Selby v. Board of Trustees of Moraine Valley Community College District No. 524

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

RONALD SELBY, )

)

Plaintiff, ) No. 16 C 3489

)

Vv. ) Jeffrey T. Gilbert

) Magistrate Judge

BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF MORAINE )

VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE, )

DISTRICT NO. 524, a/k/a MORAINE )

VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE; )

FRANCISCO ARTEAGA, in his official and )

individual] capacities; WILLIAM TOBIAS, )

in his official and individual capacities; and )

GENERAL MCARTHUR, in his official and )

individual capacities, }

)

Defendants. }

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Ronald Selby has sued Defendants Board of Trustees of Moraine Valley

Community College, District No. 524, a/k/a Moraine Valley Community College, Francisco

Arteaga; William Tobias; and General McArthur (collectively, “Defendants”), This matter is

now before the Court on Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No. 57] and

Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No. 52]. For the reasons stated below,

Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No. 57] is denied and Defendants’

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No. 52] is granted.

L BACKGROUND

A. Facts

Moraine Valley Community College (“the College”) is a community college located in

the southwest suburbs of Chicago. Defendants’ L.R. 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Uncontested Facts

(“Defendants’ SoF’”), [ECF No. 53], § 1; Plaintiff's Additional Statement of Undisputed Facts

(“Plaintiff's Additional SoF”), [ECF No. 68], § 2 at p. 9. Plaintiff Ronald Selby (“Selby”) was

an enrolled student at the College during the Fall 2014 semester, but he did not enroll for any

classes in subsequent semesters, Plaintiff's Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Undisputed Facts

(“Plaintiff's SoF”), [ECF No. 59], | 4; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 2. Selby had an

auditory processing disability that made it difficult for him to process information that he heard.

Plaintiffs SoF, [ECF No. 59], § 5. The College knew about Selby’s disability and

accommodated him when he was a student. Jd. Defendant Officer Francisco Arteaga (“Officer

Arteaga”) and Defendant Officer William Tobias (“Officer Tobias”) are campus police officers

employed by the College. /d. {ff 2, 3; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], {9 4, 5, 12; First

Amended Complaint (“Complaint”), [ECF No. 44], {12 (alleging the College employed Officers

Arteaga and Tobias); Defendant Moraine Valley Community College’s Answer to Plaintiff's

First Amended Complaint, [ECF No. 45], { 12 (admitting the allegation); Defendant Arteaga’s

Answer to Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint, [ECF No. 47], J 12 (same); Defendant Tobias’

Answer to Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint, [ECF No. 48], {12 (same).

On March 20, 2015, at 9:00 a.m., the College held a financial literacy workshop.

Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], { 7. Some unknown number of days before the workshop,

Selby received a letter from the College that said the workshop was mandatory if he wanted to

obtain financial aid for a future semester. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 6; Plaintiffs

Additional Sof, [ECF No. 68], 4 1 at p. 8-9; Letter from Moraine Valley Community College to

Ronald Selby (“Letter”), [ECF No. 54-6]. Selby decided to attend, and, on the day in question,

made it to the campus a little more than one hour before the workshop was scheduled to begin.

Plaintiff’s SoF, [ECF No. 59], 8. After taking care of some unrelated matters, Selby tried to

make his way to the workshop, but he struggled to find the right room because of inaccurate

information given to him in the letter he had received from the College and by two College

employees who he encountered during the morning of the workshop. /d. {J 8-13; Letter, [ECF

No, 54-6].

Eventually, just a few minutes before the workshop was scheduled to begin, Selby

walked into the College’s Veterans Office, where he met Defendant General McArthur

(“McArthur”). Plaintiffs SoP, [ECF No. 59], { 14; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 10.

McArthur was employed by the College as the student success coordinator and the veteran’s

coordinator. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No, 53], 3. Selby asked McArthur if he knew where the

workshop was being held. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], § 14. McArthur not only gave Selby

the information he needed but also accompanied him to the right room, which was $117B in

Building S. Jd. { 15; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 10; Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF No.

68], 4 at p. 9. As they made their way to the workshop, McArthur told Selby, “[Y]ou know,

you are late.” Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 15; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], J 10;

Plaintiffs Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], 4 at p. 9. Selby informed McArthur that he had been

given inaccurate information about the location of the workshop, and the pair continued on their

way together. Plaintiff’s SoF, [ECF No. 59], J 15; Plaintiffs Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], { 4

at p. 9,

The parties dispute whether McArthur also told Selby that, because of his late arrival,

Selby could not attend the workshop and would have to reschedule. Plaintiff's Local Rule

56.1(b)(3) Response to Defendants’ L.R, 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Uncontested Facts (“Plaintiff s

Response to Defendants’ SoF”), [ECF No. 68], {J 10, 12; Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's

L.R. 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Uncontested Facts (“Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's SoF”),

[ECF No. 65], € 15; Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's Additional Statement of Undisputed

Facts (“Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's Additional SoF”), [ECF No. 69], {4. The parties

also disagree about whether there was a sign posted on the door to room S117B that said anyone

who arrived more than 10 minutes late would have to reschedule. See Plaintiff's Response to

Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No, 68], {4 8, 11.

Eventually, Selby and McArthur made it to room $117B. Plaintiff's Sof’, [ECF No. 59],

{| 16; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 11. In a footnote in one of his briefs, Selby claims there

is a factual dispute about whether he entered the room before the workshop began at 9:00 a.m.

Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff's Partial Summary Judgment Motion

(“Plaintiffs Opening Brief”), [ECF No. 58], at 5 n.2. Selby’s Local Rule 56.1 filings, though, do

not support the existence of such a dispute. Selby’s Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement and Local

Rule 56.1(b)(3)(c) Statement are silent as to whether he entered the room before the presentation

began. Defendants’ Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement contains a couple paragraphs indicating

Selby was late. See, e.g., Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], { 11 (*When McArthur and Selby

arrived at the classroom, McArthur saw that the presentation had already started... .”), 13

(“[Selby] walked into the presentation approximately fifteen (15) minutes after the presentation

had started.”). In responding to at least one of these paragraphs, Selby did not address, much

less dispute, the temporal component of Defendants’ statement. See Plaintiff's Response to

Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], { 11. In response to another, Selby addressed the issue but he

did not assert, or cite evidence showing, that he arrived early or on time. See id. J 13.) The

' In this response, Selby cites three deposition transcripts. Selby cites his own deposition testimony that

he first met McArthur at around 8:59 or 9:00 a.m. Deposition of Ronald Selby, [ECF No 54-1], at 36.

Selby did not testify in the cited excerpt when he actually entered room $117B. Later in his deposition,

Selby testified that the instructor already was speaking when he entered the room. id. at 40-41. Next,

Selby cites the deposition testimony of Joseph Scroggins, who led the workshop, that Selby arrived about

15 minutes and 10 slides into the presentation. Deposition of Joseph Scroggins, [ECF No. 54-5], at 26 --

Court, therefore, can and will deem admitted for the purposes of summary judgment Defendants’

statement that Selby arrived some amount of time after the workshop began. See Curtis v.

Costco Wholesale Corp., 807 F.3d 215, 218 (7th Cir. 2015) (‘The non-moving party’s failure...

to cite any admissible evidence to support facts presented in response by the non-moving party

render the facts presented by the moving part as undisputed.”).

_ After entering the workshop late, Selby signed an attendance sheet given to him by a

College employee. Plaintiffs SoF, [ECF No. 59], 16. Then he stood at the back of the room

and listened to the presentation. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 13. In the meantime,

McArthur contacted the campus police to have Selby removed from the room. /d. { 12. The

campus police dispatch sent a call out saying that a student was refusing to leave room $117B.

Id. 14; see also Deposition of Francisco Arteaga, [ECF No. 54-3], at 26.

Officers Arteaga and Tobias heard the call over their radios and responded to it.

Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 79 4, 5 14; see also Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], ff 18-19.

The Officers arrived at S117B separately. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 15. Officer

Arteaga got there first, reaching $117B within 5 minutes of McArthur’s call to dispatch. Id.

12, Officer Arteaga met with McArthur outside the room. /d. { 15; Plaintiff's Additional SoF,

[ECF No, 68], | 6 at p. 9. At that time, Officer Arteaga knew McArthur was not the instructor

for the workshop, and he did not know if McArthur was associated with the workshop in any

way. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 52; Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], {8 at p. 10.

MeArthur informed Officer Arteaga of the following: a student arrived late, McArthur had told

the student to leave the room because he arrived late, and the student did not comply. Plaintiff's

27. Finally, Selby cites McArthur’s deposition testimony, in which McArthur said that, while he was not

sure of the exact time when Selby and he arrived, it was “after the hour.” McArthur Deposition of

General McArthur, [ECF No. 54-2], at 35. None of this evidence shows Selby arrived at or before the

time the workshop started.

SoF, [ECF No. 59], { 20; Defendants’ SoF’, [ECF No. 53], ¢ 15; Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF

No. 68], | 6 at p. 9. McArthur then identified Selby, who still was standing in the back of the

room, as that student. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], { 20; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 15;

Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], {6 at p. 9.

After McArthur provided this information, Officer Arteaga entered the room. Plaintiff's

SoF, [ECF No. 59], 21. The instructor, Joseph Scroggins, had not stopped his presentation

when Selby entered the room, and he did not stop when Officer Artease entered the room,

although some students looked back at Officer Arteaga. □□□ J] 17, 21; Plaintiffs Additional SoF,

[ECF No. 68], 4 7 at p. 10. Officer Arteaga made contact with Selby and asked him to leave the

room, but Selby did not comply. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], Eventually, Officer Tobias

made it to $117B, saw Officer Arteaga trying to speak with Selby, and went to stand nearby

them. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 54-56; see also Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No, 53], {| 16-

17. At some point, the room was cleared of everyone except Selby. See Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF

No. 59], J 34 (Only Officer Arteaga was present at that time.); Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], §

16 (Both officers were present when $117B was cleared.).

The Officers ordered Selby to leave the room and warned that he would be arrested for

criminal trespass if he did not comply, but Selby still did not leave, Plaintiffs SoF, [ECF No,

59], € 25, 37, 56, 58-59; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 17-18; see also Plaintiff's SoF,

[ECF No. 59], 22, 31 (indicating Officer Arteaga also ordered Selby to leave before emptying

the room and before Officer Tobias arrived).? When told he was not supposed to be there, Selby

asked, “Who told you I’m not supposed to be here?” Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], □ 19;

Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], § 23. The parties dispute whether Selby responded to the officers

* Officers Arteaga and Tobias also ordered Selby to identify himself. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 456,

58-59; Plaintiff's Response to Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], 17.

in other ways, including by identifying himself and asking why he was required to leave.

Compare Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 17, 19, Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's SoF,

[ECF No, 65], 23 with Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], {| 25; Plaintiff's Response to Defendants’

SoF, [ECF No. 68], § 17-18. It is undisputed, though, that Selby did not voluntarily leave

S117B. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No, 53], {4 18, 20.

Faced with Selby’s noncompliance, Officers Arteaga and Tobias arrested Selby,

handcuffed him, and took him to the campus police station, where he was put in a holding cell.

Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], {| 27-30. The parties dispute exactly what occurred during the

arrest, including what physical movements Selby made and what force the Officers used, and

what happened at the campus police station. See, e.g. Plaintiff's Response to Defendants’ Sof,

[ECF No. 68], § 21; Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 65], §{] 26-30, 45. None

of these factual disputes is material to the motions now before the Court.

