“[T]he employment imposes the duty upon the employee to go from place to place at the will of the employer . . . and the risks of travel are directly incident to the employment itself.”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he employment imposes the duty upon the employee to go from place to place at the will of the employer . . . and the risks of travel are directly incident to the employment itself.”
- “[S]tatutes are to be read and applied “both from their plain language and from prior case law interpretations.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
FILED
Oct 21, 2024
01:53 PM(CT)
TENNESSEE
WORKERS' COMPENSATION
APPEALS BOARD
TENNESSEE BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION APPEALS BOARD
Bibiane Francoeur ) Docket No. 2024-10-1841
)
v. ) State File No. 2194-2024
)
Amerimed Medical Solutions, LLC, et al. )
)
)
Appeal from the Court of Workers’ ) Heard October 1, 2024
Compensation Claims ) in Knoxville
Audrey A. Headrick, Judge )
Reversed and Remanded
This interlocutory appeal presents an issue of first impression. Following a compensable
work accident, the authorized treating physician restricted the employee from engaging in
certain activities, including driving. The employer offered a light duty position that it
asserted complied with all work-related restrictions. The employee declined to accept the
light duty job offer because she was unable to get to and from work due to the no-driving
restriction. In response, the employer terminated temporary disability benefits, asserting
it had offered the employee a reasonable light duty position that complied with all work-
related restrictions, and it had no legal obligation to get the employee to and from work.
The trial court disagreed and ordered the employer to reinstate temporary disability
benefits as of the date the physician assigned the no-driving restriction, and the employer
has appealed. Upon careful consideration of the record and arguments of counsel, we
reverse the trial court’s order and remand the case.
Presiding Judge Timothy W. Conner delivered the opinion of the Appeals Board in which
Judge Pele I. Godkin and Judge Meredith B. Weaver joined.
Richard R. Clark, Jr., and Emily M. White, Nashville, Tennessee, for the employer-
appellant, Amerimed Medical Solutions, LLC
Peter Frech, Nashville, Tennessee, for the employee-appellee, Bibiane Francoeur
Factual and Procedural Background
This case presents an issue of first impression. For purposes of this appeal, the
facts of the case are largely undisputed. On January 9, 2024, Bibiane Francoeur
1
(“Employee”), a resident of Meigs County, Tennessee, was working within the course
and scope of her employment with Amerimed Medical Solutions, LLC (“Employer”), a
provider of medical and family assistance services. While Employee was assisting a
client in an electric wheelchair, Employee was pushed into a wall when the wheels of the
chair were driven over both of her feet. She reported injuries to both feet and her low
back. Following a period of authorized medical care, Employee’s treating physician, Dr.
Michael Tompkins, diagnosed Employee with crush injuries to both feet and complex
regional pain syndrome in her left leg. On May 9, 2024, Dr. Tompkins assigned certain
work restrictions that included “sitting job with foot/leg elevated” and “no driving.”
On May 13, 2024, Employer sent a letter to Employee that offered a “transitional
duty position that accommodates your physical restrictions.” The letter instructed
Employee to contact a certain Employer representative to schedule her return to work.
Employee declined the job offer because Dr. Tompkins had restricted her from driving,
and, according to her, she had no way to transport herself to and from work. Thereafter,
Employer terminated Employee’s temporary disability benefits based on its assertions
that it had offered Employee a reasonable transitional duty position and that it had no
obligation to transport Employee to and from work.
Employee then filed a request for hearing seeking reinstatement of benefits and
asked the court to decide the issue based on its review of the record without holding an
evidentiary hearing. Employer objected, arguing that a hearing “will allow the parties a
greater opportunity to delineate the relevant case law and statutory authority.” In June
2024, the court issued a docketing notice in which it concluded that “an in-person hearing
[was] unnecessary to decide the legal issue presented.” The court then set deadlines for
each party to present any objections to the documents listed in the docketing notice
and/or present any other evidence for the court’s consideration.
