BURGESS v. READING PARKING AUTHORITY

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

____________________________________

ANTONIO BURGESS, :

Plaintiff :

:

v. : No. 5:23-cv-3390

:

READING PARKING AUTHORITY, :

Defendant. :

_____________________________________

O P I N I O N

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 12 – Denied in part, Granted in part

Joseph F. Leeson, Jr. August 6, 2024

United States District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

This case arises from the termination of Plaintiff Antonio Burgess’s employment with

Defendant Reading Parking Authority. According to Burgess, the Parking Authority created or

relied upon a false report of him smoking marijuana, drug-tested him, and then unlawfully fired

him for testing positive for cocaine. Burgess claims that the Parking Authority has racially

discriminated against him and violated his constitutional rights. The Parking Authority has

moved to dismiss Burgess’s claims, claiming that it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity

from suit, or alternatively, that Burgess has failed to state a claim. As explained further below,

the Court will deny and grant the motion in part, because (1) the Parking Authority has failed to

show it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity, and (2) Burgess has failed to state a claim.

II. BACKGROUND

The following facts are alleged in the Complaint. Burgess was hired by the Parking

Authority on February 7, 2022, as a parking enforcement officer. Am. Compl. ¶ 8, ECF No. 8.

Soon after his employment began, a tip was called in that Burgess was seen smoking “a ‘big

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blunt’” (i.e. a marijuana cigarette) while wearing his Parking Authority uniform near Reading

City Hall.1 Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13-14. As a result of the tip, the Parking Authority required Burgess

to take a drug test on March 29, 2022. Id. ¶ 25. The hospital staff where the drug test was

conducted told Burgess that his test was negative for marijuana, however, the Parking Authority

told Burgess that the test was positive for cocaine. Id. ¶¶ 31-32. Burgess believed the positive

test result was impossible because he “had not used cocaine in months.” See id. ¶ 33. The next

day, Burgess purchased another urine test at Patient First at his own expense. Id. ¶ 35-36. This

second test was negative for cocaine. Id. ¶ 37. That same day, the Parking Authority terminated

Burgess’s employment because of the positive drug test for cocaine. Id. ¶ 33.

On August 30, 2023, Burgess filed suit against the Parking Authority for violating his

Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches, as well as for racial

discrimination. See Compl., ECF No. 1. Burgess amended his complaint on October 23, 2023.

Am. Compl., ECF No. 8. The Parking Authority moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint for

failure to state a claim and lack of subject matter jurisdiction, claiming the Parking Authority is

entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Mot., ECF No. 12.

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction – Review of

Applicable Law

“[T]here are two types of Rule 12(b)(1) motions: those that attack the complaint on its

face and those that attack subject matter jurisdiction as a matter of fact.” Petruska v. Gannon

Univ., 462 F.3d 294, 302 n.3 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan, 549

1 Burgess avers that this tip was false and unreliable because there was no information

about “who the informant was, the reliability of the information, or the basis of the knowledge.”

Id. ¶ 23.

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F.2d 884, 891 (3d Cir. 1977)). “[A] court must first determine whether the movant presents a

facial or factual attack” because the distinction determines the standard of review. In re Schering

Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action, 678 F.3d 235, 243 (3d Cir. 2012). A

facial attack “challenges subject matter jurisdiction without disputing the facts alleged in the

complaint, and it requires the court to ‘consider the allegations of the complaint as true.’” Davis

v. Wells Fargo, 824 F.3d 333, 346 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting Petruska, 462 F.3d at 302 n.3). A

factual attack challenges “subject matter jurisdiction because the facts of the case . . . do not

support the asserted jurisdiction.” Constitution Party of Pa. v. Aichele, 757 F.3d 347, 358 (3d

Cir. 2014). A factual attack “cannot occur until plaintiff’s allegations have been controverted[,]”

Mortensen, 549 F.2d at 892 n.17, which occurs when the movant files an answer or “otherwise

presents competing facts.” Aichele, 757 F.3d at 358. “When a factual challenge is made, ‘the

plaintiff will have the burden of proof that jurisdiction does in fact exist,’ and the court ‘is free to

weigh the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case.’” Davis,

824 F.3d at 346 (quoting Mortensen, 549 F.2d at 891). “[N]o presumptive truthfulness attaches

to [the] plaintiff’s allegations[.]” Id. (quoting Mortensen, 549 F.2d at 891) (alterations in

original).