Selby was charged with criminal trespass to property, disorderly conduct, and resisting a

peace officer. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], § 51; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 23.

Officer Arteaga signed the criminal complaints for criminal trespass and resisting a peace office,

and McArthur signed the one for disorderly conduct. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 4] 24-25.

In exchange for a deferred prosecution agreement, Selby agreed to perform 80 hours of

community service and to have no further contact with the College. Jd. {§ 27-28. On June 4,

2015, Selby appeared in court for a proceeding in his criminal case. fd. 29. At this hearing, the

State’s Attorney represented to the court that Selby had completed the required community

service and agreed to dismiss the case. /d. The charges against Selby were stricken with leave to

reinstate. Plaintiffs Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], J 10 at p. 10. After the dismissal, Selby

demanded a speedy trial. See Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF No. 69],

q 10.

B. Procedural History

On August 9, 2017, Selby filed his First Amended Complaint in this case. The

Complaint contains eight counts. In Count I, Selby alleges a claim against Officer Arteaga,

Officer Tobias, and McArthur under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violating Selby’s constitutional rights.

Complaint, [ECF No. 44], §{ 33-34. In Counts III through VI, Selby alleges claims under

Illinois law against Officers Arteaga and Tobias for assault (Count IID), battery (Count IV), false

imprisonment (Count V), and false arrest (Count VJ). /d. 4] 45~52. In Count VII, Selby alleges

a claim against Officer Arteaga, McArthur, and Defendant Board of Trustees of Moraine Valley

Community College, District No. 524, a/k/a Moraine Valley Community College (“the Board of

Trustees”) for malicious prosecution. /d. [| 53-57. Finally, in Counts II and VIII, Selby alleges

claims against the Board of Trustees under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for maintaining several policies,

practices, or customs that exhibited deliberate indifference to students’ constitutional rights

(Count II) and for respondeat superior liability arising out of the assault, battery, and false

imprisonment allegedly committed by Officers Arteaga and Tobias (Count VIII).

As noted above, both sides have filed motions for partial summary judgment. Selby’s

Motion is limited to the § 1983 false arrest claim against Officers Arteaga and Tobias. Plaintiff's

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 57], at 1. Defendants’ Motion is not so

narrow. McArthur seeks summary judgment on the § 1983 false arrest and excessive force

claims alleged in Count I. Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 52], {

1. Officers Arteaga and Tobias challenge the false arrest claims alleged in Counts I and VI and

the false imprisonment claim alleged in Count V. id {J 2, 3. Finally, Officer Arteaga,

McArthur, and the Board of Trustees seek summary judgment on the malicious prosecution

claim alleged in Count VII. fd. 4.

li. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.” Fep. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact exists if “the evidence is

such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of

establishing the lack of any genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

317, 323 (1986).

In determining whether there is a genuine issue of fact, a district court “must construe the

facts and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”

Foley v. City of Lafayette, 359 F.3d 925, 928 (7th Cir. 2004). And the nonmoving party must go

beyond the pleadings and “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that there is

some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In other words, the “mere existence of a scintilla of

evidence in support of the [nonmovant’s] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on

which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmovant].” Anderson, 477 U.S, at 252.

In considering a motion for summary judgment, a court does not “evaluate the weight of

the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses or determine the ultimate truth of the matter” but

rather “determine[s] whether there exists a genuine issue of triable fact.” Chelios v. Heavener,

520 F.3d 678, 685 (7th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). The court cannot make credibility

determinations, weigh the evidence, or decide which inferences to draw from the facts; these are

jobs for a factfinder. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255; Betaco, inc. v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 32 F.3d

1126, 1138 (7th Cir. 1994); Sarsha v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 3 F.3d 1035, 1041 (7th Cir, 1993).

Rather, “[t]he court has one task and one task only: to decide, based on the evidence of record,

whether there is any material dispute of fact that requires a trial.” Waldridge v. Am. Hoechst

Corp., 24 F.3d 91 8, 920 (7th Cir. 1994), The court, therefore, must look at the evidence as a jury

might, construing the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and avoiding a

temptation to decide which party’s version of the facts is more likely true. Shepherd v. Slater

Steels Corp., 168 F.3d 998, 1009 (7th Cir. 1999).

II. DISCUSSION

There are two motions for summary judgment now before the Court. The Court will

address each count implicated by the parties’ motions.

A. Count I; False Arrest Claim under § 1983 against Officers Arteaga and Tobias

Both Selby and Defendants have moved for summary judgment on the portion of Count I

that asserts a false arrest claim under § 1983 against Officers Arteaga and Tobias. Plaintiff's

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 57], at 1; Defendants’ Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 52], 4 2. Selby’s sole argument in support of his motion is that

the Officers did not have probable cause to arrest him for criminal trespass to real property or

disorderly conduct. Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 57], at 1.

Defendants contend they are entitled to summary judgment because the Officers had probable

cause to arrest Selby for both charges or, at a minimum, because the Officers are entitled to

qualified immunity, Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No. 52], § 2.

10

Neither party addresses whether Officers Arteaga and Tobias had actual or arguable probable

cause to arrest Selby for resisting arrest.

To prevail on a false arrest claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that there was no

probable cause for his arrest. Neita v. City of Chicago, 830 F.3d 494, 497 (7th Cir, 2016). The

existence of probable cause is “an absolute bar” to a false arrest claim. Stokes v. Bd. of Educ. of

the City of Chicago, 599 F.3d 617, 622 (7th Cir. 2010); see alsa Abbott vy. Sangamon Cty., Ill,

705 F.3d 706, 713 (7th Cir, 2013). Probable cause to believe that any crime has been committed

will preclude a false arrest claim, “even if the person was arrested on additional or different

charges for which there was no probable cause.” Holmes v. Vill. of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d

673, 682 (7th Cir. 2007); see also District of Columbia v. Wesby, —— 8. Ct. —— (2018) (slip

op., at 4 n.2); Gill v. City of Milwaukee, 850 F.3d 335, 342 (7th Cir. 2017).

