The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
SHANDRELL M. J. PRIVOTT CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS NO: 23-1848
CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, ET AL. SECTION: "J"(5)
ORDER & REASONS
Before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss (Rec. Doc. 14) filed by Defendant the
Regional Transit Authority of New Orleans (“RTA”). Plaintiff Shandrell Privott has
filed an opposition (Rec. Doc. 19) to which the RTA has replied (Rec. Doc. 23).
Considering the motions, the memoranda, the record, and the law, the Court finds
the motion should be DENIED.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Shandrell M. J. Privott has been employed by the New Orleans Police
Department (“NOPD”) since 2002 and is currently serving as a sergeant. From
December 2019 until March 17, 2022, Plaintiff was assigned to serve as a Transit
Police Unit Commander with RTA. RTA describes this as a “loan” while Plaintiff
characterizes her time with RTA as joint employment. Plaintiff served in this role
until RTA asked the NOPD to terminate her assignment and replace her with
someone else. During the course of her assignment, Plaintiff alleges that her
supervisor at RTA, Chief Security Officer Robert Hickman, sexually harassed her
over a period of months, “routinely propositioning her for sex.” (Rec. Doc. 1, at 3).
After Plaintiff complained about this harassment, Plaintiff asserts she was retaliated
against, discriminated against based on her sex, and wrongfully terminated from her
joint employment as the RTA’s Transit Police Unit Commander. Plaintiff has now
filed Title VII discrimination and retaliation claims and state law employment
discrimination claims against the City of New Orleans and against the RTA. The RTA
has now moved to dismiss the claims against it, arguing that Plaintiff was never an
employee of the RTA and therefore that her employment claims against them must
be dismissed.
LEGAL STANDARD
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plead sufficient
facts to “‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff pleads facts that allow the court to
“draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Id. The factual allegations in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right
to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “[D]etailed factual
allegations” are not required, but the pleading must present “more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
The court must accept all well-pleaded facts as true and must draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Lormand v. U.S. Unwired, Inc., 565 F.3d 228, 232
(5th Cir. 2009). However, “‘conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading
as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.’” Beavers v.
Metro. Life Ins. Co., 566 F.3d 436, 439 (5th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff has brought claims against the RTA under Title VII and under
Louisiana Employment Discrimination Law, asserting that the RTA was her “joint
employer” while she was on loan to them from the NOPD. The RTA has moved to
dismiss these claims, arguing that the “joint employer” theory of liability is
inapplicable to political subdivisions like the RTA.
Title VII serves to hold employers liable for discrimination against any
individual on the basis of a number of protected categories including sex. Title VII
defines an employer as “a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has
fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar
weeks in the current or proceeding calendar year, and any agent of such person. . . .”
42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b). It is also possible for an entity to be held as an employer even if
no traditional, direct employment relationship exists. However, the RTA asserts that
the tests used by the Fifth Circuit to establish liability for these types of indirect
employment, namely the single enterprise test and the joint employer test, are
inapplicable to government entities.
In support of this assertion the RTA cites Trevino v. Celanese Corp. F.2d 397
(5th Cir. 1983). In Trevino the Fifth Circuit stated in a footnote that “[the single
integrated enterprise test] is not readily applicable to governmental subdivisions, for
it was ‘developed by the National Labor Relations Board to determine whether
consolidation of separate private corporations is proper in determining the relevant
employer for purposes of enforcing the National Labor Relations Act.’” Id. at 404
fn.10. Although this language may fall “a little shy of a bright-line rule” Dyas v. City
of Shreveport, 2017 WL 3711898, at *3 (W.D. La. Aug. 28, 2017), it has been restated
by the Fifth Circuit and by District Courts within the Fifth Circuit. See Turner v.
Baylor Richardson Med. Ctr., 476 F.3d 377, 344 (5th Cir. 2007); Gogreve v. Downtown
Development Dist., 426 F.Supp.2d 383, 390 (E.D. La. Mar. 30, 2006).
Additionally, in Karagounis v. Univ. of Texas Health Sci. Ctr. at San Antonio,
1999 WL 25015, at *2 (5th Cir. 1999), the Fifth Circuit stated that the single employer
or single enterprise test was very closely related to the joint employer test. The Court
stated,
Given the similarities between the two, we are constrained by Trevino
to hold that the governmental subdivision rule we applied within the
single employer doctrine also applies to the joint employer theory. To
hold otherwise would, in effect, allow an end run around the precedent
we established in Dumas and Trevino.
Id. Therefore, the RTA asserts that because it is a political subdivision of the State of
Louisiana, Plaintiff cannot establish liability under either the single employer or joint
employer test, and therefore the claims against the RTA must be dismissed as a
matter of law.
Plaintiff does not dispute that the RTA is a political subdivision; however,
Plaintiff asserts that even though she used the phrase “jointly employed” in her
complaint, “she was, in fact, employed by the RTA in the traditional sense of the
word.” (Rec. Doc. 19, at 4-5). Plaintiff urges the Court to apply the hybrid economic
realities/common law control test (“Hybrid Test”) rather than the single enterprise or
joint employment tests that the RTA asserts are relevant. Under the Hybrid Test, the
Court must ask whether the putative employer has “[t]he right to control [the]
employee’s conduct.” Deal v. State Farm County Mut. Ins. Co. of Texas, 5 F.3d 117,
119 (5th Cir. 1993). This question calls the Court to focus on:
whether the alleged employer has the right to hire and fire the
employee, the right to supervise the employee, and the right to set the
employee’s work schedule. The economic realities component of [the]
test has focused on whether the alleged employer paid the employee’s
salary, withheld taxes, provided benefits, and set the terms and
conditions of employment.