B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim – Review of Applicable Law

In rendering a decision on a motion to dismiss, this Court must “accept all factual

allegations as true [and] construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”

Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Pinker v. Roche

Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 374 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Only if

“the ‘[f]actual allegations . . . raise a right to relief above the speculative level’” has the plaintiff

stated a plausible claim. Id. at 234 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 540, 555

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(2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). However, “the tenet that a court must accept as true

all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.

(explaining that determining “whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief . . . [is] a

context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and

common sense”). “[I]n light of Twombly, Rule 8(a)(2) requires a ‘showing’ rather than a blanket

assertion of an entitlement to relief. We caution that without some factual allegation in the

complaint, a claimant cannot satisfy the requirement that he or she provide not only ‘fair notice,’

but also the ‘grounds’ on which the claim rests.” Phillips, 515 F.3d at 233 (citing Twombly, 550

U.S. at 555 n.3). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) (requiring the complaint to contain “a short and

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief”). “In deciding a Rule

12(b)(6) motion, a court must consider only the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint,

matters of public record, as well as undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant’s claims

are based upon these documents.” Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010). Also, “a

document integral to or explicitly relied upon in the complaint may be considered.” In re

Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir. 1997) (internal quotations

omitted). The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that a plaintiff has failed to state a

claim upon which relief can be granted. Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir.

2005) (citing Kehr Packages, Inc. v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406, 1409 (3d Cir. 1991)).

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C. Section 19832 – Review of Applicable Law

42 U.S.C. § 1983 is the vehicle by which federal constitutional claims may be brought in

federal court. “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right

secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged

deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S.

42, 48 (1988).

D. Monell Claim – Review of Applicable Law

“Local governing bodies . . . may be sued where ‘the action that is alleged to be

unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision

officially adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers.’” Lebie v. Borough, No. 13-cv-6819,

2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68207, 2014 WL 2085518, at *2 (E.D. Pa. May 16, 2014)

(quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690). “Liability is imposed when the policy or custom itself violates

the Constitution, or where the policy or custom is the 'moving force' behind a constitutional

violation by an employee of the local body.” Id. (citing Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 946

F.2d 1017, 1027 (3d Cir. 1991)).

“A policy is made ‘when a decisionmaker possessing final authority to establish

municipal policy with respect to the action issues an official proclamation, policy, or

edict.’” Id. (quoting Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1480 (3d Cir. 1990)). “A

custom may exist when, ‘though not authorized by law, such practices of state officials are so

permanent and well settled that they operate as law.’” Id. (quoting Regan v. Upper Darby

Township, 363 F. App’x 917, 923 (3d Cir. 2010)). “Custom requires proof of knowledge and

2 Although Burgess initially pleaded his race discrimination claim as one under § 1981, the

Court has liberally construed his request for relief as one under § 1983.

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acquiescence by the decisionmaker.” Robinson v. City of Philadelphia, Civ. A. No. 15-1574,

2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139539, 2015 WL 5965003, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 13, 2015)

(quoting McTernan v. City of York, 564 F.3d 636, 657 (3d Cir. 2009)).

“It is incumbent upon a plaintiff to show that a policymaker is responsible either for the

policy or, through acquiescence, for the custom.” Id. (quoting Andrews, 895 F.2d at 1481); see

also id. (concluding Third Circuit case law “unequivocally imposes on [p]laintiff an

‘obligation to plead in some fashion that [a natural person] had final policy making authority, as

that is a key element of a Monell claim’” (quoting Santiago v. Warminster Township, 629 F.3d

121, 135 n.11 (3d Cir. 2010))).

Failing to train municipal employees can also be a source of liability, but only where “the

failure amounts to ‘deliberate indifference’ to the rights of persons with whom those employees

will come into contact.” Thomas v. Cumberland Cty., 749 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir. 2014). The

plaintiff must show that “the deficiency in training actually caused the [injury].” City of Canton

v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 391 (1989). To prove that a municipality’s failure to train or supervise

amounts to deliberate indifference, Plaintiff must show that “(1) municipal policymakers know

that employees will confront a particular situation; (2) the situation involves a difficult choice or

a history of employees mishandling; and (3) the wrong choice by an employee will frequently

cause deprivation of constitutional rights.” Carter v. City of Philadelphia, 181 F.3d 339, 357 (3d

Cir. 1999).