When determining whether probable cause existed, the court examines the facts and

circumstances known to the police officer at the time of arrest. Neita, 830 F.3d at 497; Abbott,

705 F.3d at 714; Carmichael v. Vill. of Palatine, IIL, 605 F.3d 451, 457 (7th Cir. 2010).

Probable cause exists if the facts and circumstances “are sufficient to warrant a prudent person,

or one of reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has

committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” Neifta, 830 F.3d at 497 (quoting

Thayer v. Chiczewski, 705 F.3d 237, 246 (7th Cir. 2012)), Although the probable cause standard

“requires something more than a hunch,” id, it “is not a high bar” and does not demand “an

actual showing of [criminal] activity,” Wesby, —~ S. Ct. —— (slip op., at 7). Instead, all that

is necessary is “a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity.” Jd Fundamentally,

probable cause is a “practical, commonsense standard that requires only the type of fair

11

probability on which reasonable people act,” and it “inherently allows room for reasonable

mistakes.” Gutierrez v. Kermon, 722 F.3d 1003, 1008 (7th Cir. 2013).

The doctrine of qualified immunity provides “an extra layer of protection” to an officer.

Thayer, 705 F.3d at 247, Even if probable cause did not actually exist, an officer “is entitled to

qualified immunity if a reasonable officer could have mistakenly believed that probable cause

existed.” Burritt v. Ditlefsen, 807 F.3d 239, 250 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting Fleming v. Livingston

Cty., Ill., 674 F.3d 874, 880 (7th Cir. 2012)) (internal quotation marks omitted). This sometime

is referred to as “arguable probable cause,” Jd “Although closely related, a determination of

actual probable cause is separate and distinct from a determination of ‘arguable probable cause . .

dd.

The first of the two predicate offenses implicated by the parties’ motions is criminal

trespass to real property—or “criminal trespass,” for short—which is prescribed by 720 ILL.

Comp. STAT. 5/21-3, The parties focus on subsection (a)(3) of the statute, which provides that a

person commits criminal trespass when he “remains upon the land of another, after receiving

notice from the owner or occupant to depart.” Jd 5/21-3(a)(3). Selby’s continued presence in

room $117B, despite being told to leave by a College employee, would lead a reasonable police

officer to conclude that Selby “remain[ed] upon the land of another.” No party argues otherwise.

The issue about which the parties disagree is whether, based on the facts and circumstances

known to Officers Arteaga and Tobias at the time of arrest, a reasonable officer would have been

warranted in believing that Selby had received notice “from the owner or occupant” to depart

S117B. It is worth emphasizing that the issue before this Court is whether there was probable

cause or arguable probable cause to arrest Selby for criminal trespass, not whether Selby actually

violated 720 ILL. Comp. STAT. 5/21-3(a)(3).

12

In the Court’s view, this is not a particularly close question. Both Officer Arteaga and

Officer Tobias heard a call from dispatch over their radios saying that a student was refusing to

leave atoom. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 14; see also Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], Jf

18, 19. When Officer Arteaga arrived at room 8117B, McArthur confirmed what Officer

Arteaga had heard over his radio, saying that Selby arrived late to the workshop, that McArthur

had told Selby to leave, and that Selby refused. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 4 20; Defendants’

SoF, [ECF No. 53], #9 14, 15. Officer Arteaga and, later, Officer Tobias made contact with

Selby, told him to leave the room, and warned that he would be arrested if he did not leave,

Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], 9] 22, 25, 31-32, 37, 58-59; Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], □□□

17-20. At no point did the instructor leading the workshop or any other employee of the College

tell the Officers that Selby should be allowed to remain. From the totality of the circumstances,

a reasonable officer could conclude that the College, through its agents, had given notice to

Selby to depart from room $117B.

Selby essentially overlooks the call from dispatch. Although the call is not the sole basis

of probable cause in this case, the information provided to the Officers deserves some attention

because police officers can rely on “reasonable information relayed to them from a police

dispatcher.” United States v. Mounts, 248 F.3d 712, 715 (7th Cir, 2001). Dispatch only referred

to “a student,” but Officers Arteaga and Tobias learned before the arrest that Selby was the

student referred to by dispatch. Further, a reasonable police officer could conclude that a

student’s “refusal” to leave implies that he had been told to leave the room. See Refusal,

BLACK’s LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed, 2014) (“1. The denial or rejection of something offered or

demanded,”). Dispatch did not specify who asked Selby to leave. This missing fact, though,

does not make the information that dispatch provided irrelevant to the probable cause inquiry.

13

Selby first argues that the information provided to Officer Arteaga by McArthur cannot

support probable cause. Although articulated in slightly different terms throughout his briefs,

Selby’s central contention is that Officer Arteaga did not know any facts that would have led a

reasonable officer to believe McArthur had authority to remove a student. McArthur testified

during his deposition that Officer Arteaga and he knew each other before the incident at issue in

this lawsuit. Deposition of General McArthur, [ECF No. 54-2], at 49 (“Q. Did he ask you who

you were? A. He knew who I was. He knows me from around campus.”). The Court

understands this testimony to mean that Officer Arteaga knew McArthur was an employee of the

College. The parties have not cited any evidence in the record that is contrary to McArthur’s

deposition testimony, Although Officer Arteaga knew McArthur was a College employee, it is

undisputed that he knew McArthur was not the instructor of the financial literacy workshop and

that Officer Arteaga had no reason to believe McArthur was connected with the workshop in any

way. Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], { 52; Plaintiff's Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], § 8 at p. 10.

