Rayford v. Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati Ohio

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION - CINCINNATI

MABELYN RAYFORD, : Case No. 1:22-cv-670

Plaintiff, Judge Matthew W. McFarland

v

SISTERS OF CHARITY OF CINCINNATI,

OHIO, :

Defendant.

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. 26)

This matter is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment

(Doc. 26). Plaintiff filed a Response in Opposition (Doc. 28), to which Defendant filed a

Reply in Support (Doc. 30). Thus, this matter is ripe for the Court’s review. For the reasons

below, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 26) is GRANTED.

FACTS

I. Parties and Background

Plaintiff worked as a Licensed Practical Nurse (“LPN”) for Defendant Sisters of

Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio from November 7, 2017, until she was fired on January 13,

2022. (Defendant's Resp. to Interrog., Doc. 18-12, Pg. ID 231; Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg.

ID 502-503, 515-17.) At the time of her termination, Plaintiff was about 61 years old.

(Compl., Doc. 2, § 18.) While employed by Defendant, Plaintiff suffered from arthritis

and anemia and walked with a limp. (See Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 542-43.)

While employed for Defendant, Plaintiff worked in Mother Margaret Hall

(“MMH”) —a long-term, assisted-living facility that Defendant operates for retired Sisters

in the Apostolic Sisters of Charity Order. (See Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID 106-07;

see also Orientation Manual, Doc. 24-4.) MMH has six floors dedicated to nursing care.

(Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 381.) Angela Anderson serves as Director of Nursing and

oversees the nurses at MMH. (Id. at Pg. ID 378-79.)

Registered nurses, LPNs, and state-tested nurse aides (“STNAs”) care for the

residents at MMH. (See Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID 114-15; Rayford Dep., Doc. 24,

Pg. ID 545.) Each floor in MMH usually has one or two LPNs and at least one or two

STNAs per shift. (Cook Dep., Doc. 20, Pg. ID 269.) LPNs are the “charge nurses” for their

assigned floors, meaning they are responsible for all of the care provided on that floor

and for ensuring the STNAs completed their duties. (Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID

115; Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 391.) STNAs assist the residents with bathing, eating,

using the bathroom, and going to activities. (Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, 115-16.)

II. Defendant’s Disciplinary Policy

Defendant uses a “ progressive” disciplinary system that escalates from counseling

to caution, reprimand, and ultimately termination. (Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID

110.) Defendant can also suspend employees, but it usually only does so when

investigating suspected theft or missing medication. (Id. at Pg. ID 110-11.) The steps in

this policy can be bypassed. (Id. at Pg. ID 112.)

Ill. Plaintiff's Disciplinary History

a. Transfer from Seventh Floor

Defendant originally assigned Plaintiff to MMH’s seventh floor. (Rayford Dep.,

Doc. 24, Pg. ID 530-31.) While there, Plaintiff was reportedly disrespectful towards at least

one STNA who was employed through a temporary staffing agency. (Anderson Dep.,

Doc. 22, Pg. ID 396-97.) The staffing agency notified Defendant that it would stop sending

staff if they had to continue working with Plaintiff. (Id. at Pg. ID 397.) Anderson met with

Plaintiff about this issue. (Id.) During this meeting, Plaintiff told Anderson that she

preferred to work with MMH nursing staff because she “felt like she didn’t know the

[temporary STNAs] well enough and she didn’t get along with them.” (Id.) Plaintiff

maintains that, during this meeting, Anderson said that Plaintiff “couldn’t control [her]

floor” and that she had “no control over [the] other nurses.” (Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg.

ID 531.) After this meeting, Defendant started scheduling Plaintiff for shifts on the fourth

floor instead of the seventh. (Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 398.)

b. Plaintiff Receives a Caution

MMH houses cognitively impaired residents who may not move around the

facility without supervision. (Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 382-83.) When a cognitively

impaired resident wanders unsupervised, Defendant refers to this as an “elopement.”

(See id.) A staff member who discovers an elopement must either alert the staff and call a

supervisor, take the resident back to her unit, or stay with the resident until staff from

that resident’s floor arrives. (Id. at Pg. ID 383.)

On June 11, 2019, Plaintiff encountered one such resident who wandered from the

seventh floor to her floor. (Caution Consultation, Doc. 22-1, Pg. ID 467.) This resident was

a flight risk who had been known to “dart off.” (Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 411-13.)

