The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
KURT J. SHOTKO,
Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:23-CV-01328
v. (MEHALCHICK, J.)
THE COUNTY OF LACKAWANNA,
PENNSYLVANIA, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
This First Amendment action was brought by pro se Plaintiff Kurt Shotko (“Shotko”)
against The County of Lackawanna, Pennsylvania (“Lackawanna County” or the “County”),
Lackawanna County Commissioners Joseph Notarianni, Debi Dominick, Joseph Chermak,
and Lackawanna County employee Fred Dean (collectively “Defendants”). (Doc. 31, at 1).
Shotko filed his Complaint on August 10, 2023. (Doc. 1). Defendants Notarianni, Chermak,
Dominick, and Lackawanna County1 filed a motion for summary judgment and a brief in
support on January 8, 2024. (Doc. 17). After Shotko failed to file any response to the motion,
the Magistrate Judge assigned to this matter issued two briefing orders directing that he file a
brief in opposition and other required documents or risk this matter being dismissed. (Doc.
28; 29). Additionally, the Magistrate Judge directed Shotko to provide a correct address for
Defendant Dean. (Doc. 30). Shotko failed to comply with these orders, and has neither
provided the Court with an address for Defendant Dean nor filed any opposition to the
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. On June 4, 2024, this matter was reassigned to
1 Moving Defendants assert that the County has never employed anyone by the name
of Fred Dean. (Doc. 17).
the undersigned District Judge. On June 4, 2024, Magistrate Judge Arbuckle issued a Report
and Recommendation (“the Report”) recommending this action be dismissed under Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 41(b) due to Shotko’s failure to prosecute his case. (Doc. 31).
No objections to the Report have been filed by any party. For the following reasons, in
accordance with Judge Arbuckle’s recommendation, Shotko’s complaint is DISMISSED
with prejudice. (Doc. 31).
I. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. DISTRICT COURT REVIEW OF A REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
“A district court may ‘designate a magistrate judge to conduct hearings, including
evidentiary hearings, and to submit to a judge of the court proposed findings of fact and
recommendations for the disposition’ of certain matters pending before the court.” Brown v.
Astrue, 649 F.3d 193, 195 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B)). Within fourteen
days of being served a report and recommendation, “any party may serve and file written
objections to such proposed findings and recommendations as provided by rules of court.” 28
U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). When a party timely files objections, the district court is to conduct a de
novo review of the challenged portions of the Magistrate Judge’s findings unless the objection
is “not timely or not specific.” Goney v. Clark, 749 F.2d 5, 6–7 (3d Cir.1984); 28 U.S.C. §
636(b)(1). The Court may then “accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings and
recommendations.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). “Although the standard is de novo, the extent of
review is committed to the sound discretion of the district judge, and the court may rely on
the recommendations of the magistrate judge to the extent it deems proper.” Rahman v.
Gartley, No. CV 3:23-363, 2024 WL 555894, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 12, 2024) (citing United v.
Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 676 (1980)). Where, as in this case, no objection is made, the court
should, as a matter of good practice, “satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of
the record in order to accept the recommendation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. Adv. Comm. Note Rule
72(b).
B. FAILURE TO PROSECUTE
By failing to file any opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment or
otherwise respond to court orders, it appears that Shotko has abandoned this action. Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) provides that an action may be involuntarily dismissed “[i]f the
plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules or a court order.” Further, the rule
permits sua sponte dismissals by the court. Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630–31
(1962); Hewlett v. Davis, 844 F.2d 109, 114 (3d Cir. 1988) (same). “The authority of a court to
dismiss sua sponte for lack of prosecution has generally been considered an inherent power,
governed not by rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their
own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.” Link, 370 U.S.
at 630–31; see also Mindek v. Rigatti, 964 F.2d 1369 (3d Cir. 1992). Specifically, a plaintiff’s
failure to comply with a court order constitutes a failure to prosecute his action, and therefore
his action is subject to dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). A court’s decision to
dismiss for failure to prosecute is committed to the court’s sound discretion and will not be
disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. See Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 190 (3d Cir.
