M. W. V. H. v. Van Hoff

620

Submitted May 1, reversed November 25, 2020

M. W. V. H.,

Petitioner-Respondent,

v.

Kathryn Anne VAN HOFF,

Respondent-Appellant.

Benton County Circuit Court

19SK00539; A171214

478 P3d 1012

Respondent appeals from a judgment entering a permanent stalking protec-

tive order (SPO), ORS 30.866, against her and for the protection of petitioner, her

ex-husband. Petitioner sought the SPO after three separate incidents: respon-

dent’s break-in to his unoccupied truck toolbox and theft of his tools; respon-

dent’s break-in to the laundry room of his residence and theft of several items;

and an encounter in which respondent followed petitioner into a public parking

lot. Respondent challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the SPO,

arguing that petitioner failed to prove that at least two of respondent’s alleged

contacts with petitioner caused him objectively reasonable apprehension as to

his personal safety or the personal safety of a member of his immediate fam-

ily or household, as required by ORS 30.866(1)(c). Held: The trial court erred

because the evidence was legally insufficient to support an SPO. It was not objec-

tively reasonable for two of the three contacts presented to have caused peti-

tioner apprehension regarding his own personal safety, or the personal safety of

a household or family member. Therefore, there were not “repeated” qualifying

contacts sufficient to issue an SPO under ORS 30.866.

Reversed.

John L. Barlow, Judge pro tempore.

Kathryn Anne Van Hoff filed the brief pro se.

No appearance for respondent.

Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Shorr, Judge, and

Powers, Judge.

SHORR, J.

Reversed.

Cite as 307 Or App 620 (2020) 621

SHORR, J.

Respondent appeals from a judgment entering a

permanent stalking protective order (SPO) against her and

for the protection of her ex-husband, challenging the suffi-

ciency of the evidence supporting the SPO. She argues that

petitioner failed to prove that at least two of respondent’s

alleged contacts with petitioner caused him objectively

reasonable apprehension regarding his personal safety or

the personal safety of a member of his immediate family

or household, as required by ORS 30.866. We agree with

respondent as to two of the three contacts at issue in this

case and need not consider the third contact.1 As a result,

we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to support an

SPO. We reverse.

We review the facts found by the trial court to

determine whether they are supported by any evidence, and

then determine whether, as a matter of law, those facts pro-

vide a basis for issuing an SPO under ORS 30.866. Brown v.

Roach, 249 Or App 579, 580, 277 P3d 628 (2012). We view the

evidence, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn

from it, in the light most favorable to petitioner. Delgado v.

Souders, 334 Or 122, 134, 46 P3d 729 (2002).2

We state the relevant facts in accordance with the

above standard of review. Petitioner and respondent are

ex-husband and ex-wife, respectively, and had been divorced

for approximately one and one-half years at the time the

petition was filed. Respondent had secured a Family Abuse

and Protection Act (FAPA) restraining order against peti-

tioner soon after the divorce proceedings began; that restrain-

ing order expired a year later and was not renewed. By the

time the first alleged stalking predicate contact occurred,

1

Although we do not separately analyze one of the three contacts on its own

to determine if it is a qualifying contact under ORS 30.866, we do consider that

contact as context for our consideration of the other two contacts.

2

Respondent invites us to review the facts of this case de novo, as permitted

by ORS 19.415(3)(b). De novo review is used sparingly and reserved for “excep-

tional cases.” ORAP 5.40(8)(c). Furthermore, respondent’s primary argument on

appeal, as we understand it, is that the evidence presented was legally insuffi-

cient to support issuance of the SPO. Because that is an issue of law, we need not

review the facts de novo to address it. Brown, 249 Or App at 580. Therefore, we

decline respondent’s invitation to review de novo.

622 M. W. V. H. v. Van Hoff

the parties had not been in contact in some time and peti-

tioner had “moved on” and started a new relationship.

