“Congress did not intend § 1983 16 liability to attach where . . . causation [is] absent.”
How later courts described this case
- “Congress did not intend § 1983 16 liability to attach where . . . causation [is] absent.”
- complaint devoid of specific factual allegations of personal 4 participation is insufficient
- “an ‘amended complaint 10 supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’” (internal citation 11 omitted)
- no 17 affirmative link between the incidents of police misconduct and the adoption of any plan or policy 18 demonstrating their authorization or approval of such misconduct
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 DARCY HARPER, No. 2:24-cv-2644 CSK P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 ALEX FARHAT, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 I. INTRODUCTION
18 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se. Plaintiff seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
19 § 1983 and requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. This
20 proceeding was referred to this court by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
21 Plaintiff submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
22 Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis is granted.
23 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C.
24 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff is assessed an initial partial filing fee in
25 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the Court will
26 direct the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account
27 and forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff is obligated to make monthly
28 payments of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s trust account.
1 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time
2 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C.
3 § 1915(b)(2).
4 II. SCREENING STANDARDS
5 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
6 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The
7 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner raised claims that are legally
8 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek
9 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2).
10 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
11 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
12 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous when it is based on an
13 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
14 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
15 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th
16 Cir. 1989), superseded by statute as stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir.
17 2000) (“[A] judge may dismiss [in forma pauperis] claims which are based on indisputably
18 meritless legal theories or whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.”); Franklin, 745 F.2d at
19 1227.
20 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain
21 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the
22 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic
23 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
24 In order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “a
25 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations
26 sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555.
27 However, “[s]pecific facts are not necessary; the statement [of facts] need only ‘give the
28 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v.
1 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555, citations and internal
2 quotations marks omitted). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as
3 true the allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93, and construe the
4 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236
5 (1974), overruled on other grounds, Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183 (1984).
6 III. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS
7 Named as defendants are Licensed Vocational Nurse (“LVN”) Ekinim, Doctor Farhat,
8 Doctor Singh and Correctional Officer Hernandez. (ECF No. 1 at 2.) The alleged deprivations
9 occurred at the California Health Care Facility (“CHCF”) (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that the LVN
10 gave plaintiff an excessive amount of insulin on April 8, 2024, causing injury to plaintiff. (Id. at
11 3.) In referring to the LVN, it appears that plaintiff refers to defendant Ekinim. Plaintiff also
12 alleges that plaintiff was forced to take the COVID-19 vaccine against plaintiff’s will, causing
13 severe injury. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that an I.V. was placed in plaintiff’s neck, causing nerve
14 damage. (Id.) Plaintiff did not agree to the procedure. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that plaintiff’s right
15 foot had a blister and it took the doctor too long to notify wound care, causing severe problems.
16 (Id.)
17 IV. LEGAL STANDARDS REGARDING PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS
18 A. Legal Standard for Eighth Amendment Medical Care Claim
19 “Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs violates the Eighth
20 Amendment's proscription against cruel and unusual punishment.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S.
21 97, 104 (1976). To prevail on such a claim, a prisoner-plaintiff must show he or she had a
22 “serious medical need” and that the defendants’ “response to the need was deliberately
23 indifferent.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006).
24 A prison official is deliberately indifferent if the “official knows that inmates face a
25 substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to
26 abate it.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 847 (1994). An official is liable if the official
27 “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be
28 aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm
1 exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. at 837. So, for deliberate indifference to be
2 established, there must be a purposeful act or failure to act on the part of the defendant and
3 resulting harm. Simmons v. G. Arnett, 47 F.4th 927, 933 (9th Cir. 2022). A claim of medical
4 malpractice or negligence does not give rise to a Section 1983 claim. See Toguchi v. Chung, 391
5 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004). Neither does a “difference of opinion between a prisoner-patient
6 and prison medical authorities regarding treatment.” Franklin v. Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 1344
7 (9th Cir. 1981).
8 B. Legal Standard re: Linking Defendants to Claims
9 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
10 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes
to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation
11 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .
. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,
12 or other proper proceeding for redress.