There is no reason why a reasonable officer would assume that, in general, only

employees overseeing a specific workshop have authority to tell a student to leave the room

where the workshop is being held, The College is a large institution with many employees.

There are a variety of reasons why a student could be removed from a workshop and some □□

those reasons may fall outside the knowledge or responsibility of those leading the workshop.

Even with respect to something like a late arrival, it makes sense that another College employee

who knew about the problem could step in to resolve the situation, thereby ensuring that the

employees who are conducting the workshop are not distracted from what they are doing. This

understanding is consistent with Illinois law which generally permits an employee of the owner

or occupant of real property to give the required notice to depart in his capacity as the owner’s or

14

occupant’s agent. See, e.g., Kampinen v. Martinez, 102 F. App’x 492, 497 (7th Cir, 2004)

(Notice to leave was given by a Mercantile Exchange employee who was staffing a receptionist

desk.).

Officer Arteaga knew that someone had contacted dispatch and that dispatch took the

information seriously enough to make a call over the radio. When Officer Arteaga arrived at

S117B, McArthur, a College employee, was waiting outside the door for him. McArthur seemed

to know what was going on as he provided the same information relayed by dispatch, with some

additional detail. Other than McArthur’s lack of involvement with the workshop, Selby does not

identify any facts or circumstances that would have led a reasonable officer to question

McArthur’s authority. Moreover, throughout the entire episode, no other College employee,

including the instructor of the workshop and those assisting him, said Selby should have been

allowed to stay, even though they seemingly had the opportunity to do so, Based on these facts

and circumstances, the Court finds a reasonable officer would have been warranted in believing

that McArthur had the authority to order Selby to leave the room,’

Selby’s next argument is that Officers Arteaga and Tobias also did not have authority to

order Selby to leave because statements by police officers do not constitute notice by “the owner

or occupant.” Selby cites People v. Hsiu Yan Chai in support of this argument. 16 NB3d 887

(ll. App. Ct. 2014). Hsiw Yan Chai cannot bear the weight that Selby places on it for two

reasons, In that case, the Illinois Appellate Court recognized that police officers can provide

notice to depart when the owner or occupant requests that the officers do so. /d. at 896. Officers

Arteaga and Tobias had reason to believe the owner or occupant had made such a request in this

3 In their briefs, the parties do not address the fact that it seems Officer Tobias did not speak with

McArthur before the arrest. See Deposition of William Tobias, [ECF No. 54-4], at 26, 37. In any event,

the facts and circumstances known to Officer Tobias through the dispatch call and his interaction with

Officer Arteaga and Selby were sufficient to support probable cause.

15

case based on the call from dispatch and McArthur’s conversation with Officer Arteaga. More

importantly, Officers Arteaga and Tobias were campus police officers and employees of the

College. As already noted, an employee of the owner or occupant of real property generally can

give the required notice to depart in his capacity as the owner or occupant’s agent. See, ag,

Kampinen, 102 F, App’x at 497. In the Court’s view, a reasonable officer would be warranted in

believing that, in their capacity as campus police officers and employees of the College, Officers

Arteaga and Tobias could provide notice on behalf of the College. See Cross v. City of Chicago,

4 F.3d 996 (7th Cir. 1993); Shelton v. Wright, 2013 WL 212910, at #3 (N.D. IU. Jan. 18, 2013).

Selby also argues that Officers Arteaga and Tobias ignored Selby’s attempts to clarify the

situation, The parties dispute what Selby said to the Officers. The following is Selby’s version

of events. Selby provided his name and identified his name on the attendance sheet. Plaintiff's

SoF, [ECF No. 59], 9 23; Plaintiff's Response to Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], 17;

Deposition of Ronald Selby, [ECF No 54-1], at 50. Selby asked the Officers who told them that

Selby should not be in the room, but the Officers did not respond. Plaintiff's SoF’, [ECF No. 59],

{ 23; Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], {9 17, 18, 20; Plaintiffs

Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], 4 9 at p. 10; Deposition of Ronald Selby, [ECF No 54-1], at 50.

that, Selby stood quietly and did not say anything else. Deposition of Ronald Selby, [ECF

No 54-1], at 51.4

A police officer cannot “close his eyes to” or “consciously disregard” information that

would clarify a situation. Dean v. City of Chicago, 896 F. Supp. 2d 699, 704 (N.D. Il. 2012)

(quoting Mahnke vy. Garrigan, 428 Fed. App’x 630, 635 (7th Cir. 2011); McBride v. Grice, 576

“Tn his Local Rule 56,1(b)(3) Statement, Selby says he tried to “provide [the Officers] with information

as to why he had a right to be in the class” and to “explain to the [O]fficers that he was properly on the

premises.” Plaintiffs Response to Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], {J 17, 18. These are general

statements and are not supported by the cited evidence except to the extent that they are consistent with

the Court’s description above.

16

F.3d 703, 707 (7th Cir, 2009)). The factual summary in the preceding paragraph, though,

illustrates that Selby did not provide clarifying information. Selby told the Officers his name and

showed that he had signed the attendance sheet. He did not provide any other information, and

Selby’s questions did not convey new facts to the officers and would not necessarily have

prompted a reasonable officer to conduct further investigation. “[T]he Fourth Amendment does

not require an officer with probable cause to arrest to wait while pursuing further investigation.”

Stokes, 599 F.3d at 624. At the time of arrest, Officers Arteaga and Tobias knew sufficient facts

and circumstances to establish probable cause and the information provided by Selby did not

undercut what they knew.

Finally, Selby repeatedly says that a student cannot be arrested for being late to a class

and that Officers Arteaga and Tobias had not previously arrested a student merely for being late.