Petitioner sought the SPO after three separate

incidents. The first, which we will refer to as the “truck

break-in,” occurred on November 25, 2018. On that date,

petitioner discovered that a locked toolbox in the back of his

truck had been broken into while parked outside his res-

idence overnight. Several distinctive items were missing

from the toolbox. The locks had been greased and multiple

small instruments that appeared to be lock picking tools

were left in the truck. Petitioner testified that, at that time,

he thought that the theft was likely committed by “a tran-

sient.” He did not report the incident to law enforcement

because he “didn’t really see what good that would do.”

However, petitioner’s girlfriend reported the break-in to law

enforcement on his behalf. While discussing one of the items

that had been taken from his truck, petitioner testified that

he “wasn’t really all that worried about it and so I just * * *

went on with my life.”

The second incident, which we will refer to as the

“laundry room break-in,” occurred on December 31, 2018.

That evening, a woman knocked on petitioner’s door while

he was at work. Petitioner’s girlfriend answered. Although

petitioner’s girlfriend had not previously met respondent

in person, she had seen pictures of her, and, based on

that knowledge, she believed that the woman at her door

was respondent. Respondent asked petitioner’s girlfriend

whether petitioner was home, and petitioner’s girlfriend

responded that he was not. Respondent then provided a fake

name and quickly left.

Soon after the interaction at the front door, peti-

tioner’s girlfriend discovered that items were missing from

their laundry room, including camping equipment, a mil-

itary deployment bag, a sweatshirt, and a new bottle of

laundry soap. When petitioner returned home, the couple

reported the incident to law enforcement, and petitioner’s

girlfriend told law enforcement that she suspected respon-

dent had stolen the items. Petitioner testified that his girl-

friend was “quite concerned and worried,” and that he “had

a hard time taking it all in.” The items missing from both

Cite as 307 Or App 620 (2020) 623

the truck and laundry room break-ins were subsequently

found in a vehicle regularly driven by respondent. Petitioner

testified that respondent must have gone “out of her way to

find out where [he] live[d].”

The third incident, which we will refer to as the

“parking lot encounter,” occurred on February 8, 2019.

Petitioner was scheduled to attend grand jury proceedings

that day in the criminal case that had developed against

respondent for the truck and laundry room break-ins.

Petitioner was driving to a store and about to turn into a

parking lot when he passed respondent driving the oppo-

site direction. Petitioner and respondent made eye contact,

and respondent turned around to follow petitioner into

the parking lot. Petitioner testified that, as he parked and

exited his vehicle, he locked eyes with respondent, who had

a “crazed smile on her face.” Concluding that “there wasn’t

really much [he] could do,” petitioner entered the store to do

his shopping. As petitioner exited the store, he considered

calling the police: “We were already on our way that day to

a grand jury * * * so I was just going to, you know, let [law

enforcement] know what I’d seen that day.” Then, petitioner

spotted respondent again:

“[A]s I’m getting into my vehicle I look across—there was

like a—so it’s a fairly large parking lot and I was parked

over by the Round Table and I look across this sea of cars,

and the only reason why I saw her head is she was wearing

a white beanie that day, and I see her head pop up above

this sea of cars and it popped back down and I was like

that’s [respondent], so I ended up calling the police depart-

ment and notifying them of what was going on.”

After calling the police, petitioner lost track of respondent

again, and drove his vehicle in a loop around the parking

lot to determine whether she was still there. Respondent

evidently left and reentered the parking lot in her vehicle

during this period, and, when petitioner spotted her, she

had just reentered the parking lot and appeared to also be

visually scanning the area for petitioner. Petitioner called

the police a second time when he realized respondent had

returned to the parking lot. He then exited his vehicle

and approached respondent’s vehicle on foot to film video

of respondent. Petitioner testified that he did so because he

624 M. W. V. H. v. Van Hoff

wanted “concrete evidence” to forward to the police, who

were “looking for” respondent. Petitioner testified that he

was “heightened,” “alert,” and “uncomfortable” during this

encounter, but that he felt approaching respondent on foot

was “an acceptable risk,” commenting that “[s]ometimes in

life you have to do things that you’re afraid to do.” Respondent

drove away and was later arrested at her home on a warrant

stemming from the previous break-in incidents.