E. Federal Discrimination Claim – Review of Applicable Law

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on

race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, and disability. See E.E.O.C. v. Allstate Ins. Co.,

778 F.3d 444, 448-49 (3d Cir. 2015). Where direct of evidence of discrimination is not

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available, a plaintiff may prove discrimination using the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting

framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03 (1973). Ordinarily,

to establish a prima facie case using this framework, a plaintiff-employee needs to demonstrate

that “(1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was qualified for a position sought or held;

(3) he was discharged from or denied the position; and (4) non-members of the protected class

were treated more favorably.” Chiaradonna v. Rosemont Coll., No. 06-cv-1015, 2008 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 7476, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 31, 2008) (citing McDonnell, 411 U.S. at 802). At the motion

to dismiss stage, a plaintiff is not required “to prove the elements of a prima facie case,” but at

the very least, “must allege facts raising a reasonable expectation discovery will reveal evidence

of the necessary elements.” See Prince v. Trumark Fin. Credit Union, No. 22-3097, 2022 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 189670, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 18, 2022).

IV. ANALYSIS

For the reasons that follow, the Court will deny the Parking Authority’s motion to

dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, because the Parking Authority has failed to show

it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. However, the Court will grant the Parking

Authority’s motion to dismiss in all other respects, because Burgess has failed to state a plausible

claim for relief.

A. The Parking Authority has not met its burden to show it is entitled to

Eleventh Amendment immunity

“[T]he Eleventh Amendment prohibits federal courts from entertaining suits by private

parties against States and their agencies.” Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 782 (1978). In order

to determine if the Parking Authority is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity, the Court

must determine whether the Parking Authority is an “arm of the State,” such that it is entitled to

sovereign immunity. See Maliandi v. Montclair State Univ., 845 F.3d 77, 83 (3d Cir. 2016)

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(explaining that an “arm of the state . . . falls within the ambit of the Eleventh Amendment”)

(internal marks omitted)). If the Parking Authority more closely resembles a local agency, rather

than an extension of the state, the immunity does not apply. Ultimately, the Parking Authority

bears the burden of proving it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Betts v. New

Castle Youth Dev. Ctr., 621 F.3d 249, 254 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Christy v. Pa. Tpk.

Comm’n, 54 F.3d 1140, 1144 (3d Cir. 1995) (“The party asserting Eleventh Amendment

immunity ‘bears the burden of proving its applicability.’”)).

Although few courts have addressed this precise issue, one judge in this district

previously held that a Parking Authority in Pennsylvania is a “local agency” not entitled to

Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Five Star Parking v. Philadelphia Parking Auth., 662 F.

Supp. 1053, 1054 (E.D. Pa. 1986). Additionally, in other proceedings the Philadelphia Parking

Authority classified itself as a local agency. See In re Odom, 571 B.R. 687, 694 (Bankr. E.D. Pa.

2017) (explaining that the Philadelphia Parking Authority had waived any potential Eleventh

Amendment immunity by admitting it was a local agency, not a state agency or instrumentality).

However, the determination is made by courts on a case-by-case basis.

In Five Star Parking v. Philadelphia Parking Authority, the court applied factors from

Urbano v. Board of Managers of New Jersey State Prisons, 415 F.2d 247 (3d Cir. 1969), to

determine that “the structure and functions of the [Parking] Authority could not properly be

characterized as partaking of the sovereignty of the Commonwealth.” 662 F. Supp. at 1054. In

Urbano, the Third Circuit used nine factors to determine whether an entity was close enough to a

state agency to entitle it to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Urbano, 415 F.2d at 251. These

factors ultimately evolved into the Fitchik factors, which are still used by the Third Circuit today.

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See Fitchik v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 873 F.2d 655 (3d Cir. 1989). The

factors, which are treated as a “fact-intensive, three-step balancing test,” are as follows:

(1) the funding factor: whether the state treasury is legally responsible for an

adverse judgment entered against the alleged arm of the State; (2) the status under

state law factor: whether the entity is treated as an arm of the State under state case

law and statutes; and (3) the autonomy factor: whether, based largely on the

structure of its internal governance, the entity retains significant autonomy from

state control.

See Maliandi, 845 F.3d at 83 (citing Fitchik, 873 F.2d at 659).

Here, the Parking Authority has failed to make any showing under the Fitchik factors.

The pleadings and briefs in this case simply do not contain enough facts for the Court to

appropriately apply the balancing test at this juncture. Given that the burden under this test falls

solely to the Parking Authority, the Court cannot grant the Parking Authority immunity at this

time. However, the Court is reticent to make a final determination about the status of the

Parking Authority as either a state or local entity when neither party has addressed the Fitchik

factors. Therefore, although the Court will deny the Parking Authority’s motion to dismiss on

this basis, the Parking Authority may re-assert this defense after conducting factual discovery on

this issue, if this case continues to progress.