In its July 29, 2024 order, the trial court reasoned that “a work injury resulting in a
no-driving restriction changes the obligations of the employer.” The court then
determined that Employer’s transitional duty job offer was “unreasonable, as it only
accommodated part of the restrictions.” The court concluded, “Only an offer that also
provided transportation would completely comply with the restrictions.” As a result, it
ordered Employer to pay temporary total disability benefits for May 8, 2024, and
temporary partial disability benefits from May 9 forward, “until she is no longer eligible
for them.” Employer has appealed.
Standard of Review
The standard we apply in reviewing the trial court’s decision presumes that the
court’s factual findings are correct unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-239(c)(7) (2023). In circumstances where there is no
witness testimony, “[n]o . . . deference need be afforded the trial court’s findings based
2
upon documentary evidence.” Goodman v. Schwarz Paper Co., No. W2016-02594-SC-
R3-WC, 2018 Tenn. LEXIS 8, at *6 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. Panel Jan. 18, 2018).
Similarly, the interpretation and application of statutes, rules, and regulations are
questions of law that are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness afforded
the trial court’s conclusions. See Mansell v. Bridgestone Firestone N. Am. Tire, LLC, 417
S.W.3d 393, 399 (Tenn. 2013). We are also mindful of our obligation to construe the
workers’ compensation statutes “fairly, impartially, and in accordance with basic
principles of statutory construction” and in a way that does not favor either the employee
or the employer. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-116 (2023).
Analysis
Workers’ compensation law is a creature of statute, and the rights and
responsibilities of the parties are derived solely from the statutes. Cooper v. Logistics
Insight Corp., 395 S.W.3d 632, 640 (Tenn. 2013). Therefore, any obligation imposed on
an employer in a workers’ compensation case must be derived from a statute, a
regulation, or binding precedent interpreting such statutes or regulations. Id. at 639; see
also Curtis v. G.E. Capital Modular Space, 155 S.W.3d 877 (Tenn. 2005) (“[S]tatutes are
to be read and applied “both from their plain language and from prior case law
interpretations.”).
Work-Related Travel
With respect to work-related travel, the Tennessee Supreme Court and its Special
Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel have considered the issue extensively. It is well
settled that, generally, an employee’s commute to and from work is not within the course
of employment. See, e.g., Autwell v. Back Yard Burgers, Inc., No. W2014-00232-SC-R3-
WC, 2015 Tenn. LEXIS 185, at *10-11 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. Panel Mar. 16, 2015).
However, as the Appeals Panel explained in Autwell, injuries that occur when an
employee is traveling to and from work are compensable “if the travel itself is a
substantial part of the services for which the employee was employed and compensated.”
Id. at *12 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Court then stated, “This
is known as the traveling-employee exception to the coming-and-going rule.” Id.
In applying the “traveling employee exception” to the general rule of non-
compensability, the Tennessee Supreme Court has concluded that a contract provision
providing for “travel reimbursement” was sufficient to remove the case from the general
rule of non-compensability in coming-and-going cases. Pool v. Metric Constructors,
Inc., 681 S.W.2d 543, 544 (Tenn. 1984); see also Smith v. Royal Globe Ins. Co., Inc., 551
S.W.2d 679, 681 (Tenn. 1977) (“[T]he employment imposes the duty upon the employee
to go from place to place at the will of the employer . . . and the risks of travel are directly
incident to the employment itself.”)
3
In Howard v. Cornerstone Med. Assoc., P.C., 54 S.W.3d 238 (Tenn. 2001), the
Supreme Court discussed limits to the traveling employee exception. The employee in
Howard was required as part of his job to visit patients at several area medical facilities.
Id. at 239. On the date of the accident, while traveling from his home to one such facility
in his personal vehicle, he was involved in a motor vehicle accident resulting in injuries.
Id. The trial court granted summary judgment to the employer based on the coming-and-
going rule, but the Appeals Panel reversed. Id. On further appeal, however, the Supreme
Court reversed the Appeals Panel and reinstated the judgment of the trial court in favor of
the employer. Id. In explaining its decision, the Supreme Court explained:
[T]ravel to and from work is not, ordinarily, a risk of employment. Rather,
driving to work falls into the group of all those things a worker must do in
preparation for the workday, such as dressing; and driving home from work
is often a prerequisite to getting home. While this travel is some modicum
of benefit to the employer, travel to and from work is primarily for the
benefit of the employee: if he doesn’t present himself at the workplace, he is
not compensated for his labors.
