The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
APRIL CLARK, :
: Case No. 2:23-cv-04201
Plaintiff, :
: Chief Judge Algenon L. Marbley
v. :
: Magistrate Judge Kimberly A. Jolson
WENDY WILLIAMS, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, :
: Case No. 2:23-cv-04202
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
SUSAN VILLILIO, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, :
: Case No. 2:23-cv-04203
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
KAREN PHIPPS, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, :
: Case No. 2:23-cv-04204
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
CHRIS BROWN, :
:
Defendant. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, :
: Case No. 2:23-cv-04205
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
LITTLER MENDELSON PC, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, : Case No. 2:23-cv-04206
:
Plaintiff, :
:
v. :
:
CVS HEALTH PHARMACY, INC. et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, : Case No. 2:23-cv-04207
:
Plaintiffs, :
:
v. :
:
KIDZ PLANET, LLC, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
APRIL CLARK, : Case No. 2:23-cv-04208
:
Plaintiffs, :
:
v. :
:
SPITZ LAW FIRM, LLC, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
_______________________________________
OPINION & ORDER
This matter is before this Court on Plaintiff April Clark’s pending motions and objections
in eight of her nine active cases in front of this Court. For the reasons set forth below, this Court
orders as follows:
e Plaintiff's objections ace OVERRULED and all of the Magistrate Judge’s Orders and
Report and Recommendations (“R&Rs”) are ADOPTED IN FULL, so:
o Plaintiff's claims in the seven cases in which she filed objections! are DISMISSED
WITHOUT PREJUDICE; and
o Plaintiff's Title VII race discrimination claim in Kidz Planet can proceed, but the
rest of her claims in that case are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
e Plaintiff's pending motions for leave to file an amended complaint? are DENIED AS
MOOT, as is her pending motion for reconsideration’; and
e Plaintiffs pending motion for e-filing rights* is DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
This Order addresses filings in eight cases, three of which are now consolidated.> The
three consolidated cases “stem from the same settlement agreement between Ms. Clark and her
former employer,” and seek relief from that former employer (Aetna and its parent company CVS
Pharmacy), a law firm that briefly represented her (Spitz Law Firm), and Aetna’s lawyer (Littler
Mendelson). (See No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 15 at 2-3). The other cases vary, ranging from
suing mental health facilities and their empl oyees for alleged wrongs regarding how they treated
1 (No. 2:23-cv-4201; No. 2:23-cv-4202; No. 2:23-cv-4203; No. 2:23-cv-4204; No. 2:23-cv-4205; No. 2:23-cv-4206;
and No. 2:23-cv-4208).
2 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 8; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 9).
3 (No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 10).
4 (No. 2:23-ev-4208, ECF No. 10).
5 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, No. 2:23-cv-2406, and No. 2:23-cv-4208).
someone in Plaintiff’s care6 to suing state court judges for how they handled Plaintiff’s prior state
claims7 to suing another former employer for disability discrimination.8 This Court will address
the substance of the cases as necessary in its analysis below.
II. LAW & ANALYSIS
A district court reviews de novo any part of a magistrate judge’s R&R to which a party
properly lodges objections. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). To be analyzed here
are a variety of R&Rs catered to the relevant motions and facts in each of Plaintiff’s cases. This
Court finds it appropriate, however, to address these in aggregate where possible given the overlap
in underlying factual situations and similarity in Plaintiff’s objections to some of these R&Rs.
A. Granting IFP and Recommending Dismissal of Some or All Claims
This Court starts with the first R&R in each of Plaintiff’s cases: those addressing Plaintiff’s
requests to proceed IFP and conducting an initial screen of Plaintiff’s claims. One of these R&Rs,
in Plaintiff’s case against her former employer, Kidz Planet, recommended that this Court allow
Plaintiff’s race-based discrimination claim to proceed.9 Otherwise, the R&Rs granted Plaintiff’s
requests to proceed IFP, but recommended dismissal of all of Plaintiff’s claims in each case.10
Plaintiff objected at least twice to each of these “initial screen” R&Rs other than the R&R in her
case against Kidz Planet, to which she did not object. Plaintiff’s first set of objections varies a bit
among cases: She filed the same objections in her cases against Williams and Villilio11; the same
objections in her cases against Littler Mendelson, CVS Pharmacy, and Spitz Law Firm12; and then
6 (No. 2:23-cv-4201; No. 2:23-cv-4202).
7 (No. 2:23-cv-4203; No. 2:23-cv-4204).
