explaining that although validity of self-proved will can be challenged, “self-proving affidavit constitutes prima facie evidence of the will’s execution”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that although validity of self-proved will can be challenged, “self-proving affidavit constitutes prima facie evidence of the will’s execution”
- explaining that “duress must be established based on conduct of the party accused”
- “An affidavit showing no basis for personal knowledge is legally insufficient.”
- explaining that “affiant’s belief about the facts is legally insufficient”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-23-00799-CV
Margaret Gonzales, Appellant
v.
Carol Patterson and Leola Carman, Appellees
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW OF BASTROP COUNTY
NO. 12,472, THE HONORABLE BENTON ESKEW, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Margaret Gonzales appeals from the trial court’s order granting Carol Patterson’s
motion for traditional and no-evidence summary judgment and dismissing Gonzales’s will
contest and related claims. In ten issues, Gonzales contends that the trial court erred when it:
(i) deferred ruling on and then overruled her evidentiary objections; and (ii) granted summary
judgment against her. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
In 1991, Leola Carman (Carman) married Charles Carman (Decedent), and they
remained married until he died at the age of 91 on July 26, 2022. Patterson is one of Carman’s
two daughters from a prior marriage, and Gonzales is one of Decedent’s four children from a
prior marriage.
In November 2022, Patterson filed a first amended application to probate
Decedent’s Last Will and Testament (the Will) that he signed in August 2021 and for issuance of
letters testamentary. 1 Under the terms of the Will, Decedent appointed Carman to serve as
independent executor and, if she was not able or available, Patterson; Decedent bequeathed and
devised the property in his estate to Carman if she survived him; and he bequeathed and devised
the property to his descendants who survived him per stirpes if Carman did not survive him.
Decedent defined his descendants to include Carman’s two daughters but not his four children,
stating his “intention to make no provisions in this Will for [his children], and they are familiar
with the reasons.” The Will was attested to and signed by two witnesses and notarized. See Tex.
Est. Code § 251.051 (generally requiring will to be in writing, signed by testator, and attested to
and signed by two or more credible witnesses in testator’s presence). The witnesses were the
attorney who prepared the Will and one of his employees.
Prior to the Will being admitted to probate, Gonzales filed a petition contesting
the Will and seeking to have it found invalid and set aside. Gonzales denied that the Will was
executed in accordance with the formalities of Texas law; asserted that it was void; and
alleged that it should be set aside because of undue influence, fraud, duress, and lack of
testamentary capacity.
In May 2023, Patterson filed a motion for traditional and no-evidence summary
judgment. She sought traditional summary judgment on Gonzales’s claims of lack of
testamentary capacity, undue influence, and execution without formalities and no-evidence
summary judgment on Gonzales’s claims of fraud and duress. Patterson characterized the Will
1 Carman, as the named executor in the Will, filed the initial application to probate the
Will, but she was unable to continue as the executor and applicant because of health issues.
2
as “self-proving,” see id. § 251.101 (defining self-proved will), and asserted that there was no
genuine issue of material fact to prevent the Will from being admitted to probate and that there
was no evidence of one or more of the elements of Gonzales’s claims of fraud and duress. She
supported the motion with summary-judgment evidence: (i) Exhibit A, a copy of the Will;
(ii) Exhibit B, the affidavit of the notary public to the Will; (iii) Exhibits C and D, the affidavits
of one of the attorney’s employees and the attorney who were witnesses to the Will; and
(iv) Exhibit E, the affidavit of Carman.
Gonzales filed a response to the motion with objections to the affidavits (Exhibits
B to E) and summary-judgment evidence that included an unsigned draft of Carman’s will,
Decedent’s durable power of attorney, the transcript of Carman’s deposition that was taken in
July 2023, and exhibits from her deposition. When she was deposed, Carman was 95 years old.
Carman testified that she signed a new will on the same day that Decedent signed the Will. She
explained that they had signed wills that were prepared by the same attorney “about 10 years
ago,” 2 but that Decedent wanted to make changes to his will. She testified that as to his four
children, Decedent did what he wanted to do for them before he died by giving them money “up
front.” A short time after he signed the Will, Carman testified that Decedent went to the bank by
himself and purchased a payable-on-death certificate of deposit (CD) for each of his four
children with “[o]ur money.” Carman also testified that prior to the day that they signed the new
wills, she and Decedent had met with the attorney about preparing new wills and that she was in
the room when Decedent signed the Will. She further testified that it was not apparent that
Decedent was sick until “[a]bout probably a month or so before he died,” that he did not have
2 The evidence was that the prior wills were destroyed after the new ones were signed.
3
memory issues “until just before he passed away,” and that he told her “[a] number of times” that
he did not want his children in the Will.
Patterson filed a reply to Gonzales’s response that addressed Gonzales’s
objections to the affidavits (Exhibits B to E). At the beginning of the summary-judgment
hearing, Gonzales’s counsel asked for a ruling on the objections to the summary-judgment
evidence “before we move on to argument.” The trial court responded that he had read the
objections but that he was “going to withhold ruling on the objections until [he heard] the whole
motion for summary judgment.” He also confirmed that he had already read Patterson’s motion
and Gonzales’s response but that he had not read Patterson’s reply to the response. After the
parties concluded their arguments, the trial court stated that he was granting the motion for
summary judgment. Patterson then presented testimony to prove up the Will and her
qualification to serve as the administrator of the estate.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court admitted the Will to probate,
confirmed that Gonzales’s objections to the affidavits were overruled, and signed an order
overruling the objections. The trial court also signed an order probating the Will and authorizing
letters testamentary. Approximately one week after the hearing, the trial court signed the order
granting Patterson’s motion for summary judgment and dismissing Gonzales’s will contest and
all related claims. Gonzales filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of
law. This appeal followed.
