The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs September 20, 2000
SCOTT CHRISTOPHER YOTHER v. ELAINE HINES YOTHER
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamilton County
No. 95DR2802 Jacqueline E. Schulten, Judge
FILED OCTOBER 31, 2000
No. E2000-01046-COA-R3-CV
In this post-divorce case, Elaine Hines Yother (“Mother”) appeals from an order awarding primary
residential custody of the parties’ minor child, Avery Raechelle1 Yother (DOB: April 2, 1995), to
the child’s father, Scott Christopher Yother (“Father”). Mother argues (1) that the trial court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction to modify the custodial arrangement decreed in the parties’ divorce
judgment; and, alternatively, (2) that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s judgment
changing custody. Because we find that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to address
the issue of custody, we reverse the judgment below.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Reversed; Case Remanded
CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD ,
P.J., and D. MICHAEL SWINEY, J., joined.
James A. Meaney, III, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Elaine Hines Yother.
Kellyann Mulroony Johnson, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Scott Christopher Yother.
OPINION
I.
The parties were divorced by judgment of the trial court entered May 21, 1996. Mother was
awarded custody of the parties’ minor child, but was “prohibited from moving the residence of the
minor child from Hamilton County, Tennessee without prior permission of the Court determined
after a hearing and an opportunity for both parties to be heard.”
1
The appellant’s brief states that the child’s m iddle nam e is “Roche lle.” The sp elling used in this opinion is
the one reflected in the pleadings.
In July, 1997, without first obtaining permission of the trial court, Mother moved with the
child to Ringgold, Georgia, which is located 10 to 15 miles south of Chattanooga. Father, who
remained in Hamilton County, continued to exercise visitation with the child.
In October, 1997, Mother filed a petition to modify the divorce judgment seeking an order
of the court requiring Father to pay his child support obligation by way of a wage assignment. An
agreed order decreeing a wage assignment was entered on December 1, 1997.
This litigation was dormant until March 9, 1998, when Father filed a petition to modify
seeking the custody of the parties’ minor child. On March 19, 1998, Mother countered by filing a
petition seeking permission to move with the child to Japan, where Mother’s new husband, a
serviceman, was then on active duty. On April 7, 1998, Father filed a notice of voluntary nonsuit
of his petition to modify. Five days later, he filed an answer to Mother’s petition, accompanied by
a counterclaim, objecting to Mother’s proposed move and alleging (1) that Mother was in contempt
of court for moving to Georgia without prior court approval, and (2) that there had been a material
change of circumstances warranting a change in custody. Specifically, Father charged that Mother
had developed an unstable home life for the child, had exposed the child to inappropriate conditions,
and had demonstrated a diminished ability to care for the child.
In May, 1998, Mother and the child moved to Gainesville, Georgia, which is located
approximately 115 miles from Chattanooga. They resided with a person named John Forrest.
Eventually, Mother and Forrest developed a romantic relationship. On May 20, 1998, Mother filed
a notice of voluntary nonsuit of her petition for permission to move to Japan.2
In July, 1998, Father filed a complaint seeking a finding of contempt against Mother, alleging
that she had denied him visitation. In response, Mother filed a document entitled “Special
Appearance and Motion to Dismiss,” in which she asserted, inter alia, that Tennessee lacked subject
matter jurisdiction to hear Father’s complaint for contempt and lacked in personam jurisdiction over
her. At a hearing on these two pleadings on August 10, 1998, the Honorable Robert M. Summitt
found that Mother had submitted herself to the jurisdiction of the court by filing the petition seeking
permission to move to Japan. The court reserved the issue of contempt.
In January, 1999, Mother filed a motion seeking to amend her March, 1998, petition to
include an allegation that Father was in contempt because of his alleged failure to pay child support.
Mother also filed a response to Father’s counterclaim, alleging that her move to Georgia was made
with Father’s knowledge and consent, and that the trial court’s order prohibiting Mother from
moving out of the county without court approval was unconstitutional.3
2
The record does not reflect the status of Mother’s marriage to the serviceman in Japan.