This rhetorical point is not persuasive. Selby was not arrested for criminal trespass because he

was late to class and criminal trespass, as defined in Illinois law, does not focus on whether a

person arrived late or early to a premise. He was arrested because he did not comply when told

to leave S117B by the College’s agents, and that is the type of conduct covered by Illinois’

criminal trespass law. Even if McArthur needlessly escalated the situation by calling the campus

police after Selby had arrived for the class, which frankly may be the case here, that does not

mean that Officers Arteaga and Tobias lacked probable cause to arrest Selby based upon the

facts they knew at the time, And it is irrelevant to the issue of trespass that Selby believes he

should have been allowed to remain in the room even though he arrived a bit late.

For all of these reasons, Officers Arteaga and Tobias had probable cause to arrest Selby

for criminal trespass to real property.” The existence of probable cause for this one crime is an

5 For the same reasons, the Court would conclude that Officers Arteaga and Tobias had arguable probable

cause, even if they did not have probable cause, That would entitle the Officers to qualified immunity.

17

absolute bar to Selby’s false arrest claim. Neita, 830 F.3d at 497; Holmes, 511 F.3d at 682, The

Court therefore need not consider whether the Officers had probable cause or arguable probable

cause to arrest Selby for disorderly conduct.

B. Count I: False Arrest and Excessive Force Claims under § 1983 against

McArthur

Defendants have moved for summary judgment on the § 1983 false arrest and excessive

force claims asserted against McArthur in Count I on the basis that McArthur did not arrest or

utilize any force against Selby. Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, [ECF No.

52], 1; see also Complaint, [ECF No. 44], J] 33-34. “Individual liability under § 1983...

requires personal involvement in the alleged constitutional deprivation.” Colbert v. City of

Chicago, 851 F.3d 649, 657 (7th Cir, 2017) (quoting Minix v. Canarecci, 597 F.3d 824, 833 (7th

Cir. 2010)), That is, a defendant must have “caused or participated” in the constitutional

deprivation. Hildebrandt y. Illinois Dep't of Nat. Res., 347 F.3d 1014, 1039 (7th Cir, 2003);

Kozel v. Vill. of Dolton, 804 F, Supp. 2d 740, 745 (N.D. IH. 2011).

McArthur did not cause or participate in any false arrest. McArthur did not arrest Selby.

Selby’s false arrest claim against McArthur is based entirely on McArthur’s supposed role in the

performed by Officers Arteaga and Tobias. The Court already has found that there was

probable cause to support that arrest. Because Officer Arteaga and Tobias’ arrest of Selby did

not violate the Fourth Amendment, McArthur cannot have caused or participated in a false arrest.

Even if Officers Arteaga and Tobias had falsely arrested Selby, the Court questions

whether McArthur’s conduct would rise to the level of causing or participating in that arrest.

There is no evidence in the record that McArthur ever suggested, encouraged, or requested that

Selby be arrested. The undisputed fact is that he called the campus police to have Selby removed

from room $1178, not to have Selby arrested. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], § 12; see also

18

Plaintiff's SoF, [ECF No. 59], (@ 18, 19. McArthur’s unrebutted deposition testimony is that

“Tclrime didn’t cross [his] mind” during the call. Deposition of General McArthur, [ECF No.

54-2], at 46. When Officer Arteaga arrived at room $117B, McArthur said Selby refused to

leave when told to do so and then identified Selby to Officer Arteaga. Defendants’ Sof, [ECF

No. 53], { 15. Again, no party claims that McArthur referred to arresting Selby. After he spoke

to Officer Arteaga, McArthur was no more than a bystander as Officers Arteaga and Tobias

engaged with and eventually arrested Selby. Moreover, the Officers did not immediately arrest

Selby based solely on what McArthur said. Instead, they spoke with Selby and directed him to

leave; they did not arrest Selby until he refused to comply with their order. In any event, the

Court need not definitively resolve the parties’ dispute about whether McArthur caused or

participated in a hypothetical false arrest that did not actually oceur.®

That leaves Selby’s excessive force claim against McArthur. Defendants argue that

McArthur did not cause or participate in the use of force against Selby. Because Selby will bear

the burden at trial of proving that McArthur was personally involved in the Officers’ alleged use

of excessive force, he must “make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of [that]

element” at the summary judgment stage. Blow v. Bijora, Inc., 855 F.3d 793, 797-98 (7th Cir.

2017); see also Cole v. Janssen Pharm., Inc., 2017 WL 6372777, at *3 (E.D. Wis. Dec. 12,

2017). Selby does not cite any evidence showing or make any argument explaining how

McArthur caused or participated in the use of any force against Selby. Selby’s default in this

regard is not entirely surprising. McArthur did not himself use force against Selby. As already

noted, when Officers Arteaga and Tobias allegedly used force against Selby, McArthur was no

° McArthur’s role in causing the arrest is complicated by the fact that Selby contends (and Defendants

dispute) that the information McArthur provided to the campus police was false. See Plaintiff's Response

to Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 68], § 12. Neither party addresses this issue. In any event, there is no

evidence that Officers Arteaga or Tobias knew that McArthur provided false information to the campus

police.

19

more than a bystander. He did not prompt, encourage, or in any way cause the Officers to use

force against Selby, much less excessive force. Therefore, Defendants are entitled to summary

judgment with respect to the faise arrest and excessive force claims against McArthur in Count I,

C, Counts V and VI: False Imprisonment and False Arrest under IHinois Law

against Officers Arteaga and Tobias

Defendants have moved for summary judgment on Counts V and VI, in which Selby

asserts claims against Officers Arteaga and Tobias for false imprisonment and false arrest under

Illinois Law. Complaint, [ECF No. 44}, §§ 49-52. The elements of a false imprisonment claim

are: “(1) that the plaintiff was restrained or arrested by the defendant; and (2) that the defendant

acted without reasonable grounds (i.¢., without probable cause) to believe that an offense was

committed by the plaintiff.” Grainger v. Harrah’s Casino, 18 N.E.3d 265, 276 (Ill. App. Ct.