4
ANALYSIS
Challenges to Trial Court’s Evidentiary Rulings
Gonzales’s first five issues challenge the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. In her
first issue, she argues that the trial court erred by deferring its ruling on her evidentiary
objections until after hearing argument on the merits of Patterson’s motion for summary
judgment and “expressing its intent to grant the Motion.” In Gonzales’s second through fifth
issues, she contends that the trial court erred in overruling her objections to the affidavits
(Exhibits B to E).
Standard of Review
“The same evidentiary standards that apply in trials also control the admissibility
of evidence in summary-judgment proceedings.” FieldTurf USA, Inc. v. Pleasant Grove
Indep. Sch. Dist., 642 S.W.3d 829, 837 (Tex. 2022) (quoting Seim v. Allstate Tex. Lloyds,
551 S.W.3d 161, 163–64 (Tex. 2018)); accord Fort Brown Villas III Condo. Ass’n
v. Gillenwater, 285 S.W.3d 879, 882 (Tex. 2009). We review a trial court’s ruling to admit or
exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. National Liab. & Fire Ins. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525,
527–28 (Tex. 2000). A trial court abuses its discretion “by acting ‘without reference to any
guiding rules and principles.’” Starwood Mgmt., LLC v. Swaim, 530 S.W.3d 673, 678 (Tex.
2017) (per curiam) (citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42
(Tex. 1985)). Further, a trial court’s error in admitting or excluding evidence is reversible only if
it probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1).
5
Trial Court’s Rulings on Evidentiary Objections
In her first issue, Gonzales argues that “it was unreasonable and harmful error for
the trial court to defer its evidentiary rulings until after hearing argument and ruling on the
merits” of the motion for summary judgment. She argues, “The deferral allowed the trial court
to consider the challenged evidence in making its decision on the merits and—in turn—allowed
the arguments on the merits to inform its decision to subsequently overrule [her] evidentiary
challenges.” At the beginning of the hearing, however, the trial court advised the parties that he
already had read the motion for summary judgment and response, and Gonzales did not object
when the trial court stated that he was “going to withhold ruling on the objections until
[he heard] the whole motion for summary judgment.” Thus, Gonzales has not preserved this
issue for our review. See id. 33.1(a) (stating prerequisites for preserving complaint for
appellate review).
Further, even if she had preserved the issue, Gonzales has not cited, and we have
not found, authority that would prohibit a trial court from deferring its ruling on evidentiary
objections until after hearing the parties’ arguments as to the merits of a summary-judgment
motion. See generally Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c) (describing summary-judgment proceedings). In
the case that Gonzales cites to support this issue, the trial court refused to rule at all on
evidentiary objections. See Alejandro v. Bell, 84 S.W.3d 383, 388 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg 2002, no pet.) (holding that appellant preserved complaint that “trial court erred by
refusing to rule on his objections to appellee’s summary judgment evidence” because “record
shows the trial court refused to rule on appellant’s objections”). In contrast, in this case, the trial
6
court confirmed on the record that he was overruling the objections and signed an order
overruling the objections. 3
Moreover, given our conclusions below that the trial court did not err in
overruling her objections, Gonzales has not shown that deferring the ruling on the objections
probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See id. at 389 (explaining that appellate
court may not reverse for erroneous evidentiary ruling unless error probably caused rendition of
improper judgment (citing Tex. R. App. P. 44.1)). We overrule Gonzales’s first issue.
Exhibits B and C: Affidavits of Notary Public and Witness
In her second and third issues, Gonzales contends that the trial court erred in
overruling her objections to the affidavits of the notary public and the witness who was
employed by the attorney. Her objections were directed to the following statements that were in
both affidavits: (i) “I believed [Decedent] to be of sound mind,” and (ii) “[Decedent] signed his
Will of his own free will and accord, and without any outside influence.” Gonzales argues that
the trial court should have excluded both affidavits on the grounds that they contained
conclusory statements, statements of beliefs, and “improper witness testimony implicitly
applying a legal definition—i.e., of testamentary capacity—to the facts.”
3 In her reply brief, Gonzales also cites cases from this Court in which we recite that the
trial court overruled or sustained evidentiary objections before granting a motion for
summary judgment. See, e.g., McMillan v. Little City Investments, LLC, No. 03-19-00430-CV,
2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 7940, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Sept. 30, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.);
Weirich v. IESI Corp., No. 03-14-00819-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 9906, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Austin Aug. 31, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). But those cases do not address whether a trial court
may defer ruling on evidentiary objections until after hearing argument on the merits of a motion
for summary judgment. For example, in Weirich, the trial court did not rule on the objections or
the motions for summary judgment until “[a]fter a hearing on the motions for summary judgment
and the objections to Weirich’s summary judgment evidence.” See 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 9906,
at *3.
7
Affidavits in support of summary judgment “shall be made on personal
knowledge, shall set forth facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively
that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f).
They “must set forth facts, not legal conclusions.” Bell, 84 S.W.3d at 388. “A conclusory
statement is one that does not provide the underlying facts to support the statement” and is
insufficient to support summary judgment. Holloway v. Dekkers, 380 S.W.3d 315, 323 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (citing Schindler v. Baumann, 272 S.W.3d 793, 796 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2008, no pet.)); see Kerlin v. Arias, 274 S.W.3d 666, 668 (Tex. 2008) (“An affidavit
showing no basis for personal knowledge is legally insufficient.”). “Statements based on
subjective beliefs are no more than conclusions and are not competent summary judgment
evidence.” Bell, 84 S.W.3d at 388 (citing Texas Div.-Tranter, Inc. v. Carrozza, 876 S.W.2d 312,
314 (Tex. 1994)); see Kerlin, 274 S.W.3d at 668 (explaining that “affiant’s belief about the facts
is legally insufficient”).
