The opinion
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
**********************
DANIEL MAURO, *
* No. 20-1326V
Petitioner, * Special Master Christian J. Moran
*
v. * Filed: June 6, 2024
*
SECRETARY OF HEALTH *
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
*
Respondent. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** *
Bradley S. Freedberg, Bradley S. Freedberg, P.C., Denver, CO, for Petitioner.
Madelyn Weeks, United States Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
UNPUBLISHED DECISION AWARDING
ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS1
Pending before the Court is petitioner Daniel Mauro’s motion for final
attorneys’ fees and costs. He is awarded $66,064.26.
* * *
On October 5, 2020, petitioner filed for compensation under the Nation
Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10 through 34.
Petitioner alleged that the influenza vaccination he received on September 22,
1
Because this Decision contains a reasoned explanation for the action taken in this case,
it must be made publicly accessible and will be posted on the United States Court of Federal
Claims' website, and/or at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/uscourts/national/cofc, in
accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2018) (Federal
Management and Promotion of Electronic Government Services). This means the Decision will
be available to anyone with access to the internet. In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b),
Petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact medical or other information, the disclosure
of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy. If, upon review, I agree that the
identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such material from public access.
2017, which is contained in the Vaccine Injury Table, 42 C.F.R. 100.3(a), caused
him to suffer from transverse myelitis. After respondent contested entitlement,
petitioner submitted an expert report and addendum from Dr. Gurney Fields
Pearsall, Jr., M.D.,2 a family practitioner. Exhibits 27, 34. Thereafter, the parties
engaged in settlement discussions and on September 22, 2022, a stipulation was
filed, which the undersigned adopted as his decision awarding compensation on
September 27, 2022. 2022 WL 7957705.
On April 4, 2023, petitioner filed a motion for final attorneys’ fees and costs.
Petitioner requests attorneys’ fees of $69,294.75 and attorneys’ costs of $16,427.58
for a total request of $85,722.33. Id. at 2. Pursuant to General Order No. 9, counsel
for petitioner represents that there are no personal incurred any costs related to the
prosecution of this case. Id. Petitioner supported his motion with a list of activities
(“Timesheets”) his attorneys performed.
On April 14, 2023, respondent filed a response to petitioners’ motion.
Resp’t’s Resp. Respondent argues that “[n]either the Vaccine Act nor Vaccine
Rule 13 requires respondent to file a response to a request by a petitioner for an
award of attorneys’ fees and costs.” Id. at 1. Respondent adds, however that he “is
satisfied the statutory requirements for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs are
met in this case.” Id at 2. Additionally, he recommends “that the Court exercise its
discretion” when determining a reasonable award for attorneys’ fees and costs. Id.
at 3.
After the undersigned determined that the work performed by one of
petitioner’s treating physicians, Dr. Umberto Orazi, transcribing his illegible notes
did not qualify as expert work, petitioner filed a supplemental motion for
attorneys’ fees and costs. Pet’r’s Mot. to Supplement, filed July 7, 2023. Although
petitioner requests an additional 2.5 hours of work performed by Mr. Freedberg, he
requests only $515.00 in attorney’s fees for this time. Id. Petitioner also seeks an
additional $40.00 in attorney’s costs – the amount the undersigned ruled was
appropriate payment for Dr. Orazi’s transcription work. Id. Petitioner now requests
attorneys’ fees of $69,809.75 and attorneys’ costs of $16,465.58 for a total request
of $86,277.33. Respondent did not file a response thereafter.
* * *
2
Dr. Pearsall appears to be the father of Mr. Freedberg’s co-counsel in this case, Gurney
F. Pearsall, III. See Exhibit 33 (curriculum vitae of Dr. Pearsall) at 4 (identifying “Gurney III” as
one of his children).
2
Because petitioner received compensation, he is entitled to an award of
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–15(e). Thus, the question
at bar is whether the requested amount is reasonable.
The Vaccine Act permits an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
§15(e). The Federal Circuit has approved the lodestar approach to determine
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs under the Vaccine Act. This is a two-step
process. Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d 1343, 1348 (Fed. Cir.