8 (No. 2:23-cv-4207).
9 (No. 2:23-cv-4207, ECF No. 3).
10 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4204,
ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 3; and No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 4).
11 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 7; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 7).
12 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 9; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 16; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 12).
individual sets in her cases against Judges Phipps and Brown.13 But Plaintiff’s second set of
objections to the initial screen R&Rs are the same in each of these seven cases.14 Plaintiff also
moves for reconsideration of this Court’s adoption of Magistrate Judge Jolson’s R&R
recommending her claims against CVS Pharmacy be dismissed. (No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 10
(seeking reconsideration of No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 6)). But that Order was vacated before
Plaintiff filed this motion, so her motion for reconsideration is DENIED AS MOOT. Instead, this
Court will consider the substance of this filing as objections.
Despite the variety of objections, this Court does not see a path forward for any of
Plaintiff’s claims based on her allegations. Jurisdictionally speaking, both the Phipps and Brown
cases involve claims against a judge for actions taken in the judge’s judicial capacity. But these
claims are barred, as both Phipps and Brown are absolutely protected from suit by judicial
immunity for such actions. Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991); Morgan v. Bd. of Pro. Resp.
of the Supreme Ct. of Tennessee, 63 F.4th 510, 518 (6th Cir. 2023).
In the Williams case, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Williams was an employee of
Defendant Southeast Mental Health. (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 7 at 9). But to bring a Title VII
claim, the plaintiff themselves must be or have been an employee of the institution they attempt to
hold accountable for any alleged wrongdoings. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(f); Burch v. Cuyahoga Cnty.
Probate Court, 392 F.3d 151, 157 (6th Cir. 2004). Plaintiff never claims to have been an employee
of either Defendant, so she cannot sue under Title VII. Plaintiff’s Title VI claims in Littler
Mendelson also fail as a matter of law, as she does not, and cannot, claim that any of those
Defendants receive federal funding. Similarly, Plaintiff seeks to sue the Littler Mendelson and
13 (No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 8; No. 2:23-cv-4204, ECF No. 5).
14 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 15; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 14; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 13; No. 2:23-cv-4204,
ECF No. 13; No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 10; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 17; and No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 13).
CVS Pharmacy Defendants for civil rights violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 28 U.S.C.
§ 1343(3), but Plaintiff does not sue a state actor, nor does she claim any defendant acted under
the color of state law, as is required by these civil rights statutes. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; 28 U.S.C.
§ 1343(a)(3). As such, Plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and these
claims must be dismissed. See Simescu v. Emmet County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 942 F.2d 372, 375
(6th Cir. 1991). And Plaintiff’s Title VII claim against Littler Mendelson fares no better. Such a
claim “invit[es] district court review and rejection” of a state court judgment, which is barred by
Rooker-Feldman’s prohibition on lower federal courts’ appellate review of state court decisions.
Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005); McCormick v.
Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 391–91 (6th Cir. 2006).
As to Plaintiff’s other Title VI, Title VII, and Fourteenth Amendment claims—those in her
CVS Pharmacy and Spitz Law Firm cases—such requests for relief do not “contain sufficient
factual matter [that], accepted as true, … state[s] a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007)) (cleaned up). While this Court construes her complaint in a light most favorable to
her, “conclusory, unsupported statements” are “insufficient to state a claim.” Dellis v. Corr. Corp.
of Am., 257 F.3d 508, 511 (6th Cir. 2001). Other than the claim the magistrate judge recommended
go forward in Plaintiff’s case against Kidz Planet, this Court is unable to make out a Title VI, Title
VII, or Fourteenth Amendment claim that is plausible on its face due to Plaintiff’s lack of factual
specificity. (See No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 3 at 3). The same is true for any claims against
Defendants Castle and Cassone in the Phipps case, as Plaintiff either requests no relief from them
or makes too unspecific of claims to warrant relief.
Moving on to Plaintiff’s other claims. In some cases, Plaintiff attempts to sue under various
criminal statutes, including 18 U.S.C. § 644, 18 U.S.C. § 371, and 18 U.S.C. § 242. (See, e.g., No.
2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 3 at 3). And because Plaintiff’s complaint is to be construed liberally,
Magistrate Judge Jolson interpreted Plaintiff’s complaint as using 18 U.S.C. § 287 as the statutory
mechanism by which to secure some of her requested relief. (See e.g., No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No.