In her affidavit, the notary public “stated under oath that the following is a correct
and complete statement of the facts and matters to which it relates and all the contents thereof are
true, complete, and correct to the best of [the notary public’s] knowledge”:
My name is [notary public’s name] and I am of sound mind and capable of
making this affidavit. I am personally acquainted with the facts herein stated;
I am employed at the law office of Will Jenkins and I am routinely asked to serve
as a Notary Public for various documents at the law office, including Will Signing
Ceremonies for [the attorney].
I served as the Notary Public to the Last Will and Testament of [Decedent] when
he signed his Will. [Decedent], [the attorney] and [the attorney’s employee] were
sworn to the facts as stated in the Last Will and Testament of [Decedent] and all
of us were present at the time of its execution. [Decedent] was personally known
to me, was eighteen years of age or over and I believed him to be of sound mind.
8
[Decedent] signed his Will of his own free will and accord, and without any
outside influence.
Similarly, in her affidavit, the witness who was employed by the attorney “stated
under oath that the following is a correct and complete statement of the facts and matters to
which it relates and all the contents thereof are true, complete, and correct to the best of [the
witness’s] knowledge”:
My name is [witness’s name] and I am of sound mind and capable of making this
affidavit. I am personally acquainted with the facts herein stated;
I am employed at the law office of Will Jenkins and I am routinely asked to serve
as a witness in Will Signing Ceremonies for [the attorney].
I served as a witness, along with [the attorney], to the Last Will and Testament of
[Decedent] when he signed his Will. [Decedent] declared to us that the
instrument he signed was his Will and he further requested us to act as witnesses
to his Will and signature. [Decedent] signed this Will in our presence, all of us
being present at the same time. [Decedent] was eighteen years of age or over and
I believed him to be of sound mind. [Decedent] signed his Will of his own free
will and accord, and without any outside influence.
In their affidavits, the notary public and the witness provided a factual context for
their beliefs concerning Decedent’s state of mind at the time he signed the Will. They averred
that they were present and that Decedent declared to them that the instrument that he was signing
was the Will. The notary public also averred that Decedent was personally known to her, and the
witness averred that Decedent requested that she act as a witness. Thus, the affidavits
affirmatively show that the affiants’ beliefs concerning Decedent’s state of mind were based on
personal knowledge, including their observations of Decedent at the time he signed the Will. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f); cf. Kerlin, 274 S.W.3d at 668 (concluding that affidavit did not raise fact
9
issue about event that occurred in 1840s because “nothing in the affidavit affirmatively shows
how [affiant] could possibly have personal knowledge about events occurring in 1840s”).
As to her argument that their affidavits were improper witness testimony that
implicitly applied the legal definition of testamentary capacity to the facts, Gonzales cites the
principle of law that “[n]o witness, whether expert or non-expert, is permitted, over proper
objection, to state his opinion as to the legal capacity of a person to make a will, because the
determination of the existence of testamentary capacity involves the application of a legal
definition to the facts.” See Lindley v. Lindley, 384 S.W.2d 676, 682 (Tex. 1964) (citing Brown
v. Mitchell, 31 S.W. 621, 629 (Tex. 1895)). But the notary public and the witness did not opine
that Decedent had the legal capacity to make a will; rather, based on their personal knowledge
including their presence when Decedent signed the Will, they opined about the condition of
Decedent’s mind at that time. See Speck v. Speck, 588 S.W.2d 853, 854 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1979, no writ) (stating that witness cannot opine that testator has legal capacity
to make will but that witness can opine “as to the condition of the decedent’s mind at the time
of the execution of the will”); see also In re Estate of Parrimore, No. 14-14-00820-CV,
2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1937, at *23–24 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 25, 2016, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (in appeal from bench trial, describing witnesses’ testimony that decedent
“appeared to be of sound mind” on day he executed will and that “he knew he was executing his
will” as “direct evidence” of decedent’s “general mental condition on the day his will was
executed” and determining that evidence was sufficient to show testamentary capacity);
Singleton v. Carmichael, 305 S.W.2d 379, 383 (Tex. App.—Houston 1957, writ ref’d n.r.e.)
(“Where a non-expert witness has had sufficient contact with the testator and has had opportunity
to observe, and has observed him, the witness may express an opinion that he is of sound mind
10
without detailing the facts which are the basis of the opinion.”); see also Tex. Est. Code
§ 251.1045 (including within portion of form to be included in will and signed by witnesses for
self-proving of will that the witnesses “believe the testator to be of sound mind”).
Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling
Gonzales’s objections to the affidavits of the notary public and witness and overrule her second
and third issues.
Exhibit D: Affidavit of Attorney
In her fourth issue, Gonzales contends that the trial court erred in overruling her
objections to the affidavit of the attorney who prepared the Will and signed it as a witness.
Gonzales argues that the trial court should have excluded this affidavit on the grounds that it
contained conclusory statements and inadmissible hearsay.
In his affidavit, the attorney “stated under oath” that the affidavit’s contents were
“true, complete, and correct to the best of [his] knowledge.” He then averred about his
professional background and practice, which included preparing wills; that he was the attorney
who prepared the Will; that he was present and a witness to its execution; and that the notary
public and the other witness were also present. As to Decedent’s state of mind at the time he
signed the Will, the attorney averred:
I knew [Decedent] for over thirty (30) years. [Decedent] contacted me in
July 2021 about wanting to update his Will. He and I met in my office on
July 28, 2021, and thoroughly discussed his desires and wishes that he wanted to
express in his Will and his Will was prepared based on those desires and wishes.