2008). First, a court determines an “initial estimate … by ‘multiplying the number
of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.’” Id.
at 1347-48 (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). Second, the court
may make an upward or downward departure from the initial calculation of the fee
award based on specific findings. Id. at 1348. Here, because the lodestar process
yields a reasonable result, no additional adjustments are required. Instead, the
analysis focuses on the elements of the lodestar formula, a reasonable hourly rate
and a reasonable number of hours.
In light of the Secretary’s lack of objection, the undersigned has reviewed
the fee application for its reasonableness. See McIntosh v. Secʼy of Health &
Human Servs., 139 Fed. Cl. 238 (2018).
A. Reasonable Hourly Rates
Under the Vaccine Act, special masters, in general, should use the forum
(District of Columbia) rate in the lodestar calculation. Avera, 515 F.3d at 1349.
There is, however, an exception (the so-called Davis County exception) to this
general rule when the bulk of the work is done outside the District of Columbia
and the attorneys’ rates are substantially lower. Id. 1349 (citing Davis Cty. Solid
Waste Mgmt. and Energy Recovery Special Serv. Dist. v. U.S. Envtl. Prot.
Agency, 169 F.3d 755, 758 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). In this case, all the attorneys’ work
was done outside of the District of Columbia.
Petitioner requests the following rates for the work of his counsel, Bradley
S. Freedberg and his associate counsel, Gurney F. Pearsall, III:
3
Bradley S. Freedberg Gurney F. Pearsall, III
2020 $410 $255
2021 $455 $2753
2022 $480 $300
2023 $530 $330
Pet’r’s Mot., filed April 4, 2023. All hourly rates requested for work performed by
Mr. Freedberg in 2020-2022 and by Mr. Pearsall in 2020 and 2022 are consistent
with what counsel has previously been awarded for their Vaccine Program work,
and the undersigned finds them to be reasonable herein for work performed in the
instant case. See Comeau v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 19-198V, 2021
WL 3053038 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 15, 2021); Ward v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 19-1621V, 2021 WL 3408511 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 30,
2021); Walker v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 21-1318V, 2023 WL
8946623 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 8, 2023). The 2021 hourly rate for Mr. Pearsall
and 2023 hourly rates for both attorneys require adjustment.
Attorneys’ fees have been awarded for Mr. Pearsall’s 2021 work utilizing an
hourly rate of $270, $5 less than the $275 hourly rate requested in this case.4 See
Comeau, 2021 WL 3053038, at *2; Ward, 2021 WL 3408511, at *2. Additionally,
attorneys’ fees have been awarded based upon the following 2023 rates: $515 for
work performed by Mr. Freedberg and $315 for work performed by Mr. Pearsall.
Walker, 2023 WL 8946623, at *2. Application of these lower rates to the
attorney’s fees requested in petitioner’s first motion results in a reduction of
$311.25.5
3
Although petitioner stated that he seeks attorney’s fees for Mr. Pearsall’s 2021 work,
using an hourly rate of $270, he utilizes an hourly rate of $275 when calculating the total amount
of attorney’s fees for Mr. Pearsall’s 2021 work. Compare Pet’r’s Mot. at 1 with id. at 2.
4
The greater hourly rate of $275 was employed in two cases, due to an error made when
quoting the hourly rates utilized in Comeau and Ward. See Rybicki v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 20-332V, 2023 WL 2440377, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 7, 2023); Key v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., No. 20-379V, 2023 WL 2440863, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 7,
2023).
5
($275 - $270) x 31.5 hrs. + ($530 - $515) x 3.55 hrs. + ($330 - $315) x 6.7 hrs. =
$311.25.
4
Furthermore, a review of the billing records reveals multiple entries
involving tasks that are considered paralegal in nature6 were billed at the attorneys’
hourly rates. Pet’r’s Mot. Although at least thirteen entries - totaling 13.35 hours,7
involve only paralegal tasks, numerous other entries describe both attorney and
paralegal tasks. E.g., id. at 8 (entry dated 11/13/20). Such block billing makes it is
difficult to ascertain the amount of time which should have been billed at a
paralegal hourly rate. The undersigned will therefore address the matter, along with
further reductions in amount of hours billed in the next section.