2002). In evaluating whether an action should be dismissed for failure to prosecute, a court
must balance six factors:
To determine whether the District Court abused its discretion [in dismissing a
case for failure to prosecute], we evaluate its balancing of the following factors:
(1) the extent of the party's personal responsibility; (2) the prejudice to the
adversary caused by the failure to meet scheduling orders and respond to
discovery; (3) a history of dilatoriness; (4) whether the conduct of the party or
the attorney was willful or in bad faith; (5) the effectiveness of sanctions other
than dismissal, which entails an analysis of alternative sanctions; and (6) the
meritoriousness of the claim or defense. Poulis v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.,
747 F.2d 863, 868 (3d Cir.1984).
Emerson, 296 F.3d at 190.
The Poulis factors are not “a magic formula whereby the decision to dismiss or not to
dismiss a plaintiff’s complaint becomes a mechanical calculation . . . .” Mindek, 964 F.2d at
1373. No one factor is determinative and not all of the Poulis factors must be met to warrant
dismissal. Mindek, 964 F.2d at 1373; Hicks v. Feeney, 850 F.2d 152, 156 (3d Cir. 1988). Instead,
the decision must be made in the context of the court’s extended contact with the litigant.
Dismissal for failure to prosecute is appropriately labeled a “drastic sanction,” however,
because it is “deemed to be an adjudication on the merits, barring any further action between
the parties.” Sebrell ex rel. Sebrell v. Phila. Police Dep’t, 159 F. App’x 371, 373 (3d Cir. 2005) (not
precedential) (citing Landon v. Hunt, 977 F.2d 829, 833 (3d Cir. 1992); Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)).
In light of this framework, the Court finds that a careful assessment of the Poulis factors in the
case at bar weighs heavily in favor of dismissing this action.
II. DISCUSSION
Since the Report adequately explains the background of this case, this Court will only
include here what is necessary for the purposes of this Memorandum. (Doc. 31, at 2-3). The
Report recommends implementing this Rule 41(b) sanction sua sponte due to Shotko’s failure
to prosecute his case. (Doc. 31, at 5). According to the Report, Shotko “has made adjudication
of the case impossible.” (Doc. 31, at 5). This Court considers each of the Poulis factors in turn.
See Poulis, 747 F.2d at 868.
Consideration of the first factor, the extent of the party’s personal responsibility, shows
that the failures to comply with Court orders are entirely attributable to Shotko. Because
Shotko is a pro se litigant, he is solely responsible for prosecuting his claim. See Hoxworth v.
Blinder Robinson & Co., 980 F.2d 912, 920 (3d Cir. 1992). “As a general rule, a pro se litigant is
responsible for his failure to comply with court orders.” Lopez v. Cousins, 435 F. App’x 113,
116 (3d Cir. 2011) (not precedential); see also Emerson, 296 F.3d at 191; Winston v. Lindsey, Civ.
No. 09-224, 2011 WL 6000991, at *2 (W.D. Pa. Nov. 30, 2011) (concluding that a pro se
litigant “bears all of the responsibility for any failure to prosecute his claims”). Accordingly,
this Court agrees with the Report that the first Poulis factor weighs in favor of dismissal. (Doc.
31, at 5-6); Poulis, 747 F.2d at 868.
As for the second Poulis factor, a finding of prejudice does not require “irremediable
harm.” Adams v. Trs. of N.J. Brewery Emps.’ Pension Tr. Fund, 29 F.3d 863, 873–74 (3d Cir.
1994). Rather, “the burden imposed by impeding a party’s ability to [effectively prepare] a full
and complete trial strategy is sufficiently prejudicial.” Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218,
222 (3d Cir. 2003). Examples of prejudice are “the irretrievable loss of evidence, the inevitable
dimming of witnesses’ memories, or the excessive and possibly irremediable burdens or costs
imposed on the opposing party.” Scarborough v. Eubanks, 747 F.2d 871, 876 (3d. Cir. 1984).