[Decedent] also knew who his children were (as stated in the Will) and
understood the likely disposition (intestate succession) of his estate should he die
without leaving any lawful Will. [Decedent] also understood that this Will would
revoke all previous Wills and Codicils he may have made.
....
11
[Decedent] executed his Will of his own free accord, without reservation, and
without any outside influence. No one, including [Carman], exercised any
influence over what [Decedent] expressed his intentions were as stated in
his Will.
At the time of signing the Will, [Decedent] expressly knew and understood the
effect of making his Will, as well as the nature and bounty of his property.
[Decedent] was of sound mind and had sufficient memory to assimilate the
elements of executing a Will, to hold those elements long enough to perceive their
obvious relation to each other, and to form a reasonable judgment as to them.
Beyond any minimum legal requirements for executing a Will in Texas,
[Decedent] appeared as I had known him for over thirty (30) years through the
Masonic Lodge and his employment at FCI-Bastrop where he worked with my
mother. [Decedent] inquired about how my parents were doing since he had
known both my parents for a long period of time and we also discussed
my family.
Making similar arguments as she did to the notary public’s and witness’s
statements in their affidavits, Gonzales contends that the following statements in the attorney’s
affidavit were conclusory: (i) Decedent executed the Will of “his own free accord, without
reservation, and without any outside influence”; (ii) “no one, including [Carman], exercised any
undue influence over what [Decedent] expressed his intentions were as stated in his Will”;
(iii) Decedent “expressly knew and understood the effect of making his Will, as well as the
nature and bounty of his property”; and (iv) Decedent “was of sound mind and had sufficient
memory” to execute the Will.
Like the affidavits of the notary public and witness, the attorney provided the
underlying factual basis of his beliefs concerning Decedent’s state of mind at the time Decedent
signed the Will. In addition to being present when Decedent signed the Will, the attorney’s
beliefs were based on his thirty-year relationship with Decedent. See In re Estate of Parrimore,
2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1937, at *23–24; Singleton, 305 S.W.2d at 383. Thus, we conclude that
the trial court did not err in overruling Gonzales’s objections that were based on her argument
12
that the attorney’s affidavit contained statements that were conclusory. See In re Estate of
Gomez, No. 04-05-00300-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 9740, at *25 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
Nov. 23, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that testimony of attorney who prepared will and
averred that “testatrix was of sound mind when she executed the will constitute[d] some
evidence . . . on the issue of testamentary capacity”); Krumb v. Porter, 152 S.W.2d 495, 497
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1941, writ ref’d) (concluding that testimony of attorney who prepared
will could properly be considered in determining whether testator “had the necessary
testamentary capacity at the time of the execution of the will”).
As to her hearsay objection, Gonzales contends that the following statements in
the attorney’s affidavit were inadmissible:
[Decedent] contacted me in July 2021 about wanting to update his Will. He and I
met in my office on July 28, 2021, and thoroughly discussed his desires and
wishes that he wanted to express in his Will and his Will was prepared based on
those desires and wishes.
Gonzales argues that these statements were offered to prove the truth of the matters asserted—
“that Decedent’s intentions are accurately reflected in the Will and that no one exercised any
undue influence over him,” see Tex. R. Evid. 801 (defining hearsay), and that the “state of mind”
exception to the rule against hearsay does not apply, see id. R. 803(3). Under that exception, the
following type of statement is not excluded by the rule against hearsay:
A statement of the declarant’s then-existing state of mind (such as motive, intent,
or plan) or emotional, sensory, or physical condition (such as mental feeling, pain,
or bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the
fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the validity or terms of the
declarant’s will.
Id.
13
Assuming without deciding that the statements that Gonzales challenges in the
attorney’s affidavit would be considered hearsay, they fall within the “state of mind” exception
because they address Decedent’s then-existing state of mind—his intent and plan for changing
his will—when he initially met with the attorney and when he later executed the Will. Further,
even if the challenged statements could be characterized as statements of memory or belief, they
would be admissible under this exception because they relate to the terms of Decedent’s will.
See id.
For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
overruling Gonzales’s objections to the attorney’s affidavit and overrule her fourth issue.
Exhibit E: Affidavit of Carman
In her fifth issue, Gonzales contends that the trial court erred in overruling her
objections to Carman’s affidavit. Gonzales argues that the trial court should have excluded
Carman’s affidavit on the ground that it contained inadmissible hearsay. Specifically, Gonzales
challenged the statements in Carman’s affidavit that are italicized:
My name is Leola Carman, I am over the age of 18 years and of sound mind, and
I am capable of making this affidavit. I am personally acquainted with the facts
stated herein.
In July 2021, my husband [Decedent] asked me to get the copy of his will. He
wanted to see what it said. After looking at it, he said he wanted to change it. He
then made an appointment with [the attorney] to prepare new wills for us.
[Decedent] told me he was going to have Certificates of Deposit in the amount of
$50,000.00 made for each of his children that could be drawing interest. He was
not including them in the new will because, in his words, “they have never done a
thing for me.” [Decedent] wanted both our wills to make it clear that his
biological children were not part of his or my estate.
On August 3, 2021, the day of the Will signing, we both read our Wills, and
[Decedent] said that it was exactly what he wanted. At the time we executed the
14
new Wills and after we discussed the POD accounts gifted to [Decedent’s] kids,
[he] told me that “the rest of it is yours.”
On August 5, 2021, [Decedent] went to the bank to prepare four CDs for his four
children in the amount of $50,000 each.
