“In contrast to general, all-purpose jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction is confined to 8 adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy that establishes 9 jurisdiction.”
How later courts described this case
- “In contrast to general, all-purpose jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction is confined to 8 adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy that establishes 9 jurisdiction.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 DAVID A. STEBBINS, Case No. 23-cv-00321-MMC (DMR)
8 Plaintiff,
ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR
9 v. EXTENSION OF TIME AND DENYING
THIRD MOTION FOR ISSUANCE OF
10 JOHN DOE, SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM
11 Defendant. Re: Dkt. Nos. 28, 29
12 Plaintiff David A. Stebbins filed a complaint and an application for leave to proceed in
13 forma pauperis (“IFP”) on January 20, 2023, along with a motion for issuance of a subpoena duces
14 tecum on February 7, 2023. [Docket Nos. 1 (“Compl.”), 2, 6.] He alleges ten counts of
15 defamation against an anonymous YouTube user (“Defendant”). Compl. ¶ 2. Specifically,
16 Plaintiff contends that on February 12, 2022, Defendant posted a video on his YouTube channel
17 “dedicated to smearing” him. Id. ¶ 7. Plaintiff alleges that he is a resident of Arkansas. Id. at ¶ 3.
18 On May 22, 2023, the court granted Plaintiff’s IFP application and explained that it would
19 review Plaintiff’s motion for early discovery prior to screening the complaint under 28 U.S.C. §
20 1915. The court denied the motion because Plaintiff did not show that early discovery was
21 warranted under the factors enumerated in Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573
22 (N.D. Cal. 1999), including whether this court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant. [Docket
23 No. 10.] The court granted Plaintiff leave to file a new motion with briefing and evidence
24 addressing the Columbia factors. Id. On November 15, 2023, the court denied Plaintiff’s second
25 motion for early discovery because Plaintiff still failed to demonstrate that the court has personal
26 jurisdiction over Defendant. [Docket No. 22.] The court ordered Plaintiff to file a third motion by
27 March 4, 2024. [Docket No. 26.] Plaintiff failed to do so. On March 11, 2024, the court
1 [Docket No. 27.] The case was reassigned to Judge Chesney. [Docket No. 33.]
2 On March 11, 2024, Plaintiff filed a motion for extension of time [Docket No. 28] and his
3 belated third motion for early discovery [Docket No. 29 (Mot.).] Judge Chesney referred these
4 motions back to Judge Ryu as discovery matters. [Docket No. 34.]
5 I. DISCUSSION
6 The court grants Plaintiff’s motion for extension of time and considers his third motion for
7 early discovery as it if were timely filed. Plaintiff’s third motion is largely an improper motion for
8 reconsideration of the court’s November 15, 2023 order. Plaintiff argues, for example, that the
9 court’s previous orders misinterpret the law and that the court failed to address various arguments
10 he raised in prior filings. Mot. ¶¶ 4-17. The court has already denied Plaintiff leave to file a
11 motion for reconsideration of the November 15, 2023 order. [Docket No. 26.]
12 To the extent that Plaintiff raises new arguments in his motion, these arguments fail to
13 demonstrate that this court may exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant.1 Plaintiff points
14 out that websites are subject to the laws of the states in which they operate. Mot. ¶¶ 33-42. But
15 just because the court has personal jurisdiction over the business operating the website does not
16 mean the court has personal jurisdiction over anyone who uses the website. As the court has
17 repeatedly attempted to explain to Plaintiff, the minimum contacts analysis examines “the
18 defendant’s contacts with the forum State itself,” not the defendant’s contacts with persons or
19 entities that are subject to the forum State’s jurisdiction. Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l,
20 Inc., 874 F.3d 1064, 1068 (9th Cir. 2017).
21 In an attempt to demonstrate that Defendant did have minimum contacts with the forum
22 State, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant has published at least three smear videos about businesses or
23 individuals located in California. Mot. ¶¶ 45, 48. Because Defendant committed acts targeting
24 individual California residents, Plaintiff concludes that Defendant may be sued in California for
25 any of Defendant’s acts. Id. at ¶ 47. Plaintiff confuses general jurisdiction with specific
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1 The third motion also cites an “Exhibit A” and “Sub-Exhibit 1,” but no exhibits are attached to
1 jurisdiction. See [Docket No. 22]. If the defendant is domiciled in the forum State, the district
2 court may exercise general jurisdiction over any of the defendant’s acts. Plaintiff offers no
3 evidence, such as tracing Defendant’s IP address,2 to indicate that Defendant is domiciled in
4 California. If the defendant is not domiciled in the forum State but committed an intentional act
5 expressly aimed at the forum State, the court has only specific jurisdiction over issues arising from
6 that intentional act. See Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919
7 (2011) (“In contrast to general, all-purpose jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction is confined to
8 adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy that establishes
9 jurisdiction.”). Plaintiff’s complaint does not derive from Defendant’s videos about other entities;
10 his complaint derives solely from Defendant’s videos about Plaintiff. In sum, the court does not
11 have specific jurisdiction over Defendant’s defamation of Plaintiff.
12 Plaintiff then argues that Defendant primarily targets the video game industry on his
13 YouTube channel, and most of the largest gaming companies are in California. Mot. ¶¶ 50-58.
14 Again, even if Defendant engaged in some conduct that expressly targets California entities, that
15 only confers specific jurisdiction over issues arising from that conduct. Plaintiff’s alleged injury
16 does not derive from Defendant’s coverage of the video game industry.
17 II. CONCLUSION
18 Plaintiff has been given multiple opportunities to demonstrate that the court has personal
19 jurisdiction over Defendant for the purposes of granting early discovery. Plaintiff has failed to do
20 so. Therefore, the court denies Plaintiff’s ex parte application for early discovery.
21 IT IS SO ORDERED.
22 Dated: September 6, 2024
23 ______________________________________
Donna M. Ryu
24
Chief Magistrate Judge
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2 Plaintiff argues that the only way he can trace Defendant’s IP address is if the court grants his
subpoena. Even if this were true, that does not excuse Plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate that he
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meets the Columbia factors, including that the court can exercise personal jurisdiction over