When Plaintiff came upon this resident, she maintains that she gave the resident coffee

and directed her to the floor’s chapel. (Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 552.) Plaintiff then

called the nurses on the seventh floor, told them the resident was on the fourth floor, and

hung up. (Caution Consultation, Doc. 22-1, Pg. ID 467.) By the time the shift supervisor

came to the fourth floor, Plaintiff did not know where the resident was, and she did not

respond to the supervisor's questions. (Id.) Anderson issued Plaintiff a caution on June

12, 2019, for this incident. (Caution Consultation, Doc. 22-1, Pg. ID 467-69.)

Plaintiff disputes this recounting, maintaining that the supervisor didn’t question

her about the resident, she was busy with other patients who were fall risks, and the

wandering resident was trying to go to the chapel, not leave the premises. (Rayford Dep,

Doc. 24, Pg. ID 551-52.) Plaintiff also maintains that she knew that another nurse let two

residents off her floor without being disciplined. (Id. at Pg. ID 551-52.) Plaintiff concedes

that she shared responsibility for the incident with the other staff on duty. (Plaintiff's

Resp. to Interrog., Doc. 25-1, Pg. ID 752.)

c. Plaintiff Receives a Reprimand

Nursing staff at MMH are required to check in on residents every two hours to see

if they need to be changed. (Cook Dep., Doc. 20, Pg. ID 291.) On May 24, 2021, a resident

on the fourth floor was up “all night” in her chair without being taken to the bathroom

or changed. (See Reprimand Consultation, Doc. 22-2, Pg. ID 470.) Staff from the next shift

found that the resident “and her chair pad [were] saturated with urine at change of shift.”

(Id.) This exposed the resident to potential skin breakdown, urinary tract infection, and

limited mobility. (Id.) Plaintiff was the charging nurse when this incident occurred, so she

received a reprimand on May 26, 2021, for this oversight. (Id.)

Plaintiff disputes this series of events, asserting that the staff did check on the

resident during her shift, and that the resident was dry the last time they checked on her.

(Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 554-57.) Plaintiff maintains that the day shift was

inconsistent in caring for the resident. (Id. at Pg. ID 554-55.) Plaintiff also argues that it

would have been pointless to contest the reprimand. (Id. at Pg. ID 556-57.) That said,

Plaintiff concedes that she shared responsibility for the incident with the other staff on

duty. (Plaintiff's Resp. to Interrog., Doc. 25-1, Pg. ID 752.)

d. HIPAA Violation

Plaintiff also violated Defendant’s Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) policy by using her personal email to send patient

information to Nurse Manager Laura Cook. (See August 17, 2021, Anderson Email, Doc.

22-4, Pg. ID 478; Rayford Email, Doc. 22-8, Pg. ID 485.) Plaintiff maintains that her work

email was hacked at that time, so she had no other way to communicate with Cook.

(Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, 570-71.)

e. Performance Review

On August 18, 2021, Cook gave Plaintiff her performance review. (See Performance

Review, Doc. 22-5, Pg. ID 479-81.) Cook specified that Plaintiff needed to improve in

“utiliz[ing] the nursing process as a framework for nursing,” “demonstrat[ing]

appropriate documentation skills,” and “accept[ing] supervisory guidance.” (/d. at Pg. ID

479-80.) Cook noted that Plaintiff had issues with implementing care plans, completing

assessments, documenting condition changes, protecting patient information, spreading

false information about coworkers, and being receptive to supervisor feedback. (Id. at Pg.

ID 481; Cook Dep., Doc. 20, Pg. ID 307-09.) Plaintiff did not agree with the evaluation.

(Performance Review, Doc. 22-5, Pg. ID 480; Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 562.)

f. Failure to Provide Proper Care

At some point, Plaintiff and an STNA failed to change a resident into her “TED

hose,” or compression stockings. (See Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID 163-64; Anderson

Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 399-401.) Plaintiff maintained that she was delayed in helping put

on the TED hose because she was passing out medication. (Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID

571-72.) Still, on November 23, 2021, Anderson, Cook, and Human Resources Director

Fallon Lane-David spoke with Plaintiff about the incident. (Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg.