Here, Shotko’s delays wholly frustrate and delay resolution of this action. Going forward,
such failure to litigate would prejudice Defendants, who without timely responses by Shotko,
are not able to seek a timely resolution of the case, particularly with regard to Defendant
Dean. See Azubuko v. Bell National Organization, 243 F. App’x 728 (3d Cir.2007). Accordingly,
the Court agrees with the Report that the second Poulis factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
Turning to the third Poulis factor, “[e]xtensive or repeated delay or delinquency
constitutes a history of dilatoriness, such as consistent non-response to interrogatories, or
consistent tardiness in complying with court orders.” Adams, 29 F.3d at 874. “[C]onduct that
occurs one or two times is insufficient to demonstrate a ‘history of dilatoriness.’” Briscoe, 538
F.3d at 261. In deciding whether a history of dilatory conduct exists, this Court must evaluate
“a party’s problematic acts . . . in light of its behavior over the life of the case.” Adams, 29
F.3d at 875. Here, the Court has afforded Shotko more than one opportunity to file a response
to the motion for summary judgment and update the address for Defendant Dean, and he has
failed to do so. Further, Shotko has not communicated with the Court since he filed his
complaint in August 2023. Accordingly, although the Report determined that Shotko’s
actions do not rise to the level of dilatory, the undersigned does, and finds that this factor also
weighs in favor of dismissal.
The fourth Poulis factor requires the Court to consider whether the plaintiff’s conduct
was willful or in bad faith. Poulis, 747 F.2d at 868; Adams, 29 F.3d at 874. “[W]illfulness
involves intentional or self-serving behavior.” Adams, 29 F.3d at 874. Such behavior
“demonstrate[s] a willful disregard for procedural rules and court directives.” Gilyard v.
Dauphin Cnty. Work Release, No. 10-1657, 2010 WL 5060236, at *2 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 6, 2010).
At this point in the case, Shotko has failed to comply with the Court’s instructions directing
him to take specific actions in this case and advising him how to do so. The Court is thus
compelled to conclude that his actions are not accidental or inadvertent, but rather reflect an
intentional disregard for the Court’s directives and this case. See Gilyard, No. 10-1657, 2010
WL 5060236, at *2. Thus, the fourth Poulis factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
The fifth Poulis factor examines the effectiveness of sanctions other than dismissal. 747
F.2d at 868. Generally, “sanctions less than dismissal [are] ineffective when a litigant, such
as [Shehadeh], is proceeding pro se.” See Lopez, 435 F. App’ x at 116; Emerson, 296 F.3d at 191
(per curium); Nowland v. Lucas, No. 1:10-CV-1863, 2012 WL 10559, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Jan. 3,
2012) (“This case presents such a situation where the plaintiff’s status as a pro se litigant
severely limits the ability of the court to utilize lesser sanctions to ensure that this litigation
progresses in an orderly fashion.”). Under the instant circumstances where the Court is faced
with the complete lack of cooperation on the part of the individual who brought the action,
the only appropriate sanction is dismissal. Otherwise, the case would linger indefinitely on
the Court’s docket. The instant case presents a scenario where Shotko’s pro se status greatly
limits the Court’s ability to utilize other lesser sanctions to ensure that this action progresses
in an orderly fashion. Thus far, the Court has issued orders advising Shotko of his obligations
in this case, but to no avail. He still declines to follow the Orders. Since lesser sanctions have
been attempted and have been unsuccessful, only the sanction of dismissal remains available
to the Court. See Stanley v. United States, No. 1:CV-12-0123, 2014 WL 4546530, at *4 (M.D.
Pa. Sept. 12, 2014). Accordingly, the fifth Poulis factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
The sixth and final Poulis factor considers the meritoriousness of the plaintiff’s claim.
Poulis, 747 F.3d at 870. A claim is deemed meritorious when “the allegations of the pleadings,
if established at trial, would support recovery by plaintiff . . . .” Poulis, 747 F.2d at 870.
“Generally, in determining whether a plaintiff’s claim is meritorious, [courts] use the standard
for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 263
(citing Poulis, 747 F.2d at 869-70). Shotko’s uncooperativeness makes this analysis impossible
as he has not followed any of the court’s directives, and Defendants have provided an
unopposed summary judgment motion that appears to be meritorious. (Doc. 31, at 9).
Therefore, the sixth factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court agrees with the sound reasoning in the Report
and finds no clear error on the face of the record. (Doc. 31). This Court will therefore adopt
the Report and Recommendation in its entirety. An appropriate Order will follow.
DATE: September 20, 2024 BY THE COURT:
s/ Karoline Mehalchick
KAROLINE MEHALCHICK
United States District Judge