Gonzales argues that the italicized statements constitute out-of-court statements to prove the
truth of the matters asserted—“that Decedent’s intentions are accurately reflected in the Will”
and that “Carman, the primary beneficiary under the Will, did not exercise any undue
influence over Decedent or obtain the Will by fraud or duress, and that Decedent had
testamentary capacity.”
For the same reasons that we stated above as to the attorney’s statements, even if
the statements in Carman’s affidavit that Gonzales challenges are hearsay, they fall within the
“state of mind” exception because they address Decedent’s then-existing state of mind—his
intent and plan for changing his will and the disposition of his property. See Tex. Evid. R.
803(3). We also observe that under the “Dead Man’s Rule,” a party may testify about oral
statements made by a deceased person if the statements are corroborated. See id.
R. 601(b)(3)(A). In this case, Carman’s testimony about Decedent’s statements is corroborated
by the other affidavits, the Will itself, and the evidence that Decedent obtained the four CDs for
his children shortly after executing the Will, consistent with Carman’s testimony about his stated
plan for the disposition of his property. See Escamilla v. Estate of Escamilla, 921 S.W.2d 723,
726–27 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1996, writ denied) (stating that “[c]orroborating
evidence may come from any other competent witness or other legal source” and explaining that
it “must tend to confirm and strengthen the testimony of the witness and show the probability of
its truth”).
15
As support for her position that the trial court erred in overruling her objections to
Carman’s affidavit, Gonzales cites In re Estate of Turner, 265 S.W.3d 709, 711–12 (Tex. App.—
Eastland 2008, no pet.), but the facts in that case are distinguishable. The appeal was from a trial
court’s order admitting the photocopy of a missing will to probate, and the controversy between
the parties was whether the will had been revoked. Id. at 710. On appeal, the appellants
challenged the trial court’s exclusion of a purported statement by the decedent that “he had taken
care of everything, and if he ever did pass away everything would be hers.” Id. at 711. Our
sister court concluded that this statement was hearsay and that the state-of-mind exception to the
rule against hearsay did not apply. Id. at 711–12. But, unlike Carman’s challenged testimony,
the purported statement in that case conflicted with the terms of the will, and the issue in that
case was whether the will was revoked, not its validity when it was executed—i.e. there was no
challenge to decedent’s state of mind when he executed the will. See id.
Because we conclude that the challenged statements in Carman’s affidavit were
not inadmissible hearsay, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
overruling Gonzales’s objections to Carman’s affidavit and overrule Gonzales’s fifth issue.
Summary Judgment
Gonzales’s remaining five issues challenge the trial court’s order granting
traditional summary judgment on her claims of lack of testamentary capacity, undue influence,
and execution without formalities and no-evidence summary judgment on her claims of fraud
and duress.
16
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s summary-judgment ruling de novo. See Zive
v. Sandberg, 644 S.W.3d 169, 173 (Tex. 2022); Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture,
145 S.W.3d 150, 156 (Tex. 2004). Under this standard, we view “the evidence in the light most
favorable to the non-movant, crediting evidence favorable to the non-movant if reasonable jurors
could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.” Zive, 644 S.W.3d
at 173 (quoting Erikson v. Renda, 590 S.W.3d 557, 563 (Tex. 2019)).
“A party moving for traditional summary judgment must prove that no genuine
issue of material fact exists and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc. v. Xerox State & Local Sols., Inc., 663 S.W.3d 569, 576 (Tex. 2023); see Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(c). A movant seeking a no-evidence summary judgment must assert that “there is no
evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which an adverse party
would have the burden of proof at trial.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). “The court must grant the
motion unless the respondent produces summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of
material fact” on the challenged elements. Id.; see JLB Builders, L.L.C. v. Hernandez,
622 S.W.3d 860, 864 (Tex. 2021) (explaining that “no-evidence motion shifts the burden to the
nonmovant to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact supporting each element
contested in the motion”).
“A genuine issue of material fact exists if the evidence ‘rises to a level that would
enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.’” First United
Pentecostal Church of Beaumont v. Parker, 514 S.W.3d 214, 220 (Tex. 2017) (quoting Merrell
Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). “The evidence does not create
an issue of material fact if it is ‘so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or
17
suspicion’ that the fact exists.” Id. (quoting Kia Motors Corp. v. Ruiz, 432 S.W.3d 865, 875
(Tex. 2014)).
Lack of Testamentary Capacity
In her sixth issue, Gonzales argues that the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment on the issue of testamentary capacity because a genuine issue of material fact exists as
to whether Decedent lacked testamentary capacity at the time the Will was executed. Gonzales
relies on her objections to the affidavits and argues that there is a fact issue as to whether
Decedent “understood the effects of making a will—i.e., one requirement for testamentary
capacity”—primarily relying on Carman’s deposition testimony to create a fact issue.
Because Gonzales asserted her challenge to Decedent’s testamentary capacity
before the Will was admitted to probate and Patterson sought traditional summary judgment as to
this claim, it was Patterson’s burden to establish as a matter of law that Decedent
possessed testamentary capacity at the time he executed the Will. See In re Estate of Graham,
69 S.W.3d 598, 605–06 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2001, no pet.); see also Tex. R.
Civ. P. 166a(c); Bracewell v. Bracewell, 20 S.W.3d 14, 19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2000, no pet.) (explaining that “to form a valid will, in Texas, the testatrix must have
had ‘testamentary capacity’ when the will was executed” (citing Chambers v. Chambers,
542 S.W.2d 901, 906 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1976, no writ))).
“Testamentary capacity has been defined by Texas courts to mean ‘sufficient
mental ability, at the time of the execution of the will, to understand the business in which the
testatrix is engaged, the effect of her act in making the will, and the general nature and extent of
her property.’” Bracewell, 20 S.W.3d at 19 (quoting Hoffman v. Texas Com. Bank Nat’l Ass’n,
18
846 S.W.2d 336, 340 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied)); see id. (observing
that Texas courts “have defined the term ‘sound mind’ to mean ‘testamentary capacity’” (quoting
Chambers, 542 S.W.2d at 906)); see also Tex. Est. Code § 251.001 (stating that generally
“person of sound mind has the right and power to make a will”). “The testatrix must also know
her next of kin and the natural objects of her bounty, and she must have ‘sufficient memory to
assimilate the elements of the business to be transacted, to hold those elements long enough to
perceive their obvious relation to each other, and to form a reasonable judgment as to them.’”