ID 163-64; Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 399-401.) They also discussed Plaintiff's past

performance and conduct issues referenced in her Performance Review, and they told

her that she faced termination if there were “any other issues.” if this issue happened

again. (Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg. ID 163-64.)

Later, two STNAs and a resident complained that Plaintiff did not help apply the

same resident’s TED hose on December 25 and 26, 2021. (Discharge Consultation, Doc.

22-6, Pg. ID 482-83.) The resident waited for over an hour after calling for assistance for

the stockings. (Id. at Pg. ID 482.) Plaintiff, despite being notified, did not assist the

resident. (I[d.) The STNA on Plaintiff's floor stated that she struggled to get help from

Plaintiff and that Plaintiff did not respond to calls for assistance. (Id.; see also Cook Dep.,

Doc. 20, Pg. ID 313-14.)

Plaintiff disputes these events, testifying that she “always helped put on TED

hose” and that the incident did not occur over two nights. (Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID

575-76.) Plaintiff added that nurses could request assistance from other floors, but she

was instructed not to seek help on these occasions. (Id.) Plaintiff also testified that the

resident did not request assistance and that she had put on that resident’s TED hose

“plenty of times.” (Id. at Pg. ID 578.) Anderson testified that she would have allowed

Plaintiff to ask other nurses for help with the TED hose if she had a problem, but she

never vocalized a problem. (Anderson Dep., Doc. 22, Pg. ID 426.)

IV. _ Plaintiff’s Termination

Defendant terminated Plaintiff on January 13, 2022, after she had accumulated

several performance issues. (Discharge Consultation, Doc. 22-6, Pg. ID 482-83.) The

discharge notice pointed to the incidents related to the TED hose as a reason for

termination. (Id.) It also referenced Plaintiff's “ongoing performance and conduct issues,”

as well as Plaintiff's “attitude and lack of being a team player” which had “created a toxic

work environment, in which co-workers have requested to not be a part of.” (Id.)

V. Plaintiff's Opinions on Management

Plaintiff asserts that Defendant’s management harassed her every day to push her

out of her job. (See Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 567-68.) As noted above, Plaintiff stressed

that management disciplined her for conduct that other nurses did without any adverse

consequences. Plaintiff stated that she reported this disparate treatment to Human

Resources and her supervisors, but they did nothing. (Id. at Pg. ID 547-48, 586-87.)

PROCEDURAL POSTURE

Plaintiff brings claims against Defendant for age and disability discrimination, as

well as retaliation, in violation of Ohio and federal law. (See Compl., Doc. 2, 73-135.)

Defendant now moves for summary judgment on all of Plaintiff’s claims. (Motion for

Summary Judgment, Doc. 26.)

LAW

When there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, the district court will grant summary judgment.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party has the burden to show that no genuine issue of

material fact exists. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Lansing Dairy, Inc. v.

Espy, 39 F.3d 1339, 1347 (6th Cir, 1994). If the moving party meets that burden, then it

becomes the nonmoving party’s responsibility to point to specific facts showing that there

is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986).

A court need not search the record for genuine issues of material fact. Betkerur v.

Aultman Hosp. Ass‘n, 78 F.3d 1079, 1087 (6th Cir. 1996). And, a “mere scintilla” of evidence

in support of the nonmoving party’s position is not enough to avoid summary judgment.

Daniels v. Woodside, 396 F.3d 730, 734 (6th Cir. 2005). Rather, to preclude summary

judgment, the nonmoving party must put forward probative evidence on which a jury

could reasonably reach a verdict in that party’s favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251-52; Lansing

Dairy, 39 F.3d at 1347. If the nonmoving party fails to make the necessary showing for an

element on which it has the burden of proof, then the moving party is entitled to

summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323.

ANALYSIS

I. Disability Discrimination Claims

The Court will first consider Plaintiff’s state and federal disability discrimination

claims. (See Compl., Doc. 2, J 95-128.) Plaintiff explicitly abandoned these claims in her

response in opposition to summary judgment. (Plaintiffs Response, Doc. 28, Pg. ID 814.)

Thus, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment in its favor on Plaintiff's state and

federal disability discrimination claims. See Mason v. Wal-Mart Corp., 2:14-CV-00446, 2016

WL 2624960, at *5 (S.D. Ohio May 9, 2015).