Petitioner presented those three incidents as qual-

ifying contacts to support his petition for an SPO that he

filed on March 6, 2019. After granting a temporary SPO,

the trial court scheduled a contested hearing to determine

if a permanent SPO was warranted. Both parties appeared

at that hearing pro se. After relaying the three incidents

described above, petitioner testified that he felt it was “dis-

turbing” that respondent had “gone out of her way” to find out

where he lived. Considering that respondent then used that

information to steal from his property on two separate occa-

sions, petitioner said he was “concerned” for his safety and

his girlfriend’s safety. Respondent made both factual and

legal arguments against issuance of the SPO. She argued

during closing argument that “I do not believe that the—the

actions that [petitioner] claims are enough to constitute the

requirements for a stalking protective order,” and “because

it is insufficient—insufficient * * * I believe that a stalking

protective order is unwarranted.” The trial court made the

necessary findings under ORS 30.866, ruled against respon-

dent, and granted the permanent SPO.

Respondent filed this timely appeal. Her main

argument on appeal, as we understand it, is that the trial

court erred by issuing a permanent SPO without legally suf-

ficient evidence that it was objectively reasonable for a per-

son in petitioner’s situation to have experienced apprehen-

sion regarding his personal safety or the personal safety of

a member of his immediate family or household.3 Petitioner

waived his appearance on appeal and did not submit a

brief.

3

Respondent also assigns error to several of the trial court’s findings of fact

and rulings excluding certain evidence. We reject those arguments without fur-

ther discussion.

Cite as 307 Or App 620 (2020) 625

ORS 30.866 provides that, for an SPO to issue, a

petitioner must first show that the respondent intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly engaged in “repeated and unwanted

contact” with the petitioner or a member of the petitioner’s

“immediate family or household.” ORS 30.866(1)(a). For

purposes of ORS 30.866, “contact” is broadly defined and

includes “[c]oming into the visual or physical presence of the

other person,” “[f]ollowing the other person,” “[c]ommuni-

cating with the other person through a third person,” and

“[c]omitting a crime against the other person.” ORS 163.730(3).

“Repeated” means “two or more times.” ORS 163.730(7). The

petition must be filed within two years of the conduct at

issue. ORS 30.866(6).

In addition to establishing two or more unwanted

contacts, a petitioner must show that he was subjectively

“alarmed” or “coerced” by each contact, and that it was “objec-

tively reasonable for a person in the victim’s situation to

have been alarmed or coerced” by each contact. ORS 30.866

(1)(a), (b). “Alarm” is the “apprehension or fear resulting

from the perception of danger,” ORS 163.730(1), and “dan-

ger” refers “to a threat of physical injury, not merely a threat

of annoyance or harassment.” Brown, 249 Or App at 586

(emphasis added). Finally, the petitioner must show that the

“repeated and unwanted contact” has caused him “reason-

able apprehension” regarding his own personal safety, or

the personal safety of a member of his “immediate family or

household.” ORS 30.866(1)(c). Thus, subjective and objective

tests must be applied to each contact individually and cumu-

latively. In other words, each contact must individually give

rise to subjective alarm or coercion, and that alarm or coer-

cion must also be objectively reasonable. C. P. v. Mittelbach,

304 Or App 569, 575, 468 P3d 496 (2020). Additionally, the

contacts must cumulatively give rise to subjective appre-

hension regarding the petitioner’s personal safety or the

personal safety of a member of the petitioner’s immediate

family or household, and that apprehension must be objec-

tively reasonable. Id. at 576. It is the petitioner’s burden to

prove each element by a preponderance of the evidence. ORS

30.866(7).