Bracewell, 20 S.W.3d at 19 (quoting Jones v. LaFargue, 758 S.W.2d 320, 325 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, writ denied)); see also Lindley, 384 S.W.2d at 683 n.1 (setting out
elements of testamentary capacity).
The attorney, his employee, and the notary public averred that they were present
when Decedent signed the Will, and based on their personal knowledge, they believed Decedent
to be of sound mind at that time. See In re Estate of Parrimore, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1937, at
*23 (in appeal from bench trial, concluding that “direct evidence from multiple witnesses” that
decedent “appeared to be of sound mind” on day he executed will and that “he knew he was
executing his will” was some evidence of testamentary capacity); In re Estate of Gomez,
2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 9740, at *25 (stating that testimony from attorney who prepared will and
from attesting witness to will that “a testatrix was of sound mind when she executed the will
constitute[d] some evidence . . . on the issue of testamentary capacity”).
The attorney also averred that Decedent knew who his children were, the effect of
making the Will, and the nature and extent of his property. See Chambers, 542 S.W.2d at 907–
08 (observing that Texas Supreme Court “has held that in a will contest, the layman witness may
be asked, assuming he knows, whether the testator knew or had the capacity to know the objects
19
of his bounty, the nature of the transaction in which he was engaged, or the nature and extent of
his estate” (citing Carr v. Radkey, 393 S.W.2d 806, 813 (Tex. 1965))). And the attorney’s
opinion of Decedent’s state of mind at the time he signed the Will was based on knowing
Decedent for over thirty years and his observations of Decedent at the time he signed the Will,
including the attorney’s discussion with Decedent about the attorney’s parents and Decedent’s
family. See, e.g., In re Estate of Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 606 (stating that when there is no direct
evidence, testator’s mental condition may be determined from lay opinion testimony based on
witness’s observations of testator prior to and subsequent to execution of will as long as “some
evidence exists demonstrating that the condition persists and has some probability of being the
same condition that existed at the time the will was made”).
Gonzales argues that there is a fact issue about testamentary capacity as to
whether Decedent understood the effects of making a will because “[o]n the one hand,” Carman
testified Decedent wanted to set up the CDs for his four children, but “on the other hand,”
Carman testified that he “wanted to exclude his children from his Will because ‘they have never
done a thing for [Decedent].’” Gonzales argues that because Decedent left $200,000 to his
children, “reasonable minds could differ in their conclusions as to whether Decedent understood
the effect of the disinheritance language in his Will.” She also argues that there is a fact issue
because of the no-contest clause and the term that his children were not beneficiaries in both the
Will and Carman’s will 4 because there was no need for a no-contest clause to discourage a will
contest when his children were not beneficiaries.
4 In her will, Carman left her property to Decedent if he survived her, except she
bequeathed a life estate to Decedent as to her interest in a residential homestead.
20
The issue of testamentary capacity, however, turns on the condition of Decedent’s
mind when the Will was executed, not the interplay between terms in the Will and Carman’s
will. See, e.g., In re Estate of Parrimore, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1937, at *18 (concluding that
decision to leave none of estate to sons did not negate evidence that testator possessed
testamentary intent); Dickson v. Swain, No. 14-05-00062-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 8369, at
*17 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 26, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that
testatrix “has the right to dispose of her property in any manner that she may desire if her mental
ability meets the law’s tests” and that “[i]t is not for courts, juries, relatives, or friends to say how
property should be passed by will, or to rewrite a will for a testatrix because they do not believe
she made a wise or fair distribution of her property”).
In addition to the affidavits, in her deposition and consistent with the attorney’s
testimony, Carman testified that the attorney had prepared their previous wills, that she and
Decedent met with the attorney about preparing new wills, and that she was present when
Decedent signed the Will. She also testified that Decedent did not have memory issues “until
just before he passed away,” that he told her multiple times that he did not want his children in
the Will, that his plan was to purchase CDs for his children, and that he purchased the CDs
shortly after he signed the Will. Patterson’s evidence about Decedent’s state of mind, which was
not controverted, establishes that Decedent “was lucid and comprehended what he was doing
when he executed his will” and negates Gonzales’s claim that Decedent did not have
testamentary capacity to execute the Will. See In re Estate of Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 607 (citing
evidence from decedent’s long-time friend that decedent was of “sound mind and knew exactly
what he was doing” to negate “allegation that [decedent] did not have the requisite testamentary
capacity to execute a valid will” and observing from evidence that decedent “was fully aware
21
that he was making a will bequeathing his entire estate to his two nieces and not leaving anything
to the contestants”); cf. In re Estate of O’Neil, No. 04-11-00586-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS
7376, at *21–22 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 31, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that
evidence consisting of affidavits in which affiants testified to “long history with [decedent], his
deteriorating health, and opined that he was not capable of conducting business or in complete
control of his mental faculties” around time that will was executed showed existence of material
fact issue as to decedent’s testamentary capacity at time of will’s making).
Applying the applicable standard of review, we conclude that Patterson
established as a matter of law that Decedent possessed testamentary capacity at the time he
signed the Will and that Gonzales did not present evidence to raise a genuine issue of material
fact. See Zive, 644 S.W.3d at 173. We overrule Gonzales’s sixth issue.