B. Burgess has failed to state a Monell claim

Burgess’s Monell claim is primarily premised on his assertion that the Parking Authority

“acted pursuant to a policy, practice or custom of not acting with reasonable suspicion in

requiring employees or probationary employees to take drug tests.” See Am. Compl. ¶ 26. In

other words, he claims that the Parking Authority maintained a custom3 which deprived him of

his constitutional rights, specifically those under the Fourth Amendment, which guarantees

3 Since Burgess does not allege any facts suggesting that the Parking Authority established

a formal policy condoning suspicionless drug-testing of employees, the Court will focus instead

on whether Burgess sufficiently alleges that the Parking Authority adopted a custom of doing so.

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“[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Alternatively, Burgess claims that

the Parking Authority “failed to train its employees to act with reasonable suspicion in requiring

employees or probationary employees to take a drug test.” Am. Compl. ¶ 27. To support these

claims, Burgess alleges that “[t]here was a pattern of similar issues toward other employees or

probationary employees.” Id. ¶ 28.

Even assuming that Burgess has shown a potential violation of his Fourth Amendment

rights,4 he has failed to state a proper Monell claim against the Parking Authority for adoption of

an unconstitutional custom. Burgess does not include any facts to support the existence of a

custom adopted by the Parking Authority to drug-test its employees without reasonable

suspicion, nor does he include any facts suggesting a direct link between this custom and the

decision to drug-test him, such that the custom was a “moving force” behind his constitutional

deprivation. See Jackson v. Moore, No. 18-0785, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145718, at *7-9 (E.D.

Pa. Aug. 27, 2018) (dismissing the plaintiffs’ Monell claim where the plaintiffs “simply

repeat[ed] the legal requirements for a Monell claim without identifying any facts to support the

claim[,]” and likewise failed to plead “facts to support the causation requirement of a Monell

claim”) (internal marks and citations omitted)). Instead, Burgess merely alleges that the decision

to drug-test him was done so without reasonable suspicion, and then concludes that this was a

custom of the Parking Authority. This is insufficient.

4 Burgess believes that the tip received by the Parking Authority was either (1) false or (2)

non-existent. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 18, 24 (“Plaintiff believes and therefore avers that RPA

management made up the false tip[.]”). Based on this belief, Burgess alleges that the drug test

was suspicionless, conducted by the Parking Authority to “look at other possible drugs” in his

system, and violated his Fourth Amendment rights. At this stage, the Court will assume without

deciding that Burgess has alleged an infringement of his Fourth Amendment rights in order to

narrow the focus on whether Burgess has stated a proper Monell claim.

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Additionally, Burgess has not shown that the Parking Authority failed to train its

employees to act with reasonable suspicion when administering drug tests. As previously

mentioned, Burgess alleges that the Parking Authority has failed to train its employees and

vaguely asserts that “[t]here was a pattern of similar issues toward other employees or

probationary employees.” However, these conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a

Monell claim based on a failure-to-train theory. First, Burgess fails to mention whether the

Parking Authority was on notice of its allegedly unconstitutional behavior. See Connick v.

Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 62 (2011) (“Without notice that a course of training is deficient in a

particular respect, decisionmakers can hardly be said to have deliberately chosen a training

program that will cause violations of constitutional rights.”). Additionally, other than simply

asserting that there was a “pattern of similar issues[,]” the Complaint is devoid of facts that show

any past instances of similar conduct by the Parking Authority, let alone that suggest a pattern of

unconstitutional behavior. See Owens v. Coleman, 629 F. App’x 163, 167 (3d Cir. 2015) (“A

pattern of similar constitutional violations is typically necessary to demonstrate deliberate

indifference for purposes of failure to train.”). Therefore, Burgess has failed to state a plausible

Monell claim under either theory of liability.

C. Burgess has failed to state a race discrimination claim

Burgess admits that he cannot state a discrimination claim under Section 1981, because

this statute “does not provide a private or implied cause of action against a local government.”

See Resp. at 11 (citing Jett v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist. 491 U.S. 701, 735-36 (1989)). Burgess

asks to replead his Section 1981 claim as a Section 1983 claim. However, Section 1983 does not

provide substantive rights, but is rather a vehicle for vindicating violations of other federal rights.