Here, the evidence is legally insufficient to support

a conclusion that at least two of the three alleged contacts

626 M. W. V. H. v. Van Hoff

caused petitioner objectively reasonable apprehension for

his own personal safety or the safety of a member of his

immediate family or household. Because the trial court did

not specify which of the three contacts constituted the basis

for the SPO, we would normally consider all three contacts

individually. However, because we conclude that the truck

break-in and the parking lot encounter are not qualifying

contacts under ORS 30.866, and, because petitioner had to

establish at least two qualifying contacts to obtain an SPO,

we need not discuss whether the laundry room break-in

was a qualifying contact. We consider the contacts starting

chronologically with the truck break-in.

We conclude that there was insufficient evidence

that it was objectively reasonable for the truck break-in

to cause petitioner apprehension for his personal safety.

Respondent’s break-in did not put petitioner or a member

of his family or household at any risk of physical injury.

Petitioner was not present when the break-in occurred. He

did not observe the break-in or interact with respondent.

Additionally, petitioner himself initially considered the truck

break-in to be inconsequential and believed the break-in was

committed by a stranger. It was only later, when the missing

items were discovered with respondent and the incident was

considered together with the laundry room break-in that

the truck break-in developed a greater significance for peti-

tioner. “To be sure, we have recognized that ‘conduct that

might appear benign when viewed in isolation can take on a

different character when viewed either in combination with

or against the backdrop of one party’s aggressive behavior

toward the other.’ ” King v. W. T. F., 276 Or App 533, 539, 369

P3d 1181 (2016) (quoting Braude v. Braude, 250 Or App 122,

130, 279 P3d 290 (2012)). However, even considering those

additional facts, there still was no evidence that respondent

would seek out a physical conflict with petitioner or attempt

to injure petitioner in the future. Respondent accessed the

back of petitioner’s truck at night outside of petitioner’s pres-

ence to take personal property. Although this conduct poten-

tially constituted a property crime,4 it was not accompanied

4

We note that, at the time of the contested SPO hearing in May 2019, the

criminal charges respondent then faced for the truck and laundry room break-ins

had not yet been adjudicated. For purposes of this opinion, we assume without

Cite as 307 Or App 620 (2020) 627

by an express or implied physical threat to petitioner. As we

have repeatedly held, “[i]n the absence of inherently threat-

ening contacts, something more is required than merely

unsettling, unusual, or unpleasant contact.” King, 276 Or

App at 540 (concluding that the respondent’s obsessive

behavior and persistent contacts at the petitioner’s regular

coffee shop were not qualifying contacts because they were

not threatening in nature and the respondent had no his-

tory of violence) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

Braude, 250 Or App at 129-31 (the two respondents’ behav-

ior in driving by the petitioner’s house and photographing

it, although “unwelcome and unsettling,” was not inher-

ently threatening, and one respondent’s history of violence

was too isolated and remote to be relevant to the analysis);

Brown, 249 Or App at 581-87 (the respondent’s many angry

outbursts, including yelling, running up to the petitioner

with clenched fists and “fury in her eyes,” and spraying the

petitioner’s family member with a water hose were not qual-

ifying contacts absent clear threats or violence). Because the

truck break-in was not an inherently threatening contact

and petitioner presented no other evidence that respondent

posed a physical risk, it was not objectively reasonable for

this incident to cause petitioner apprehension for his or his

girlfriend’s personal safety.

We turn to the parking lot incident. On the day of

grand jury proceedings arising out of respondent’s alleged

truck and laundry room break-ins, petitioner was driving

and saw respondent turn around to follow him into a parking

lot. Respondent then drove by petitioner with a “crazed smile

on [her] face.” Petitioner did his shopping, exited the store,

and then spotted respondent again across a “sea of cars.” He

testified that “the only reason why” he recognized her from

that distance was because of her distinctive hat. Petitioner

lost track of respondent when he called law enforcement

so he drove a loop around the parking lot looking for her.

Finally, once he spotted her again, he exited his vehicle and

approached respondent on foot to film her to obtain “concrete

evidence” for the police, who were “looking for” respondent.

deciding that the conduct alleged could have been criminal acts. However, as

explained below, whether or not the truck and laundry room break-ins are crimes

is not dispositive to our analysis because the evidence was otherwise legally

insufficient for the issuance of an SPO.