II. Age Discrimination and Retaliation Claims

The Court next considers Plaintiff's claims for age discrimination and retaliation

brought under federal and Ohio law. Both the federal Age Discrimination in Employment

Act (“ADEA”) and Ohio law prohibit an employer from discriminating against an

employee because of such individual’s age or for engaging in protected conduct. 29

U.S.C. § 623(a)(1) and (d); Ohio. Rev. Code § 4112.02(A) and (I). Furthermore, federal and

state law prohibit employers from retaliating against employees who report unlawful

discrimination. 29 U.S.C. § 623(d) (age); 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a) (disability); Ohio Rev. Code

§ 4112.02(1). These claims are all analyzed under the same framework, so the Court will

review them in tandem. Blizzard v. Marion Tech. Coll., 698 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2012);

Williams v. Graphic Packaging Int'l, 790 F. App’x 745, 750-51 (6th Cir. 2019).

Where, as here, a plaintiff seeks to establish discrimination through indirect

evidence, the Court applies the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Younis v.

Pinnacle Airlines, Inc., 610 F.3d 359, 363 (6th Cir. 2010). The first step of this framework

requires a plaintiff to establish a prima facie case for discrimination. Id. To establish a

prima facie case of age discrimination, a plaintiff must show that she was: (1) a member

of a protected class, (2) qualified for the position, (3) the victim of an adverse employment

action, and (4) replaced by someone outside the protected class. See Ang v. Procter &

Gamble Co., 932 F.2d 540, 548 (6th Cir. 1991). And, a prima facie case of retaliation requires

a showing that (1) the plaintiff engaged in protected activity; (2) the defendant knew of

this protected activity; (3) the defendant then took an adverse employment action; and

(4) a causal connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse employment

action. Goller v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab. & Corr., 285 F. App’x 250, 256 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation

omitted).

Once the plaintiff establishes her prima facie case, the burden shifts to the

defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse

employment action. See Ang, 932 F.2d at 548. If the defendant does so, the burden shifts

back to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the defendant’s reason was but a pretext for

unlawful discrimination. Id.; see also Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,

253 (1981).

The Court proceeds on the assumption that Plaintiff has shown her prima facie

case. Defendant too satisfies its burden of showing that it terminated Plaintiff for a

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason: Plaintiff’s repeated performance issues. (See

Motion for Summary Judgment, Doc. 26, Pg. ID 784-85.) Poor performance is a legitimate

and nondiscriminatory reason for terminating an employee. See Goldblum v. Univ. of

Cincinnati, 62 F.4th 244, 252 (6th Cir. 2023) (noting that a failure to follow company

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policies constituted a legitimate basis for termination); Bhama v. Mercy Mem’! Hosp. Corp.,

416 F. App’x 542, 548-50 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding that patient complaints and failure to

follow patient care standards were legitimate bases for termination). The burden thus

shifts back to Plaintiff to show that this reason is pretextual.

The fundamental question in the pretext analysis is whether the employer made

the adverse employment decision for the stated reason or not. Tingle v. Arbors at Hilliard,

692 F.3d 523, 530 (6th Cir. 2012). A plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence such that a

reasonable jury could doubt the employer's stated reason for its actions. Chen v. Dow

Chem. Co., 580 F.3d 394, 400 (6th Cir. 2009). A plaintiff may refute an employer’s proffered

legitimate reason by showing that the reason (1) has no basis, (2) did not actually motivate

the challenged conduct, or (3) could not warrant the challenged conduct. Wexler v. White’s

Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 576 (6th Cir. 2003).

a. Pretext Related to Age Discrimination

The Court will first consider Plaintiff's arguments for pretext as they relate to her

age discrimination claim. (See Response, Doc. 28, Pg. ID 810-11.) Plaintiff argues that

Defendant's reason for termination was pretextual because management disciplined her

for certain conduct, but it would not discipline other employees who engaged in the same

conduct. (Id. at Pg. ID 810.)

To succeed on this argument, Plaintiff must provide evidence that “other

employees, particularly employees outside the protected class, were not disciplined even

though they engaged in substantially identical conduct.” Miles v. S. Cent. Hum. Res.