Id. Plaintiff alleges that she was supervised by RTA’s Chief of Security, Robert
Hickman, her alleged sexual harasser. Mr. Hickman assigned her tasks, and
she received her day-to-day instructions from him. She reported to work at the
RTA’s office and used an RTA email account. It was the RTA who asked the
NOPD to end Plaintiff’s assignment as Transit Police Unit Commander.
Plaintiff was also issued an RTA vehicle, and she was paid an hourly wage by
the RTA on top of the hourly wages she earned through the NOPD.
Plaintiff asserts that these facts when taken as true are sufficient to
support a finding that she was directly employed by the RTA for purposes of
Title VII liability. Plaintiff would analogize her employment situation as one
similar to an individual employed by a staffing agency who was then assigned
to work at a different company such as the employee in Burton v. Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc., 798 F.3d 222 (5th Cir. 2015). The court in Burton found
that even though the employee was technically employed by the staffing
agency, the assignee company supervised the employee and could demand the
employee’s termination from the assignment. Id. at 227. The Fifth Circuit
found that these facts were sufficient to support a finding that there was an
employment relationship on summary judgment using the Hybrid Test.
Plaintiff asserts that her case, which is at the motion to dismiss stage rather
than summary judgment, is even stronger than Burton’s because in addition
to the supervision, she was also paid a wage by the RTA.
Additionally, Plaintiff points out that the Hybrid Test should be
employed before turning to either the joint employer or single employer test.
“[T]he hybrid test should be used as an initial inquiry to resolve, if need be,
whether a plaintiff is an employee of the defendant (or one of the defendants,
in a multi defendant case) for the purposes of Title VII.” Schweitzer v.
Advanced Telemarketing Corp., 104 F.3d 761, 764 (5th Cir. 1997). Then, if the
plaintiff is found to be an employee of one defendant under the Hybrid Test,
the single or joint employer analysis can be used to determine whether an
additional defendant can be considered an employer.
Before the Court is essentially an issue of semantics over the use of the word
“joint”. Plaintiff does repeatedly describe her employment situation in her complaint
as joint. However, the use of this word alone is not enough to doom Plaintiff’s
complaint. The inquiry on a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is simply whether the Plaintiff
has alleged facts sufficient to support her claims. In fact, the Court is instructed to
ignore “‘conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual
conclusions [which] will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.’” Beavers, 566 F.3d
at 439 (citation omitted). The use of the word “joint” is such a legal conclusion—a fact
which the RTA clearly recognizes since they dedicate their motion to trying to defeat
said legal conclusion.
Additionally, upon examination, the cases the RTA cites to support its
contention that a government entity may not be held liable as a joint employer are
distinguishable from the allegations in this case. In the cases cited by the RTA, none
of the plaintiffs were “loaned out” by their parent entity to work for a separate
government subdivision. For example in Gogreve v. Downtown Dev. Dist., 426 F.Supp.
3d 383 (E.D. La. 2006), the court applied Trevino in finding that the plaintiff could
not maintain a claim against the Downtown Development District Board of Directors
when her actual employer was the Downtown Development District itself. The Board
of Directors did not “loan” the plaintiff to the Downtown Development District, but
instead was simply an administrative body overseeing its operations. Likewise in
Davis v. Gavin, 2021 WL 3573040 (W.D. La. Aug. 12, 2021), the court dismissed a
claim against Caddo Parish for an employee who was employed solely by the
Sewerage District, which like the RTA, is a separate and independent legal entity.
However, in Davis, there was no allegation that the plaintiff was loaned or assigned
to work in the Sewerage District and instead was simply a direct and sole employee
of the District itself rather than the parish.
Even Trevino and Karagounis can be distinguished in this way. In Trevino, the
plaintiff was not suing any government entities at all, while in Karagounis, the
plaintiff was employed by a hospital and attempted to extend his suit to the county
hospital district that oversaw the hospital. Furthermore, the rationale behind the
non-aggregation rule established in these cases does not reasonably extend to this
scenario. It seems clear that the Fifth Circuit intended to prevent plaintiffs in
employment discrimination cases against governmental entities from bringing their
claims up the administrative chain and suing supervising or superior governmental
entities that could not be considered the plaintiff's direct employer.
Unlike in these cases and in the others relied upon by the RTA, Plaintiff in this
case was loaned to the RTA, and during the period of her service there she was
supervised, paid, and then terminated by the RTA, all of which are characteristics
indicative of employment under the Hybrid Test. The Court does not need to resort
to the aggregation tests suggested by the RTA which would be inapplicable to
governmental entities. When looking past Plaintiff's misplaced legal conclusion of
“joint” employment her complaint, Plaintiffs allegations satisfy the Hybrid Test for
the purposes of this motion to dismiss. Likewise, this Court will not dismiss Plaintiffs
state law discrimination claims.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss (Rec. Doc. 14) is
DENIED.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 12th day of August, 2024.
CARL J. BAR
UNITED ST DISTRICT JUDGE