628 M. W. V. H. v. Van Hoff

Under those facts, it was not objectively reason-

able for petitioner to feel alarm or apprehension for his per-

sonal physical safety. While it may have been disconcert-

ing that respondent turned around to follow petitioner and

flashed him a “crazed smile,” particularly on the day that

petitioner was attending grand jury proceedings for respon-

dent’s alleged crimes against him, there was no evidence

presented from which one could conclude that respondent

posed a physical safety risk to petitioner. Respondent did

not attempt to run petitioner over with her car. She never

approached him on foot. The fact that petitioner lost track

of respondent multiple times, and that he at one point only

recognized respondent through the “sea of cars” because

of her distinctive hat, illustrates the amount of distance

between the parties for much of the encounter. Petitioner

then approached respondent on foot to film her, not the other

way around. Considering those circumstances, it was not

objectively reasonable for petitioner to fear for his physical

safety in the absence of any signs that respondent was a

physical threat to him.

We reach this conclusion considering the parking

lot encounter in context, with due consideration of the pre-

vious truck and laundry room break-ins as required by our

case law. See Weatherly v. Wilkie, 169 Or App 257, 263, 8 P3d

251 (2000) (considering contacts within their wider context

and noting that contacts that might appear innocuous when

viewed in isolation often take on a different character in

context). Although we recognize petitioner’s legitimate con-

cern upon seeing respondent in the parking lot, especially

considering the two preceding potential criminal acts and

the upcoming grand jury proceedings, our case law never-

theless requires more than concern. Even when viewed with

the additional context of the previous potential crimes, the

parking lot encounter still failed to present an objective

threat to petitioner’s physical safety, or the safety of a fam-

ily or household member, because of the complete absence of

any facts which could infer a risk of physical injury.

Finally, in evaluating whether it is objectively rea-

sonable for a person in the petitioner’s position to have been

apprehensive for their personal safety, we also consider the

wider circumstances of the parties’ relationship. Pinkham v.

Cite as 307 Or App 620 (2020) 629

Brubaker, 178 Or App 360, 372, 37 P3d 186 (2001) (discussing

the importance of viewing contacts within the wider context

of the parties’ relationship). Here, the parties were divorced

somewhat recently and had a history of conflict. However,

there was no evidence that respondent had ever threatened

or used violence against anyone, let alone petitioner. While

a lack of violent history cannot be dispositive on its own, it

may appropriately be considered when the contact at issue

is not inherently violent or threatening. See, e.g., King, 276

Or App at 539-40 (considering the respondent’s lack of vio-

lent or threatening history in concluding that his repeated

unwelcome contacts did not give rise to an objectively rea-

sonable fear for personal safety).

We do not make this decision lightly, particu-

larly considering that two of the three contacts petitioner

described in his petition could amount to criminal acts by

respondent. Although we do not separately analyze the laun-

dry room break-in, we recognize that many crimes are suf-

ficient to cause a victim objectively reasonable apprehension

for their safety because of their very nature. Here, however,

even assuming that the laundry room break-in was a qual-

ifying contact, the evidence presented regarding the truck

break-in, both on its own and in context, did not meet the

legal standard for a qualifying contact under ORS 30.866. A

variety of “outrageous,” unsettling, and even criminal acts

are still nevertheless legally insufficient to function as qual-

ifying contacts if they fail to create objectively reasonable

fear for personal safety. See, e.g., Brown, 249 Or App at 587

(conduct that resulted in the respondent’s arrest for crimi-

nal harassment was not a qualifying contact).

In sum, we conclude that the trial court erred in

issuing an SPO because it was not objectively reasonable for

two of the three contacts presented to have caused petitioner

apprehension regarding his own personal safety, or the per-

sonal safety of a household or family member. Therefore,

there were not “repeated” qualifying contacts sufficient to

issue an SPO under ORS 30.866.

Reversed.