B. Reasonable Number of Hours
The second factor in the lodestar formula is a reasonable number of hours.
Reasonable hours are not excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary. See
Saxton v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
The Secretary also did not directly challenge any of the requested hours as
unreasonable.
The undersigned has reviewed the submitted billing entries and finds several
issues which need to be addressed further. Petitioner seeks attorneys’ fees for work
performed by Mr. Freedberg and Mr. Pearsall that is generally not reimbursed in
vaccine cases such as work that is considered secretarial in nature,8 time spent
6
Attorneys may be compensated for paralegal-level work, but only at a rate that is
comparable to that of a paralegal. See, e.g., Doe/11 v. Sec’y of Health & Human. Servs., No.
XX-XXXV, 2010 WL 529425, at *9-10 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 29, 2010) (citing Missouri v.
Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 (1989)); Mostovoy v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-10V,
2016 WL 720969, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 4, 2016); Riggins. v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 99-382V, 2009 WL 3319818, at *20-21 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 15, 2009);
Turpin v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-535, 2008 WL 5747914, at *5-7 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Dec. 23, 2008).
7
These entries are as follows: 5.1 hours billed on 5/11/21, 12/1/21, 12/3/21, 4/16/22, and
9/6/22, by Mr. Pearsall; and 8.25 hours billed on 11/17/20, 11/20/20, 12/19/20, 1/18/21, 10/6/21,
11/28/21, 12/3/21, and 1/5/22, by Mr. Freedberg. Timesheets at 1, 3-4, 8, 10-11.
8
Secretarial work “should be considered as normal overhead office costs included within
the attorneys’ fee rates.” Rochester v. United States, 18 Cl. Ct. 379, 387 (1989); Dingle v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-579V, 2014 WL 630473, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 24,
2014). “[B]illing for clerical and other secretarial work is not permitted in the Vaccine Program.”
Mostovoy, 2016 WL 720969, at *5 (citing Rochester, 18 Cl. Ct. at 387).
5
performing basic research,9 and excessive or duplicative work.10 ECF No. 91-2.
For example, Mr. Freedberg and Mr. Pearsall spent 2.1 hours finalizing their
internal expert instructions. Id. at 2, 9-10 (entries dated 10/4/21 and 10/5/21). And
Mr. Pearsall spent time researching the Vaccine Act’s statute of limitations. Id. at 1
(entry dated 10/2/20). Mr. Freedberg spent 1.6 hours reviewing a basic, one-paged
order setting a March 29, 2021 deadline for Petitioner’s medical records. Id. at 8
(entry dated 1/18/21). Furthermore, the billing records contained numerous entries
involving time spent by both Mr. Freedberg and Mr. Pearsall discussing the merits
of petitioner’s case and coordinating schedules and tasks. E.g., id. at 1-2, 8-9
(entries dated 12/2/20 showing 1.4 hours of this time spent on same call with
petitioner and 9/23/21 showing 1.25 hours discussing next step). On multiple
occasions, Mr. Freedberg and Mr. Pearsall have been informed of these
deficiencies in their billing records. E.g., Hergett v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 17-2008V, 2020 WL 1080295 at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 4,
2020); Mackey v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 16-1289V, 2020 WL
2596801, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 10, 2018); Comeau, 2021 WL 3053038,
at *2; Ward, 2021 WL 3408511, at *2; Rybicki, 2023 WL 2440377, at *2-3.
Due to the extensive block billing found throughout the billing records
submitted in this case, it is difficult to ascertain the exact amount of time involved
in each of the mentioned categories. Block billing or billing large amounts of time
without sufficient detail as to what tasks were performed, is clearly disfavored in
the Program. See Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 07-137V,
2008 WL 5456319, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec 17, 2006). Rather, the Vaccine
Program’s Guidelines for Practice state that “[e]ach task should have its own line
entry indicating the amount of time spent on that task.” Several tasks lumped
9
“[I]t is inappropriate for counsel to bill time for educating themselves about basic
aspects of the Vaccine Program.” Matthews v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-1111V,
2016 WL 2853910, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 18, 2016). “An inexperienced attorney may
not ethically bill his client to learn about an area of law in which he is unfamiliar. If an attorney
may not bill his client for this task, the attorney may also not bill the Program for this task.”