Agency, Inc., 946 F.3d 883, 893 (6th Cir. 2020). Courts look to whether employees outside

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the protected class “(1) dealt with the same supervisor, (2) [were] subject to the same

standards, and whether they (3) engaged in the same conduct without such

differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the

employer's treatment of them for it.” Pelcha v. MW Bancopr., Inc., 988 F.3d 318, 328 (6th

Cir. 2021) (quotation omitted).

Plaintiff first points out that she was disciplined after the elopement incident, but

the STNAs on the seventh floor — who allowed the resident to leave the floor — were not.

(Response, Doc. 28, Pg. ID 810, 823; Rayford Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID 550-51.) But, the STNAs

on the seventh floor were not similarly situated to Plaintiff—a charge nurse—because

they had different responsibilities and expectations. (See Lane-David Dep., Doc. 18, Pg.

ID 115-16.) More importantly, Plaintiff was disciplined for not following elopement

protocol, rather than allowing a resident to leave her floor. (See Caution Consultation,

Doc. 22-1, Pg. ID 467-68.) Thus, Plaintiff has not presented evidence showing that other

employees engaged in conduct “substantially identical” to not following elopement

protocol, let alone that those employees were subject to the same kind of responsibilities

as Plaintiff. See Miles, 946 F.3d at 894. So, this evidence fails to show pretext.

Next, Plaintiff directs the Court to the incident relating to the resident who had

soiled herself. (Response, Doc. 29, Pg. ID 810, 823.) Plaintiff argues that there was “no

evidence” that the incident occurred while Plaintiff was on duty. (Id. at Pg. ID 823.) But,

the incident report provides that staff last took the resident to the bathroom the day

before Plaintiff's shift and that the resident was soiled by Plaintiff's shift change.

(Reprimand Consultation, Doc. 22-2, Pg. ID 470-76.) Plaintiff does not provide evidence

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to undermine this report or show that Defendant treated an employee differently in

similar circumstances. Thus, this argument fails to show pretext. Allen v. Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc., 602 F. App’x 617, 621 (6th Cir. 2015) (A plaintiff cannot meet her burden for pretext

by mere “speculation in the face of documentary proof and deposition testimony.”)

Plaintiff further argues that she was uniquely disciplined because she requested

help putting on a resident’s TED hose. (See Response, Doc. 28, Pg. ID 810, 823.) But,

Plaintiff was not disciplined for requesting help in changing a TED hose. (See Discharge

Consultation, Doc. 22-6, Pg. ID 482-83.) Rather, Plaintiff was disciplined because she

ignored a resident’s request for help and did not help STNAs put on that resident’s TED

hose. (See id.) As with the other incidents, there is no evidence that a similarly situated

charge nurse acted the same way but escaped without the same consequences. In turn,

this argument fails to show pretext.

Thus, Plaintiff has not met her burden to demonstrate pretext for her state and

federal age discrimination claims.

b. Pretext Related to Retaliation

Next, Plaintiff presents no argument to demonstrate pretext related to her state

and federal retaliation claims. (See Response, Doc. 28, Pg. ID 811-14.) Rather, Plaintiff

solely argues that she has created a prima facie case of retaliation. (See id.) This is not

enough to demonstrate pretext. See Booker v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., 879 F.2d

1304, 1314 (6th Cir. 1989) (“Since [the plaintiff] has failed to set forth any evidence to rebut

[the defendant's] legitimate and nondiscriminatory reason for his demotion,” summary

judgment on Plaintiff’s retaliation claim was proper.)

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In any event, Plaintiff does not tie her complaints to her age or physical conditions.

Plaintiff testified that she did not report her age or physical conditions as bases for

disparate treatment, and no one told her they impacted her ability to work. (See Rayford

Dep., Doc. 24, Pg. ID at 544-45.) This, without connection to her age or physical

conditions, is not enough to support Plaintiff's retaliation claim. See Balding-Margolis v.

Cleveland Arcade, 352 F. App’x 35, 45 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that complaints about

general work-related issues without reference to membership in a protected class cannot

sustain an unlawful retaliation claim).

* #

Plaintiff fails to show that Defendant's proffered reason for terminating her was

pretextual. Accordingly, summary judgment must be entered in favor of Defendant on

Plaintiff's state and federal age discrimination and retaliation claims.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 26) is

GRANTED. This case is TERMINATED from the Court's docket.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

Mah wusqall

By:

JUDGE MATTHEW W. McFARLAND

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