3
Appare ntly, this constitutional c hallenge was not pursued at trial. It is not before us on this app eal.
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The hearing on Father’s counterclaim and complaint for contempt4 began on May 10, 1999,
before the Honorable Jacqueline E. Schulten. Both parties were present, and Father began his
introduction of evidence regarding his request for a change of custody. Due to scheduling conflicts,
the hearing was continued to be resumed at a later date.
In June, 1999, Father filed an amendment to his counterclaim to include an allegation that
Mother had exposed the child to Mother’s physical relationships with different men, resulting in
emotional abuse of the child. He further alleged that the child had been sexually abused by Mother’s
boyfriend, John Forrest, and Forrest’s 16-year-old son. Father sought temporary custody of the child
and a restraining order prohibiting Mother from exposing the child to Forrest or his son. In response,
Mother filed another special appearance and motion to dismiss, again raising the issues of in
personam jurisdiction. This time she also alleged that the trial court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction to consider Father’s request for a change of custody.
Following a hearing on June 21, 1999, Judge Schulten found that Father’s amended
counterclaim “should be amended as a petition to show cause for contempt, to be dealt with at the
final hearing in this matter.” The trial court further ordered Mother to move out of Forrest’s
residence and restrained Mother and the child “from being around John Forrest and his son...during
the pendency of this matter or until the final hearing.” The trial court noted that allegations of child
abuse and/or neglect were currently being investigated by state and county officials in Georgia. The
court requested that the parties keep it advised regarding those investigations.
In July, 1999, Mother filed a petition for contempt, alleging that Father had failed to return
the child after a weekend visitation. In response to this contempt complaint, Father filed a
counterclaim, seeking an immediate suspension of Mother’s custody based upon further allegations
of sexual abuse. At an emergency hearing on these two pleadings, Judge Summit, on July 30, 1999,
found that Father had failed to produce sufficient evidence of harm to the child while in Mother’s
custody. Father was ordered to return the child to Mother immediately.
On August 11, 1999, Father filed an amendment to his July, 1998, complaint for contempt,
alleging that Mother had again denied him visitation and phone contact with the child. On August
27, 1999, Father filed another complaint for contempt, asserting that he had been denied visitation
with the child for the last two scheduled visits and had not seen or talked to the child in nearly a
month. Father asserted that he had no address or phone number at which to reach Mother or the
child, that Mother was no longer working at her prior employment, and that he feared she might have
moved again.
The hearing in this case resumed on September 27, 1999, before Judge Schulten. Mother did
not appear at this hearing, although she was represented by counsel. The trial court rejected Mother’s
argument that the trial court lacked in personam and subject matter jurisdiction. It premised its
4
The issue of child support arrearage raised by Mother’s January, 1999, pleading was also litigated at trial. The
trial court found that there was insufficient proo f that Father was in arrears. T hat ruling is not a su bject of this ap peal.
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holding on the fact that Mother had availed herself of the jurisdiction of the court by filing the
March, 1998, petition and subsequent motions in the trial court. The trial court also noted that Father
had “justly relied on her filing...to assert his allegations.” The court went further to find that primary
residential custody of the child should be changed to Father, specifically finding that Mother “is
totally incapable of recognizing activities of hers which are not in her child’s best interest and is
totally incapable of putting her child’s best interest first and foremost in her life.” Citing Mother’s
“living with her boyfriend and his sixteen year old son, her job instability, her ignoring the prior
orders of this court, her vanishing with the child and failure to appear in...court, the testimony of
[Mother] herself, as well as her mother,” the trial court determined that it was in the best interest of
the child for custody to be awarded to Father.
Mother filed several post-trial motions, including a motion for a new trial, a motion to alter
or amend the judgment, and a motion for additional findings of fact, all of which were denied. This
appeal followed.
II.
In this non-jury case, the record of the trial court’s proceedings comes to us with a
presumption of correctness as to that court’s factual findings. We must honor this presumption
“unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). The trial court’s
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Campbell v. Florida
Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26, 35 (Tenn. 1996).