Id. at 241 (emphasis added). The Court then concluded: “We find nothing in the present
case to distinguish it from . . . cases in which Tennessee courts have denied benefits for
injuries received during travel to and from work.” Id. at 242. See also Calderon v. Auto
Owners Ins. Co., No. M2015-01707-SC-R3-WC, 2016 Tenn. LEXIS 813, at *11 (Tenn.
Workers’ Comp. Panel Oct. 24, 2016) (holding employer not responsible for providing
transportation for “errands” or other basic “necessities of life”).
More recently, in Pillow v. State, No. M2019-02274-SC-R3-WC, 2020 Tenn.
LEXIS 596 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. Panel Dec. 11, 2020), an employee was injured when
she was struck by a bus she had been riding to get to work. Her presence on the bus that
day was the result of an employer-sponsored benefit called the “Smart Commute Swipe
and Ride Program,” which provided a free transit pass to participating employees. Id. at
*2. In support of her claim for workers’ compensation benefits, the employee argued that
her employer had essentially brought the commute to and from work within the course
and scope of her employment by providing the transit pass as an employment-related
benefit. Id. at *4-5. In response, the employer argued that using the free transit pass to
get to and from work “was not an integral part of her job nor was she performing a
special assignment or task” for the employer. Id. at *6. They further argued that the free
transit pass was merely “an alternate travel arrangement facilitated by” her employer, but
the employee could use whatever mode of transportation she chose for her commute. Id.
In rejecting the employee’s argument in Pillow, the Workers’ Compensation
Appeals Panel noted that the employee “was left in control of choosing her own
transportation to and from work.” Id. at *18. It further accepted the employer’s
argument that “traveling to and from her office was not a substantial part of the services
4
for which [the employee] was employed.” Id.; see also Smith v. Macy’s Corp. Servs., No.
2018-06-0810, 2019 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 2, at *11 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp.
App. Bd. Jan. 8, 2019) (an employee’s commute was not a substantial part of the service
for which the employee was employed and compensated).
Travel Following a Work-Related Injury
There is a single statutory provision that addresses an employee’s travel following
a work-related injury. Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-204(a)(4)(A) states that
“[w]hen an injured worker is required by the worker’s employer to travel to an authorized
medical provider or facility located outside a radius of fifteen (15) miles from the injured
worker’s residence or workplace, then, upon request, the employee shall be reimbursed
for reasonable travel expenses.” However, no such reimbursement is owed for travel to
and from medical appointments within a fifteen-mile radius of the employee’s residence
or workplace. See Gentry v. Arapazuma, Inc., No. 2019-06-2140, 2022 TN Wrk. Comp.
App. Bd. LEXIS 30, at *18 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. App. Bd. July 19, 2022). In
addition, there are no statutory provisions that speak to an employer’s obligations to
provide or reimburse an injured worker’s travel to and from work. Finally, we found no
regulations that address an injured worker’s travel, and none have been cited to us.
Return to Work Offer
Next, we note that, in circumstances where an injured employee is released to
return to restricted duty, and the employer makes a return-to-work offer that is declined
by the employee, a court is to assess “the reasonableness of the employer in attempting to
return the employee to work and the reasonableness of the employee in failing to return
to work.” Dennis v. Polymer Components, No. 2015-01-0184, 2016 TN Wrk. Comp.
App. Bd. LEXIS 47, at *11 (Tenn. Workers’ Comp. App. Bd. Sept. 27, 2016).