Undue Influence
In her seventh issue, Gonzales argues that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment on her claim of undue influence because a genuine issue of material fact
exists as to whether Carman exercised undue influence over Decedent in the procurement of
his Will.
“Undue influence implies the existence of testamentary capacity, but occurs when
there is evidence showing the testator is subject to and controlled by a dominant influence or
power.” Monariti v. Monariti, No. 14-23-00062-CV, 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 6476, at *7 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 29, 2024, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (citing Rothermel v. Duncan,
369 S.W.2d 917, 922 (Tex. 1963)). “Not every influence exerted on a person is undue.” In re
22
Estate of Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 609. “It is not undue unless the free agency of the testator was
destroyed and the will produced expresses the wishes of the one exerting the influence.” Id.
The elements of an undue-influence claim to set aside a will are: (1) “the
existence and exertion of an influence,” (2) “the effective operation of that influence so as to
subvert or overpower the testator’s mind at the time of the execution of [the will],” and (3) “the
execution of [the will] which the maker would not have made but for such influence.” Monariti,
2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 6476, at *7. “[E]ach element is necessary to establish a claim of undue
influence.” Id. (quoting In re Estate of Sidransky, 420 S.W.3d 90, 95 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012,
pet. denied)). Further, “[a] solemn testament executed under the formalities required by law by
one mentally capable of executing it should not be set aside upon a bare suspicion of
wrongdoing.” Rothermal, 369 S.W.2d at 922–23.
Because the trial court granted traditional summary judgment on Gonzales’s
undue-influence claim and each element of this claim is necessary, Patterson was entitled to
summary judgment if her evidence conclusively negated one of the elements. Monariti,
2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 6476, at *7. Factors relevant to the first element of an undue-influence
claim include the circumstances surrounding the drafting and execution of the will, the existence
of a fraudulent motive, and whether the testator was habitually under another’s control. Id. at
*7–8 (citing Rothermel, 369 S.W.2d at 923). Factors relevant to the second element include the
testator’s state of mind at the time he executed the purported will, the testator’s mental or
physical incapacity to resist or the susceptibility of the testator’s mind to the type and extent of
the influence exerted, the testator’s words and acts, and the testator’s weakness of body and
mind. Id. at *10–11. Factors relevant to the third element include the testator’s “stated desires
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and actions” and whether “the will executed is unnatural in its disposition of the testator’s
property.” Id.
Gonzales contends that purported inconsistencies between Carman’s deposition
testimony and her affidavit create a fact issue. She relies on the testimony from Carman’s
deposition that: (i) the only change that Decedent wanted to make to his will was to exclude his
children; (ii) Decedent did not appoint any of his children as executor because he said that they
have never done one thing for him; (iii) it was his idea to disinherit his children; (iv) she did not
discuss with him why he wanted to treat her daughters as his own; (v) her new will did not make
changes from her prior will; (vi) Decedent may have said that she was “his brain” because “he
couldn’t remember something sometimes or some name, or—he would ask me”; (vii) Decedent
did not have a durable power of attorney; and (viii) he had to cease travelling twelve to thirteen
years before his death for health reasons. Decedent had been diagnosed with cancer 15 to 20
years before his death. Gonzales attempts to create a fact issue based on Carman’s lack of
explanation or purported inconsistencies in her testimony such as: (i) Carman’s purported lack
of explanation for why she updated her own will when she testified that it was substantially the
same as her prior one; 5 (ii) a purported inconsistency between Carman’s deposition testimony
and her affidavit about Decedent’s statement that his children had never done a thing for him: in
her affidavit, she testified that was his reason for not wanting to include his children in the Will,
and in her deposition, she testified that was his reason for not naming them as executors; (iii) her
5 As Patterson observes in her brief,
Any reasonable person understands that when a husband and wife procure a typical estate
planning package from an attorney, both wills are updated at the same time. . . . There is good
cause to update a will containing similar dispositions as a previous version, such as to ensure that
witnesses will be able to be located in the event they are needed. In addition, it is common
practice for both spouses’ wills to have virtually identical provisions.
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deposition testimony that he did not have a durable power of attorney when in fact he did; and
(iv) a purported inconsistency between her deposition testimony and her affidavit about who
made the appointment with the attorney to update their wills.
Gonzales, however, did not present evidence to controvert the evidence from the
affidavits that when Decedent met with the attorney to discuss updating his will and when he
signed the Will in August 2021 he was of sound mind; that he was acting of his own free will;
and that he had the ability to understand and convey his desires for the disposition of his
property, including that he did not want his children to receive property under the Will. See
Littell v. Johnson, No. 04-99-00616-CV, 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 5623, at *12 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio Aug. 23, 2000, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that “mere opportunity to exert influence
is not enough to prove undue influence” and that “[o]pportunity must be coupled with evidence
that an improper influence existed and that the influence was exercised at the time the disputed
will was executed”). In addition to the affidavits, Carman testified in her deposition that after
Decedent signed the Will and consistent with his plan for his children, Decedent purchased the
CDs for his children. Carman also testified that it was not apparent that Decedent was sick until
about one month before he died in July 2022, that he did not have memory issues “until just
before he passed away,” and that he told her multiple times what he intended to do concerning
the Will. Carman also answered, “No,” when asked if she ever suggested to him to treat her
children as his own in the Will. And she testified that Patterson and Decedent “got along” fine.