2014). The elements of a false arrest claim are: (1) the plaintiff “was restrained by the

defendant;” and (2) “the defendant acted without probable cause.” Bayd v. City of Chicago, 378

Ill. App. 3d 57, 70, 880 N.E.2d 1033, 1044 (2007). The existence of probable cause “is an

absolute bar” to false arrest and false imprisonment claims. Holm y. Clark, 2012 WL 1015956,

at *6 (N.D. Ql. Mar, 23, 2012).

Under Hlinois law, “[p]robable cause ‘is a state of facts that would lead a person of

ordinary caution and prudence to believe, or entertain an honest and strong suspicion, that the

person atrested committed the offense charged.’” Swearnigen-El v. Cook Cty. Sheriff's Dep't,

602 F.3d 852, 863 (7th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ross v. Mauro Chevrolet, 861 N.E.2d 313, 319 (ILL.

App. Ct. 2006)). The probable cause inquiry is purely objective and focuses on the “evidence

available to the police at the time of the arrest.” Johnson v. Dossey, 878 F. Supp. 2d 905, 915—

16 (N.D. Ill. 2012). No party argues in this case that there is a difference between the probable

20

cause standard under federal Jaw and Illinois law that is material to the motions for summary

judgment now before the Court.

Defendants contend that Officers Arteaga and Tobias had probable cause to arrest Selby

for criminal trespass to real property and for disorderly conduct. Defendants do not develop any

new arguments in this vein and, instead, simply refer back to the points that they made with

respect to the § 1983 false arrest claim. Likewise, Selby simply says probable cause does not

exist and references his prior discussion of the § 1983 false arrest claim. The Court will follow

the parties’ lead and not engage in a new, extended evaluation. Construing the facts and

inferences in Selby’s favor, Officers Arteaga and Tobias had probable cause under Illinois law to

arrest Selby for criminal trespass to real property for the same reasons provided during the

Court’s analysis of Selby’s § 1983 false arrest claim earlier in this Memorandum Opinion and

Order, That is an absolute bar to Selby’s state law false imprisonment and false arrest claims.

Therefore, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Counts V and VI.

D. Count VII: Malicious Prosecution under Illinois Law against Officer Arteaga,

MeArthur, and the Board of Trustees

Defendants have moved for summary judgment on Count VII, in which Selby asserts a

malicious prosecution claim against Officer Arteaga, McArthur, and the Board of Trustees.

Complaint, [ECF No. 44], §{] 52-57. The elements of a malicious prosecution claim under

Illinois law are: “(1) the commencement or continuance of an original criminal or civil judicial

proceeding by the defendant; (2) the termination of the proceeding in favor of the plaintiff, (3)

the absence of probable cause for such proceeding; (4) the presence of malice; and (5) damages.”

Logan v. Caterpillar, Inc., 246 F.3d 912, 921-22 (7th Cir. 2001). “All of these elements must be

present; the absence of even one element will preclude recovery for malicious prosecution,” Id.

21

Before addressing the parties’ arguments, additional factual background concerning the

underlying criminal proceeding against Selby is necessary. Officer Arteaga signed criminal

complaints against Selby for criminal trespass and resisting a peace office, and McArthur signed

a criminal complaint against Selby for disorderly conduct. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], □□□

24-25. On April 28, 2015, Selby appeared in the Fifth Municipal District of Cook County in

front of Judge Michael Kane. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], | 27; Transcript of Hearing on

April 28, 2015 (‘April Transcript”), [ECF No. 54-6], at 11. During the hearing, State’s Attorney

Sean Brown told Judge Kane:

This matter will be handled by deferred prosecution. The defendant has agreed to

perform 80 hours of community service. Upon completion, the State will dismiss

the charge. The [d]efendant has also agreed not to have any further contact with

Moraine Valley College.

April Transcript, [ECF No. 54-6], at 15; see also id. at 14 (Selby’s attorney asked the judge if he

“could have five seconds with the State’s [A]ttorney here to respond to the offer that was made

to the prior counsel.”); Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 27. A few moments later, Judge Kane

told Selby, “Your lawyer worked you out a good deal, but you have to live up to your end, which

is you have to do the community service and you can’t go anywhere near Morraine [sic] Valley.”

April Transcript, [ECF No. 54-6], at 15-16. During his deposition, Selby admitted that he

understood Judge Kane ordered him to complete community service and that, if he did so, he

would not go to jail. Defendants’ SoF, [ECF No. 53], 428.

Selby completed his required community service at the Fellowship Missionary Baptist

Church. /d On June 4, 2015, he appeared in the Fifth Municipal District of Cook County in

front of Judge John Gallagher. /d. 929. At this short hearing, a different State’s Attorney, Kate

Foresman, told Judge Gallagher that Selby had completed the 80 hours of community service.