3 at 3). But “[w]here a plaintiff has no private right of action, a plaintiff has not stated a claim
upon which relief can be granted.” Kafele v. Frank & Woolridge Co., 108 F. App’x 307, 308–09
(6th Cir. 2004). Such is the case here, as Plaintiff, a private citizen, cannot sue under any criminal
statute. United States v. Oguaju, 76 F. App’x 579, 581 (6th Cir. 2003). So, any claims brought in
any of her cases according to a criminal statute must be dismissed which, here, includes those in
the Williams, Villilio, Littler Mendelson, and Spitz Law Firm cases.
Having kicked out these other claims, her only remaining claims are state law claims,
including but not limited to negligence, misrepresentation, defamation, slander, libel, harassment,
retaliation, frivolous conduct, grand theft, conversion, conspiracy, breach of fiduciary duty,
embezzlement, malpractice, and receipt of stolen property. But this Court lacks jurisdiction over
Plaintiff’s state law claims for a variety of reasons. Based on the above, Plaintiff does not have
federal question jurisdiction in any of her cases. Nor can she claim diversity jurisdiction in most
of her cases based on party citizenship.15 That said, Plaintiff and at least some of the Defendants
in the Littler Mendelson and CVS Pharmacy cases are or may be diverse.16 But Plaintiff fails to
allege an amount in controversy above $75,000 against the Rhode Island-based Defendants in CVS
Pharmacy, so diversity jurisdiction fails here. And as to her claims against the New Jersey-based
15 (See No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 3 at 4; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 3 at 3; No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 3 at 5–6;
No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 4 at 4).
16 (See No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 3 at 6; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 3 at 4).
Defendants in Littler Mendelson, some are barred by Rooker-Feldman, as Plaintiff again tries to
challenge her state court judgment, and some are substantively barred, as a malpractice claim
requires an attorney-client relationship but none of the Defendants represented her. (See No. 2:23-
cv-4205, ECF No. 3 at 6). Without a plausible basis for original jurisdiction in any of her cases,
it is not appropriate for this Court to exercise pendant jurisdiction over her claims arising under
state law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a); Brooks v. Rothe, 577 F.3d 701, 709 (6th Cir. 2009). So, none
of Plaintiff’s state law claims can proceed.
* * *
Considering the above in aggregate, all of Plaintiff’s claims in the seven above-captioned
cases with objected-to R&Rs are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Plaintiff’s Title VII
race discrimination claim in Kidz Planet can proceed, but the rest of her claims in that case are
DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. In compliance with this Court’s May 15, 2024, Order
implementing filing restrictions on Plaintiff’s future filings, Plaintiff has the ability to bring proper
claims against these parties with the assistance of counsel. (See No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 23).
B. Denying E-filing Rights, Transfer, and Leave to File Amended Complaint
Plaintiff also objects to all of Magistrate Judge Jolson’s denials of Plaintiff’s requests for
electronic filing rights and to transfer her cases to a proper venue and recommendations that this
Court dismiss Plaintiff’s amended complaints and deny her leave to appeal IFP.17 While this Court
is only required to review de novo the aspects of the magistrate judge’s analysis to which a party
“properly” objects, this Court will liberally construe Plaintiff’s dozens of pages of objections as
taking issues with all parts of the underlying recommendation or order. As such, this Court takes
each group of motions in turn.
17 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 13; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4204,
ECF No. 10; and No. 2:23-cv-4207, ECF Nos. 6, 8).
1. E-Filing
Plaintiff sought the ability to file papers with this Court electronically in six of her eight
cases, five of which have been denied by the magistrate judge18 and one of which remains
pending.19 Magistrate Judge Jolson was well within her discretion to choose not to grant Plaintiff
the privilege of electronic filing. See Needham v. Butler Cnty. Jail, No. 1:19-cv-294, 2019 WL
5883643, at *2 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 12, 2019). This Court recently detailed Plaintiff’s extensive filing
history in its order deeming Plaintiff a vexatious litigator, so it need not rehash that here. (See,
e.g., No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 23). Instead, it suffices to say that, particularly in light of
Plaintiff’s new filing requirements, Plaintiff’s requests for the ability to file electronically20 are
DENIED. This same logic extends to her pending motion in her case against Spitz Law Firm.
(No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 10).
2. Transfer
In two of her cases, Plaintiff sought to “transfer to proper jurisdiction” after the magistrate
judge recommended the dismissal of her complaint.21 But in neither motion did Plaintiff even
attempt to make any argument that “the interest of justice” supports the transferring her case. See
28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). She instead repeats some of her substantive allegations, arguing that she has
standing to bring her case and that she should be able to amend her complaint.22 As these cannot
form the basis for a motion to transfer, these motions23 are DENIED.