Viewing the evidence under the applicable standard of review, we conclude that
Patterson’s evidence negated Gonzales’s claim of undue influence by Carman and that Gonzales
did not present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on this claim. See In re Estate of
Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 610–11 (concluding that “record [was] devoid of any evidence of undue
25
influence” and explaining that “there must be some testimony, direct or circumstantial, to show
influence was not only present but that it was in fact exerted with respect to the making of the
testament itself” (quoting Rothermal, 369 S.W.2d at 923)); Horton v. Horton, 965 S.W.2d 78, 88
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, no pet.) (explaining that although evidence that husband had
cancer and was in considerable pain most of time “indicates that [wife] had opportunity to exert
influence over [him] in the execution of the will, there [was] simply no evidence that she did so”
and that there was “no evidence that would tend to prove that [his] mind was in fact subverted at
the time he executed the will”).
Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting Patterson’s traditional
motion for summary judgment on Gonzales’s undue-influence claim. See Zive, 644 S.W.3d at
173. We overrule Gonzales’s seventh issue.
Execution Without Requisite Formalities
In her eighth issue, Gonzales argues that the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment on her claim that the Will was executed without the requisite formalities. Relying on
Carman’s deposition testimony, she argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the
element of attestation because of Carman’s “inconsistent statements regarding the presence of
[the] purported” witness who was employed by the attorney. See Tex. Est. Code § 251.051(3)
(generally requiring will to be “attested by two or more credible witnesses who are at least
14 years of age and who subscribe their name to the will in their own handwriting in the
testator’s presence”). She argues that Carman’s deposition testimony was inconsistent about
whether this witness was present when Decedent signed the Will.
26
The Will includes an executed form in compliance with Section 251.1045 of the
Texas Estates Code. See id. § 251.1045; see also id. § 251.102(a)(2) (authorizing court to admit
will to probate without testimony of subscribing witness if will is simultaneously executed,
attested, and made self-proved as provided in Section 251.1045). Thus, the Will was
self-proved, and the prima facie validity of the Will was established. See In re Estate of
Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 603 (explaining that although validity of self-proved will can be
challenged, “self-proving affidavit constitutes prima facie evidence of the will’s execution”).
The affidavits also conclusively established that the Will was executed with the requisite
formalities, including complying with the attestation requirement—that it was attested to and
signed by two or more credible witnesses in testator’s presence. See Tex. Est. Code § 251.051.
Gonzales relies on Carman’s original response in her deposition about who was
present when her husband signed the Will to argue that it was inconsistent with the attestation
clause stating that the witness was present, but Carman timely amended her deposition response
to state that she did not “recall who all was in the room at the will signing.” See Tex. R. Civ. P.
203.1(b) (addressing procedure for making changes to deposition responses). Although Carman
did not provide a reason for this amendment and, during the deposition, did not recognize the
name of the attorney’s employee who witnessed the signing of the Will, the fact that Carman did
not remember the witness’s name is understandable given that the deposition was taken
approximately two years after the Will was signed. Gonzales has not cited, and we have not
found, authority that would support that by amending her deposition response about who was in
the room when Decedent signed the Will, Carman created a fact issue on the attestation element
to preclude summary judgment. We overrule Gonzales’s eighth issue.
27
Fraud and Duress
In her ninth and tenth issues, Gonzales argues that the trial court erred in granting
no-evidence summary judgment on the issue of fraud because she “produced more than a mere
scintilla of evidence that the Will was procured by fraud on the part of Appellee Carman” and on
the issue of duress because she “produced more than a mere scintilla of evidence that Decedent
executed the Will under duress.”
“A claim that a will was procured through fraud requires proof of some kind of
misrepresentation.” In re Estate of Graham, 69 S.W.3d at 612 (citing Guthrie v. Suiter,
934 S.W.2d 820, 832–33 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ)); see Littell,
2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 5623, at *13–14 (stating elements of fraud). And “[a] common element
of duress in all its forms . . . is improper or unlawful conduct or threat of improper or unlawful
conduct that is intended to and does interfere with another person’s exercise of free will and
judgment.” Dallas Cnty. Cmty. Coll. Dist. v. Bolton, 185 S.W.3d 868, 878–79 (Tex. 2005); see
Weinberg v. Baharav, 553 S.W.3d 131, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.)
(explaining that to avoid summary judgment on affirmative defense of duress, party was required
to present evidence that he was threatened with improper or unlawful conduct that was imminent
and that was intended to and did interfere with his exercise of free will and judgment).
Gonzales’s argument “incorporates by reference her reasoning” that the trial court
erred in granting summary judgment on her claim of undue influence. See Winn v. Daniel,
386 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (explaining that undue
influence “may take the nature of . . . duress . . . or deception used in an effort to overcome or
subvert the will of the maker of the testament and induce the execution thereof contrary to his
will” and that “courts of Texas treat the exertion of such influence in the execution of a
28
dispositive instrument as a species of legal fraud” (quoting Rothermel, 369 S.W.2d at 922)). But
we have concluded that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on that claim,
and Gonzales has not cited evidence that would support that the Will was procured because
Carman made a material misrepresentation to Decedent or that Decedent was under duress when
he signed the Will because of improper or unlawful conduct by Carman. See Weinberg,
553 S.W.3d at 134 (explaining that “duress must be established based on conduct of the party
accused”); Littell, 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 5623, at *14 (concluding that trial court did not err in
granting summary judgment on fraud claim because there was no evidence that appellee made
material representation to decedent or appellants). Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not
err in granting no-evidence summary judgment on Gonzales’s claims of fraud and duress. We
overrule her ninth and tenth issues.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order granting Patterson’s motion for
traditional and no-evidence summary judgment and dismissing Gonzales’s will contest and
related claims.
__________________________________________
Rosa Lopez Theofanis, Justice
Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Smith and Theofanis
Affirmed
Filed: October 17, 2024
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