III.
Mother argues that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to modify the custodial
arrangement under the applicable law, the former Tennessee version of the Uniform Child Custody
Jurisdiction Act (“UCCJA”), T.C.A. § 36-6-201, et seq. (1996) (repealed 1999), and its federal
counterpart, the Parental Kidnaping Prevention Act (“PKPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1738A (1994 and Supp.
1998). The UCCJA was repealed and replaced by the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”) effective June 14, 1999. As will be explained later in this opinion,
the UCCJEA is not applicable to this litigation.
The trial court found that it had jurisdiction to modify the custodial arrangement because
Mother had purposely invoked the jurisdiction of the trial court by filing the initial petition for
permission to move to Japan and her subsequent pleadings. We agree with the trial court that
Mother waived her claim that the trial court lacked in personam jurisdiction over her by initially
making a general appearance in the trial court when she filed a petition there on March 19, 1998.
See Landers v. Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tenn. 1994). However, we disagree with the trial court
that Mother’s conduct conferred subject matter jurisdiction upon the court. “Subject matter
jurisdiction relates to the nature of the cause of action and the relief sought and is conferred by the
sovereign authority which organizes the court.” Id. Unlike personal jurisdiction, subject matter
jurisdiction cannot be waived or conferred by consent of a party. Id. Thus, while Mother waived
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any objection to a lack of personal jurisdiction over her by availing herself of the forum, her conduct
did not confer subject matter jurisdiction upon the court to modify the custody award because such
conduct could not, as a matter of law, do so. See Gutzke v. Gutzke, 908 S.W.2d 198, 201 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1995).
Pursuant to the former Tennessee’s version of the UCCJA, a Tennessee court had jurisdiction
to make a child custody determination, by an initial or modification decree, if:
(1) This state:
(A) Is the home state of the child at the time of commencement of the
proceeding; or
(B) Had been the child’s home state within six (6) months before
commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this
state because of the child’s removal or retention by a person claiming
custody or for other reasons, and a parent or person acting as parent
continues to live in this state; or
(2)(A) It appears that no state has jurisdiction under subdivision
(a)(1), or each state with jurisdiction under subdivision (a)(1) has
declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the
more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child; and
(B) The child and at least one (1) contestant have a significant
connection with this state; and
(C) There is available in this state substantial evidence concerning the
child’s present or future care, protection, training and personal
relationship; and
(D) It is in the best interest of the child that a court of this state
assume jurisdiction; or
(3) It appears that no state has jurisdiction under subdivision (a)(1) or
(2) or each state has refused jurisdiction on the ground that this is the
more appropriate forum to determine child custody, and it is in the
best interest of the child that a court of this state assume jurisdiction.
T.C.A. § 36-6-203(a) (1996) (repealed 1999). The UCCJA defined “home state” as
the state in which the child immediately preceding the time involved
lived with such child’s parents, a parent or a person acting as parent,
for at least six (6) consecutive months....Periods of temporary absence
of any of the named persons are counted as part of the six (6) months
or other period.
T.C.A. § 36-6-202(5) (1996) (repealed 1999).
Father, relying upon Wilcox v. Wilcox, 862 S.W.2d 533 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993), argues that
the “commencement of the proceeding” and “the time involved” for the purposes of establishing the
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child’s home state in this case is when the parties filed for divorce in November, 1995. Father argues
that the trial court maintained jurisdiction because it “continually ruled on ongoing matters
concerning the minor child” following the divorce. This argument ignores the fact that when the
judgment of divorce was entered in May, 1996, it had the effect of concluding all matters then
pending before the trial court. Father’s petition for change of custody filed March 9, 1998 -- some
21 months after the divorce judgment became final -- was a new chapter in this divorce proceeding,
and constituted the first time5 a custody issue had been raised by either party subsequent to the entry
of the divorce judgment. Father’s petition was, in effect, a new proceeding that sought to invoke
what Father presumed -- incorrectly -- was the continuing jurisdiction of the trial court to address
the issue of the custody of the parties’ minor child. Accordingly, we find that the related concepts
of the “commencement of the proceeding” and “the time involved,” in this case, refer to when Father
first sought a change of custody by the filing of his petition on March 9, 1998. See Brown v. Brown,
847 S.W.2d 496, 507 (Tenn. 1993); State ex rel. Cooper v. Hamilton, 688 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tenn.
