’s original assessment that it was not so sensational or pervasive as to result in per

se prejudice. He rests his claim on specific answers by certain venire-persons relative to

their familiarity with, and initial reaction to, that publicity. Again, Appellant presents those

answers without any context, and ignoring, as the Commonwealth points out, the answers

given by the venire-persons that they could set aside those initial impressions. Appellant

does not fault trial counsel’s performance of the voir dire questioning or his excusing or

accepting jurors to serve on the panel. Rather, Appellant baldly claims certain isolated

responses provided grounds for per se prejudice and that counsel was ineffective for not

renewing his change of venue request.

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We conclude Appellant is due no relief. The answers by the venire-persons did

not somehow alter the nature and pervasiveness of the publicity already ruled upon by

the trial court. Nor did the indications of familiarity with the publicity provide any new

grounds to renew the motion where the venire-persons indicated an ability to serve as

impartial jurors in this case. See Briggs, 12 A.3d at 313. Appellant has not demonstrated

his underlying claim has arguable merit or that he was prejudiced by counsel’s actions.

VIII. Issue 6 - Cumulative Prejudice

A. Appellant’s Argument

Finally, Appellant contends that the cumulative prejudice of the violations denied

him due process of law. He notes that under Strickland, cumulative prejudice may result

from multiple constitutional deficiencies even where they do not do so individually.

Appellant asserts that the cumulative effect of the preceding deficiencies in counsels’

conduct of this case establishes that there is reasonable probability that a different result

would h

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