3. Leave to File Amended Complaint
18 (See No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 13; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-
4204, ECF No. 10).
19 (See No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 10).
20 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 10; No. 2:23-cv-
4204, ECF No. 9).
21 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 9).
22 (See No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 9).
23 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 9).
Plaintiff sought leave to file an amended complaint in all eight of the above-captioned
cases, five of which have already been denied as moot by the magistrate judge24 and three of which
—those in her Littler Mendelson, CVS Pharmacy, and Spitz Law Firm cases—remain pending.25
Magistrate Judge Jolson denied the other five requests as there had either not been service of her
original complaint or she had already filed her amended complaint, either of which render her
requests moot. And as she did a few of those prior cases, Plaintiff has already filed an amended
complaint in each of her remaining cases despite not yet being granted leave to do so.26 As such,
all of her motions for leave to file an amended complaint27 are DENIED AS MOOT.
4. Leave to Appeal IFP
Referencing Plaintiff’s many cases and many filings, Magistrate Judge Jolson further
recommended that this Court certify that any appeal from this Court’s order adopting her
recommendations would not be taken in good faith, and therefore deny Plaintiff leave to appeal
IFP. (See, e.g., No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 13 at 5). This Court has already addressed Plaintiff’s
filing habits by way of its vexatious litigator order, by which Plaintiff is now required to seek the
assistance or verification of counsel in some capacity before any future filings. (See, e.g., No.
2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 23). Based on the above analysis, this Court finds that an appeal of this
Order would not be taken in good faith. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3). While this Order dismisses
almost all of Plaintiff’s pending claims, Plaintiff has the opportunity to file future pleadings or
motions in compliance with the aforementioned filing requirements, and can “file, within thirty
days of service of [this O]rder denying IFP status on appeal, a motion with [the appellate] court
24 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 13; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4202,
ECF No. 10; No. 2:23-cv-4207, ECF No. 6).
25 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 8; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 9).
26 (See No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 11; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 14; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 11).
27 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 8; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 9).
for leave to proceed IFP on appeal in accordance with the procedures set forth in Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 24(a)(5).” Owens v. Keeling, 461 F.3d 763, 775 (6th Cir. 2006). So, as is the
case with her filing limitations,
requiring Ms. Clark to follow these procedures does not mean that she will be
unable to defend herself, nor does it violate her constitutional rights. Ms. Clark
retains her due process rights to be heard and to access this Court according to
established procedures, as is consistent with this Court’s precedent for prolific
litigators.
(No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF No. 23 at 6).
Hl. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's objections’® are OVERRULED and Magistrate
Judge Jolson’s R&Rs” are ADOPTED IN FULL. Accordingly, Plaintiffs claims in the seven
cases in which she filed objections*’ are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, and while
Plaintiff's Title VII race discrimination claim in Kidz Planet can proceed, the rest of her claims in
that case are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Additionally, Plaintiffs pending motions
for leave to file an amended complaint*' are DENIED AS MOOT, as is her pending motion for
reconsideration.*” Her pending motion for e-filing rights*’ is also DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
ALGENOML. MARBL
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
DATED: July 9, 2024
28 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF Nos. 7, 14, 15; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF Nos. 7, 13, 14; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF Nos. 8,
12, 13; No. 2:23-cv-4204, ECF Nos. 5, 12, 13; No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF Nos. 9, 10; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 16,
17; and No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF Nos. 12, 13).
29 (No. 2:23-cv-4201, ECF Nos. 3, 13; No. 2:23-cv-4202, ECF No. 3, 12; No. 2:23-cv-4203, ECF Nos. 3, 11; No.
2:23-cv-4204, ECF Nos. 3, 10; No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 3; No. 2:23-cv-4207,
ECF Nos. 6, 8; and No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 4).
3° (No. 2:23-cv-4201; No. 2:23-cv-4202; No. 2:23-cv-4203; No. 2:23-cv-4204; No. 2:23-cv-4205; No. 2:23-cv-
4206; and No. 2:23-cv-4208).
31 (No. 2:23-cv-4205, ECF No. 8; No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 12; No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 9).
32 (No. 2:23-cv-4206, ECF No. 10).
33 (No. 2:23-cv-4208, ECF No. 10).
11