However, given that this case is in the context of employment, the Court will very liberally

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construe Burgess’s discrimination claim as one pursuant to Title VII. Nonetheless, viewed in the

light most favorable to Burgess, he has failed to allege sufficient facts of discrimination to allow

the Court to conclude that the Parking Authority treated him less favorably than others based

upon his race.

While Burgess is not required to prove the elements of a prima facie case at this stage, he

must, at the very least, allege facts which raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will

reveal evidence of the necessary elements of his claim. See Prince v. Trumark Fin. Credit

Union, No. 22-3097, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 189670, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 18, 2022). Here, to

recap the facts around his race, Burgess, an African-American man, “believes” that “Parking

Authority management made up the false tip” that he was smoking marijuana on the job “given

that they viewed him as an African-American who stuck up for his and other employees’ rights.”

See Am. Compl. ¶ 24.5 Although Burgess was told he was fired for testing positive for cocaine,

he asserts that “[i]t was illegal for [him] to be let go because of the results of the drug test,” and

he “believes he was fired because of his race and color.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 41-42. However, these

“vague and conclusory allegations” are insufficient to show that the Parking Authority

intentionally discriminated against Burgess based on his race. See Frederick v. Southeastern Pa.

Transp. Auth., 892 F. Supp. 122, 125 (E.D. Pa. 1995) (explaining that “vague and conclusory

allegations” are insufficient to plead a discrimination claim) (internal marks and citations

omitted)). The Court cannot infer race-based discrimination simply from Burgess’s subjective

5 Relatedly, Burgess claims that after he “often stuck up” for other Parking Authority

employees, and “[b]ecause of his activity in this regard, [his] probation was extended.” Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 9-10. Specifically, on March 24, 2022, Burgess “received a written coaching

indicating his probation was recommended as being extended[,]” and he refused to “sign the

paper for coaching” because he disagreed. Id. ¶ 11. It is unclear from the Complaint when

Burgess was initially placed on “probation,” what “probationary” employment status entails, or

how these facts connect to his claims.

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belief that the Parking Authority’s decision to terminate him was motivated by racial bias. See

Howard v. Blalock Elec. Serv., Inc., 742 F. Supp. 2d 681, 702 (W.D. Pa. 2010) (“An inference of

race-based discrimination cannot arise simply from an employee’s subjective belief that his or

her race somehow influenced the challenged employment action.”).

Further, Burgess has not sufficiently pled the existence of other similarly situated

individuals outside of his protected class receiving preferential treatment. Burgess asserts that he

was “treated differently from similarly-situated Caucasian employees in the same or similar

positions who were not given drug tests on unreliable tips[,]” and “Caucasian managers in a

similar position would not have been and have not been fired for the same or similar activity in

this region.” Id. ¶¶ 47-48. However, these assertions are primarily legal conclusions couched as

factual allegations, and therefore insufficient to support an inference of intentional

discrimination. See Gross v. R.T. Reynolds, Inc., 487 Fed. Appx. 711, 716-717 (3d. Cir. 2012)

(explaining that conclusory allegations of favoritism to non-minority employees failed to support

an inference of discrimination against the plaintiff). For instance, Burgess does not give any

specific examples of the Parking Authority treating employees outside of his protected class

differently by (1) not drug-testing these individuals after receiving tips of their illegal drug use,

or (2) not firing these individuals after their drug tests came back positive for illegal drug use.

Therefore, because the Court need not accept as true Burgess’s bare, conclusory allegation that

his termination was motivated by racial bias, and the Complaint is devoid of specific instances of

preferential treatment to employees outside of Burgess’s protected class, Burgess has failed to

state a plausible discrimination claim.

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D. Amendment

Although Burgess has failed to plead sufficient facts to support his Monell claim or race

discrimination claim, the Court cannot conclude at this time that he is entirely incapable of doing

so. See Alston v. Parker, 363 F.3d 229, 235 (3d Cir. 2004) (holding that a court should allow

amendment of a complaint unless doing so would be inequitable or futile). Accordingly,

Burgess’s claims are dismissed without prejudice to his right to file an amended complaint

alleging facts to support his claim that his termination was motivated by racial bias and/or to

support his claim that the Parking Authority failed to properly train its employees or acted

pursuant to an unconstitutional custom.

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Motion to Dismiss is denied in part and granted in

part. Burgess’s claims are dismissed without prejudice for failure to state a claim. A separate

Order follows.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ Joseph F. Leeson, Jr._________

JOSEPH F. LEESON, JR.

United States District Judge

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