Id.; Transcript of Hearing on June 4, 2015 (“June Transcript”), [ECF No, 54-6], at 21. Foresman

22

also informed Judge Gallagher that Brown had “offered 80 hours of community service in

exchange for a dismissal on this case.” June Transcript, [ECF No. 54-6], at 21. “Based on that,”

Foresman moved to strike the case with leave to reinstate. /d. Judge Gallagher dismissed the

case and, after that, Selby’s attorney made a demand for a speedy trial. /d; see also Plaintiff's

Additional SoF, [ECF No. 68], 9 10 at p. 10. Judge Gallagher said he would mark the file to note

the demand and the hearing ended. June Transcript, [ECF No. 54-6], at 21

Defendants argue that Selby cannot satisfy the second element of his malicious

prosecution claim—that is, the underlying proceeding terminated in his favor—because the

State’s Attorney dismissed the charges against Selby based on his compliance with what in

essence was a plea bargain. Under Illinois law, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving a

favorable termination. Swick v. Liautaud, 169 Ill. 2d 504, 513 (Ill, 1996); see also id. (noting

that the plaintiff must show a nolle prosequi “was entered for reasons consistent with his

innocence”). When “a prosecutor formally abandons” a criminal proceeding “via a nolle

prosequi,” that termination is considered to be “in favor of the defendant .. . unless [the

prosecutor] abandons the prosecution for reasons not indicative of the defendant’s innocence.”

Washington v. Summerville, 127 F.3d 552, 557 (7th Cir, 1997). The state’s decision to dismiss a

criminal case “is not indicative of innocence when the nolle prosequi is the result of an

agreement or compromise with the accused.” Swick, 169 Ill. 2d at 513; see also Brideweill v.

Eberle, 730 F.3d 672, 677 (7th Cir. 2013) (“A prosecutor’s dismissal of a criminal charge may

imply innocence, but Swick added that it does not do so when it is part of a plea bargain.”);

Washington, 127 F.3d at 557 (“The abandonment of the proceedings does not indicate the

innocence of the accused when the nolle prosequi results from: an agreement or compromise

with the accused... .”); Cult Awareness Network y, Church of Scientology Int'l, 685 N.E.2d

23

1347, 1353 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997) (“For example, if the dismissal was merely a formal means of

securing a negotiated settlement, it cannot serve as the basis for a malicious prosecution

action.”’),

In this case, the undisputed facts show that Selby entered into a deferred prosecution

agreement to secure dismissal of the criminal charges against him. During the April 28 hearing,

Selby’s attorney referenced an “offer” made to Selby’s prior counsel by the prosecution, and

State’s Attorney Brown said the charges would be dismissed upon completion of the community

service. Even Judge Kane referred to the arrangement as a “good deal” that Selby had to “live

up to.” Consistent with this understanding, Foresman said the requirement of community service

was “offered... in exchange” for dismissal. Foresman moved to strike with leave to reinstate

“bh]ased on” Selby’s compliance with the agreement. Because Selby’s underlying criminal

proceeding was dismissed as a result of his compliance with the agreement or compromise that

he entered into with the State’s Attorney, the dismissal is not indicative of Selby’s innocence

under Swick and its progeny.

Relying on Velez v. Avis Rent A Car System, Incorporated, Selby claims that a demand

for a speedy trial is indicative of a defendant’s innocence. 721 N.E.2d 652 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999),

There are three problems with Selby’s reliance on this lone authority. In Velez, there was no

indication that the abandonment of the prosecution of the underlying criminal case was the result

of an agreement or compromise. /d. at 656. Further, the plaintiff in Velez demanded a speedy

trial before dismissal while Selby made such a demand after Judge Gallagher dismissed the case

against him with leave to reinstate. fd at 653, 656. Finally, the Illinois Appellate Court’s

opinion cannot be read to support a broad rule that a speedy trial demand on its own is indicative

of innocence because the court’s analysis emphasized that the complaining witness twice refused

24

to proceed to trial, /d. at 656-57; see also Garcia v. City af Chicago, 2012 WL 601844, at *10

(N.D. Ill. Feb. 23, 2012). Selby’s speedy trial demand cannot save his malicious prosecution

claim.

Selby also argues that the prosecution could not have obtained a guilty verdict in the

underlying criminal proceeding because there was no probable cause to arrest him, Again, there

are multiple flaws with Selby’s position. Selby focuses on whether probable cause existed at the

time of arrest, but the relevant point in time for his malicious prosecution claim is the

subscribing of the criminal complaints, Porter v. City of Chicago, 912 N.E.2d 1262, 1273 (IL.

App. Ct. 2009); Howard v. Firmand, 880 N.E.2d 1139, 1142 (I. App. Ct. 2007). At a more

fundamental level, favorable termination and lack of probable cause are separate elements of a

malicious prosecution claim. Selby cannot establish the former solely by proving the latter.

Relatedly, it is not “proper” for the Court “to look past the form of a plea bargain,” such as the

one that Selby entered into, “to inquire what would have happened had a compromise not been

reached.” Cf Bridewell, 730 F.3d at 677.

For all of these reasons, the Court finds that, even construing the facts and inferences in

Selby’s favor, Selby cannot establish the second element of his malicious prosecution claim. As

already noted, “the absence of even one element will preclude recovery for malicious

prosecution.” Logan, 246 F.3d at 921-22. Therefore, Defendants are entitled to summary

judgment on Count VII.

Because of this conclusion, the Court need not address at length Defendants’ contentions

about the fourth and fifth elements of Selby’s malicious prosecution claim. The Court notes,

though, that Defendants do not engage with the issue of whether, based on the facts and

circumstances known to the respective signer of each complaint at the time of signing, there was

25

probable cause to support the charges of resisting a peace officer and disorderly conduct.

Because malicious prosecution is an offense-specific claim and malice can be inferred from an

absence of probable cause, Williams v. City of Chicago, 733 F.3d 749, 759-60 (7th Cir. 2013),

Defendants’ arguments about the fourth and fifth elements are insufficient (even if correct) to

justify summary judgment in their favor on the entirety of Count VII. This does not change the

fact that Defendants are entitled to summary judgment because the underlying criminal

proceeding was not terminated in Selby’s favor.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No.

57] is denied and Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [ECF No. 52] is granted.

It is so ordered.

‘\

Jdftrey T. ert

nited States Magistrate Judge

Dated: February 20, 2018

26