13 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
14 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
15 Monell v. Department of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978) (“Congress did not intend § 1983
16 liability to attach where . . . causation [is] absent.”); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976) (no
17 affirmative link between the incidents of police misconduct and the adoption of any plan or policy
18 demonstrating their authorization or approval of such misconduct). “A person ‘subjects’ another
19 to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative
20 act, participates in another’s affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally
21 required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588
22 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
23 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of
24 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant
25 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional
26 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979)
27 (no liability where there is no allegation of personal participation); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d
28 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978) (no liability where there is no evidence of personal participation), cert.
1 denied, 442 U.S. 941 (1979). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the involvement of
2 official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673
3 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982) (complaint devoid of specific factual allegations of personal
4 participation is insufficient).
5 V. DISCUSSION
6 While plaintiff alleges that defendant Ekinim gave plaintiff an excessive dose of insulin
7 on April 8, 2024, plaintiff does not plead sufficient facts demonstrating that defendant Ekinim
8 acted with deliberate indifference. For example, plaintiff pleads no facts suggesting that
9 defendant Ekinim knowingly gave plaintiff an excessive dose of insulin. Accordingly, this claim
10 is dismissed with leave to amend.
11 Plaintiff’s remaining claims are dismissed with leave to amend because no defendants are
12 linked to these claims. Plaintiff does not allege that any named defendant forced plaintiff to take
13 the COVID-19 vaccine or placed the I.V. in plaintiff’s neck. Plaintiff also does not allege that a
14 defendant doctor failed to timely notify wound care about plaintiff’s blister.
15 In addition, plaintiff fails to allege what injuries plaintiff suffered as a result of taking the
16 COVID-19 vaccine. Plaintiff also fails to allege why plaintiff should not have taken the
17 COVID-19 vaccine. Plaintiff also does not address why the I.V. was placed in plaintiff’s neck.
18 Plaintiff also does not describe the severe problems he suffered as a result of the doctor’s alleged
19 failure to timely report plaintiff’s blister to wound care. Without this information, this Court
20 cannot determine whether plaintiff states potentially colorable Eighth Amendment claims based
21 on these allegations. Accordingly, if plaintiff files an amended complaint, plaintiff shall address
22 these matters.
23 VI. CONCLUSION
24 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, plaintiff must demonstrate how the conditions
25 about which he complains resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See e.g.,
26 West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Also, the complaint must allege in specific terms how
27 each named defendant is involved. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 371 (1976). There can be no
28 liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless there is some affirmative link or connection between a
1 defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. Rizzo, 423 U.S. at 371; May v. Enomoto, 633
2 F.2d 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980). Furthermore, vague and conclusory allegations of official
3 participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266,
4 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
5 In addition, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to
6 make plaintiff’s amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
7 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This requirement exists
8 because, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Ramirez
9 v. County of San Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015) (“an ‘amended complaint
10 supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’” (internal citation
11 omitted)). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no longer serves any
12 function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim
13 and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
14 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
15 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted.
16 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff
17 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C.
18 § 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the
19 Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently
20 herewith.
21 3. Plaintiff’s complaint is dismissed.
22 4. Within thirty days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall complete the attached
23 Notice of Amendment and submit the following documents to the Court:
24 a. The completed Notice of Amendment; and
25 b. An original of the Amended Complaint.
26 Plaintiff’s amended complaint shall comply with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act, the
27 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Local Rules of Practice. The amended complaint must
28 also bear the docket number assigned to this case and must be labeled “Amended Complaint.”
1 | Failure to file an amended complaint in accordance with this order may result in the dismissal of
2 || this action.
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4 || Dated: October 8, 2024
Cin □□□
CHI SOO KIM
6 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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DARCY HARPER, No. 2:24-cv-02644 CSK P
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Plaintiff,
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v. NOTICE OF AMENDMENT
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ALEX FARHAT, et al.,
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Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff submits the following document in compliance with the court’s order
18 filed on ______________ (date).
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20 Amended Complaint
21 (Check this box if submitting an Amended Complaint)
22 DATED:
________________________________
23 Plaintiff
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