In Newton v. Scott Health Care Ctr., 914 S.W.2d 884, 886 (Tenn. 1995), the
Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel considered whether an injured employee was
reasonable in declining a job offer. Upon being released to return to work, the employee
requested that she be returned to her pre-injury shift so that she could also return to a
second job she had worked prior to the injury. Id. at 885. The employer responded that
they could not accommodate that request, but offered her three alternative shifts to
choose from, which she declined. Id. In rejecting the employee’s claim that she had not
made a meaningful return to work, the Appeals Panel concluded that the employee’s
refusal to return to work was unreasonable, and it denied the employee’s claim for
additional disability benefits. Id. at 886. Similarly, in Hackney v. Integrity Staffing
Solutions, Inc., No. 2016-01-0092, 2016 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 29, at *13
(Tenn. Workers’ Comp. App. Bd. July 22, 2016), we noted that if the reason an employee
is unable to return to work is “personal” or “not related to the work injury,” such
circumstances do not support an award of temporary disability benefits.
5
The present case hinges on whether it is reasonable to require an employer to
accommodate every restriction assigned by a treating physician, even if such restrictions
are wholly unrelated to the employee’s job duties. On appeal, Employee argued that our
previous holding in Dennis v. Polymer Components supports the contention that an
employer must accommodate all restrictions for the job offer to be deemed reasonable.
We are unpersuaded that Dennis applies to the case at hand. In Dennis, the employee’s
physician restricted him to sedentary work and from driving. Dennis, 2016 TN Wrk.
Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 47, at *4. The employee also was required to use crutches. Id.
Although the employer and the employee had a vague discussion about returning the
employee to work, no formal job offer was made, and the employer testified he was
uncertain of the actual restrictions in place. Id. at *5. The trial court found the employee
had testified credibly that he was concerned about maneuvering on crutches around the
workspace, including the stairs, as well as small spaces like the restroom, and it awarded
the employee temporary benefits. Id. at *13. We gave deference to the trial court’s
assessment of the employee’s credibility, and we affirmed the trial court’s determination
that the employee was reasonable in not returning to work under the circumstances
presented in that case. Id. at *12. As relevant to the present case, however, our opinion
in Dennis did not rely to any degree on the employee’s no-driving restriction.
Here, unlike in Dennis, a formal return-to-work offer was made that
accommodated Employee’s work-related restrictions. There is no evidence in the record
that driving was an essential function of the job. Moreover, there is nothing in the
workers’ compensation statutes, regulations, or precedent mandating that an employer
provide an injured worker transportation to and from work in circumstances where the
employee is restricted from driving due to a work-related injury but driving is not part of
that employee’s job. Instead, if an employer wants to limit or eliminate the employee’s
entitlement to additional temporary disability benefits, it must make a reasonable return-
to-work offer that accommodates every restriction assigned by the authorized treating
physician that impacts the employee’s ability to do the essential functions of that job. If
the employee declines any such job offer, he or she must prove to the court that the
decision was reasonable in light of the circumstances of the case. Given the plethora of
case law indicating that an employee’s commute is generally not within the course of
employment and, unless otherwise specified, is not an employment-related benefit, we
cannot, in the absence of a specific statutory or regulatory mandate, impose such an
obligation on employers.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order and remand the case.
Costs on appeal are taxed to Employee.
6
TENNESSEE BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION APPEALS BOARD
Bibiane Francoeur ) Docket No. 2024-10-1841
)
v. ) State File No. 2194-2024
)
Amerimed Medical Solutions, LLC, et al. )
)
)
Appeal from the Court of Workers’ ) Heard October 1, 2024
Compensation Claims ) in Knoxville
Audrey A. Headrick, Judge )
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the Appeals Board’s decision in the referenced
case was sent to the following recipients by the following methods of service on this the 21st day
of October, 2024.
Name Certified First Class Via Via Sent to:
Mail Mail Fax Email
Richard R. Clark, Jr. X rclark@eraclides.com
ewhite@eraclides.com
Peter Frech X pfrech@forthepeople.com
mcassidy@forthepeople.com
lyates@forthepeople.com
Audrey A. Headrick, Judge X Via Electronic Mail
Kenneth M. Switzer, Chief Judge X Via Electronic Mail
Penny Shrum, Clerk, Court of X penny.patterson-shrum@tn.gov
Workers’ Compensation Claims
Olivia Yearwood
Clerk, Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board
220 French Landing Dr., Ste. 1-B
Nashville, TN 37243
Telephone: 615-253-1606
Electronic Mail: WCAppeals.Clerk@tn.gov