Carter v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 04-1500V, 2007 WL 2241877, at *5 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. July 13, 2007).
10
The fees paid to petitioners have been reduced due to excessive and duplicative billing.
See Ericzon v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 10-103V, 2016 WL 447770 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Jan. 15, 2016) (reduced overall fee award by 10 percent due to excessive and duplicative
billing); Raymo v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 11-654V, 2016 WL 7212323 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Nov. 2, 2016) (reduced overall fee award by 20 percent), mot. for rev. denied, 129
Fed. Cl. 691 (2016). Staffing cases with multiple attorneys can result in inefficiencies and
reductions in fees. See Sabella v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (2009).
6
together with one-time entry impedes assessment of the reasonableness of the
request.
In evaluating a motion for attorney’s fees and costs, special masters “need
not, and indeed should not, become green-eyeshade accountants.” Fox v. Vice, 563
U.S. 826, 838, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 180 L.Ed.2d 45 (2011). Instead, in appropriate
circumstances they may make reasonable, across-the-board percentage
adjustments. E.g., Raymo, 129 Fed. Cl. at 703-04. The undersigned finds a
reduction of twenty percent is warranted in this case. This results in a further
reduction of $13,899.60.11
C. Costs Incurred
Like attorneys’ fees, a request for reimbursement of costs must be
reasonable. Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 27 Fed. Cl. 29, 34 (Fed.
Cl. 1992), aff’d, 33 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Petitioner’s requests a total of
$16,465.50 in attorneys’ costs. ECF Nos. 91, 94. This amount is comprised of Dr.
Orazi’s transcription costs, the court’s filing fee, and postage and copying costs
and work performed by petitioner’s expert, Dr. Gurney F. Pearsall, a family
practitioner. ECF No. 91-3.
For the work performed by Dr. Pearsall, petitioner requests a total of
$16,000.00, comprised of 40.0 hours of work billed at $400.00 per hour. ECF No.
91-4. The undersigned was unable to find any prior instances of Dr. Pearsall
performing Vaccine Program work, thus petitioner would have been well served to
provide some evidence regarding a reasonable rate for general practitioners. A
general practitioner was compensated at a rate of $250 per hour. Wynne v. Sec’y
of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-1908V, 2022 WL 1869355, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. May 3, 2022). A rate of $250.00 per hour is reasonable (and perhaps
generous) for someone who lacks specialized medical knowledge, who does not
teach at medical schools, and who has authored only two articles published in
journals. See Exhibit 33 (curriculum vitae).
Dr. Pearsall has requested compensation for 40 hours. Pet’r’s Mot.
Exhibit D. Dr. Pearsall has lumped together many activities within the same day.
This method of accounting for his time fails to comply with the Instructions, issued
Sep. 30, 2021. As such, Dr. Pearsall should identify his activities with more
precision going forward. However, because Dr. Pearsall has not previously
11
$69,498.00 x 0.20 = $13,899.60.
7
submitted invoices, the number of hours is accepted as reasonable. A reasonable
amount of compensation for Dr. Pearsall is $10,000.12
Petitioner has provided adequate documentation supporting the requested
costs and all are reasonable in the undersigned’s experience. Petitioner is therefore
awarded final attorneys’ costs of $10,465.86.
D. Conclusion
The Vaccine Act permits an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e). Accordingly, I award a total of $66,064.26 (representing
$55,598.40 in attorneys’ fees and $10,465.86 in attorneys’ costs) as a lump sum in
the form of a check jointly payable to petitioner and petitioner’s counsel, Bradley
S. Freedberg.
In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B,
the clerk of the court is directed to enter judgment herewith.13
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Christian J. Moran
Christian J. Moran
Special Master
12
$250 per hour multiplied by 40 hours = $10,000.
13
Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties may expedite entry of judgment by filing a
joint notice renouncing their right to seek review.
8