1985). Father’s argument to the contrary is without merit.
T.C.A. §§ 36-6-203(a)(1)(A) and (B) (1996) (repealed 1999) conferred jurisdiction on
Tennessee courts only if Tennessee was the home state of the child when the proceeding was
commenced or if Tennessee had been the home state within six months before the proceeding and
certain other conditions were satisfied. In the instant case, the record reflects that at the time Father
filed his petition to modify on March 9, 1998, the child resided with Mother in Georgia and had been
there since July, 1997, a period of approximately eight months. This being the case, it is clear that
the trial court did not have jurisdiction pursuant to these two provisions.
T.C.A. §§ 36-6-203 (a)(2) and (3) (1996) (repealed 1999) conferred jurisdiction on Tennessee
courts only if no other state qualified as the child’s home state or the home state had declined to
exercise jurisdiction upon determining that Tennessee was the more appropriate forum to determine
custody. In the instant case, there was no finding that no other state qualified as the child’s home
state. On the contrary, we conclude that under both Tennessee and Georgia law, Georgia was the
home state of the child when Father filed his petition seeking his son’s custody. See T.C.A. § 36-6-
202(5) (1996) (repealed 1999); Ga. Code Ann. § 19-9-42(5) (1999). Furthermore, there is no
indication that the courts of Georgia have declined to exercise jurisdiction in this matter in deference
to Tennessee as the more appropriate forum. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not
have jurisdiction to modify the custody award pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-6-203(a)(2) or (3) (1996)
(repealed 1999).
It is clear that the trial court intended to assert some continuing authority over the issue of
custody by the prohibitory language in the divorce judgment pertaining to a move without the court’s
permission. However, such a provision was not sufficient to confer continuing jurisdiction over the
issue of custody on a Tennessee court once another state had become the home state of the child.
5
As previously indicated in this opinion, the first post-divorce proceeding contained in the record is a petition
filed by Mother in O ctober, 1997 , seeking the establishment of a wage assignment for the purpose s of securing ch ild
support p ayments from Father. Th at matter was re solved by a n agreed o rder in De cember, 1 997.
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As previously indicated, under the now-repealed law, a Tennessee court had jurisdiction to make a
custody determination if it was the home state of the child at the time of, or within six months prior
to, the commencement of the proceeding. T.C.A. § 36-6-203(a)(1) (1996) (repealed 1999). If
Tennessee was not the home state, a Tennessee court had jurisdiction only if no other state qualified
as a home state or the home state had declined to exercise jurisdiction on the basis that Tennessee
was the more appropriate forum. T.C.A. §§ 36-6-203(a)(2) and (3) (1996) (repealed 1999). Only
if one of these conditions existed could Tennessee have exercised jurisdiction based upon a
“significant connection” with the child. See Brown, 847 S.W.2d at 507. This analysis is still correct
even in the face of the prohibitory language present in the divorce judgment now before us.
It is important to recognize that the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Act (“UCCJEA”), which was enacted on June 14, 1999, to replace the UCCJA, now authorizes
Tennessee courts, under certain circumstances, to exercise continuing jurisdiction to modify decrees
even though another state has become the home state of the child. The UCCJEA provides that a
Tennessee court has continuing jurisdiction over a child custody matter until:
(1) A court of this state determines that neither the child, nor the child
and one (1) parent, nor the child and a person acting as a parent have
a significant connection with this state and that substantial evidence
is no longer available in this state concerning the child’s care,
protection, training, and personal relationships; or
(2) A court of this state or a court of another state determines that the
child, the child’s parents, and any person acting as a parent do not
presently reside in this state.
T.C.A. § 36-6-217(a) (Supp. 1999). The UCCJEA, however, is not retroactive; that Act expressly
does not apply to proceedings commenced prior to its effective date. See T.C.A. § 36-6-243 (Supp.
1999). Because Father’s petition to modify was filed prior to the effective date of the UCCJEA, the
UCCJA is the applicable law in the instant case.
Father argues that it would be futile to reverse the trial court’s judgment because, so the
argument goes, pursuant to the Georgia UCCJA and the PKPA, Georgia would have to decline to
exercise jurisdiction. We disagree. A Georgia court may not modify the custody decree of another
state unless (1) it appears “that the court which rendered the decree does not now have jurisdiction
under jurisdictional prerequisites substantially in accordance with this article” and (2) the Georgia
court has jurisdiction. Ga. Code Ann. § 19-9-54(a) (1999). As discussed above, Tennessee courts
do not have jurisdiction pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-6-203(a) (1996) (repealed 1999). Moreover, under
Georgia law, a Georgia court has jurisdiction over the child because Georgia is the home state. See
Ga. Code Ann. § 19-9-43(a)(1)(A) (1999). Therefore, Ga. Code Ann. § 19-9-54(a) would not require
a Georgia court to decline jurisdiction in this case.
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Nor would a Georgia court have to decline to exercise jurisdiction under the PKPA. Section
(g) of the PKPA prohibits a state from exercising jurisdiction during the pendency of a custody
proceeding in a court of another state that is “exercising jurisdiction consistently with the provisions
of this section.” 28 U.S.C. § 1738A(g). To be “exercising jurisdiction consistently with the
provisions” of the PKPA, a court must have jurisdiction under the law of its own state. See 28
U.S.C. § 1738A(c)(1). As discussed previously, Tennessee does not have jurisdiction under T.C.A.
§ 36-6-203(a) (1996) (repealed 1999); therefore, this provision of the PKPA would not require a
Georgia court to decline to exercise its jurisdiction as a home state. Father’s argument is without
merit.
Finally, Father argues that the trial court properly exercised jurisdiction to modify its own
prior decree of custody, relying on T.C.A. § 36-6-209(b) (1996) (repealed 1999), which provided as
follows:
Unless required in the interest of the child..., the court shall not
exercise its jurisdiction to modify a custody decree of another state if
the petitioner, without consent of the person entitled to custody, has
improperly removed the child from the physical custody of the person
entitled to custody or has improperly retained the child after a visit or
other temporary relinquishment of physical custody. If the petitioner
has violated any other provision of a custody decree of another state,
the court...may decline to exercise its jurisdiction if this is just and
proper under the circumstances.
There are at least two reasons why Father’s reliance on this statute is misplaced. First and foremost,
the statute by its very terms only addresses how a Tennessee court should approach a petition to
modify a custody decree of another state. That is not the case here. Furthermore, Father
acknowledges that the statute by its terms only applies to situations where a noncustodial parent
wrongfully removes a child from the state where the parent who is entitled to custody resides.
Despite this acknowledgment, Father argues that this provision is applicable because “[r]eason
would dictate that the converse would be true in that a court which rendered custody shall keep
jurisdiction and rule on modifications where a parent improperly takes a child from the state in
violation of the court’s order.” We do not find that T.C.A. § 36-6-209(b) (1996) (repealed 1999)
provides a basis for the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction in the instant case. The child was not
“improperly removed...from the physical custody of the person entitled to custody”; it was in fact
the “person entitled to custody” who removed the child from the state. The language of this
provision is simply not applicable to the facts of this case.
In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to modify the custodial
arrangement in this case. Due to the trial court’s lack of jurisdiction, it is unnecessary to address the
second issue raised by Mother in which she contends that the evidence preponderates against a
change of custody.
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IV.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed. This case is remanded to the trial court for the
entry of an order dismissing Father’s petition seeking custody of the parties’ minor child. Costs on
appeal are taxed to the appellee.
___________________________________
CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE
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