The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 11, 2005
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHRISTOPHER LANCE SHOCKLEY
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 2004-A-138 J. Randall Wyatt, Jr., Judge
No. M2004-02086-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 18, 2005
The defendant, Christopher Lance Shockley, pled guilty in the Davidson County Criminal Court to
four counts of aggravated sexual battery, a Class B felony. The trial court sentenced him as a Range
I offender to eight years at 100% on each count and ordered that two of the sentences be served
consecutively, for an effective sentence of sixteen years in the Department of Correction. The sole
issue the defendant raises on appeal is whether the trial court erred by ordering consecutive
sentences. Following our review, we conclude that the record supports the imposition of consecutive
sentencing. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE OGLE and ROBERT
W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.
Edward S. Ryan, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Christopher Lance Shockley.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Blind Akrawi, Assistant Attorney General; Victor
S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Brian Holmgren, Assistant District Attorney General,
for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTS
On January 23, 2004, the Davidson County Grand Jury indicted the defendant on four counts
of rape of a child, a Class A felony, and nine counts of aggravated sexual battery, a Class B felony,
based on acts committed against his young stepdaughter, S.C.,1 who was less than thirteen years old
at the time of the incidents. On June 10, 2004, the defendant pled guilty to four counts of aggravated
sexual battery in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining counts of the indictment. In accordance
1
It is the policy of this court to refer to minor victims of sexual abuse by their initials only.
with his plea agreement, the defendant’s sentencing was to be determined by the trial court at a later
sentencing hearing.
At the July 22, 2004, sentencing hearing, Detective Charles Kenneth Potter of the
Metropolitan Police Department’s Sex Crimes Unit testified his investigation of the case began on
August 29, 2003, upon receipt of a telephone call from a Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”)
caseworker. He and the DCS caseworker interviewed the defendant on September 4, 2003, during
which time the defendant admitted to having engaged in “sexual touching” with the victim.
Specifically, the defendant admitted he had touched the victim’s breasts with his hands fifteen to
twenty times, kissed the victim’s breasts ten times, touched the victim’s clitoris fifteen to twenty
times, and touched the victim’s “hole” twice. The defendant additionally admitted that the victim
had fondled his penis twenty times. Detective Potter testified the defendant told them the victim’s
mother had walked into the room during one incident to find the victim unclothed. The defendant
told them he had explained to the mother that the victim had been hot during the night and he had
instructed her to remove her clothing in order to stay cool. Detective Potter testified the victim had
just turned thirteen at the time he began his investigation of the case. He said the defendant told him
that the abuse began when the victim was twelve years old and that the last incident occurred in June
2003.
On cross-examination, Detective Potter acknowledged the ultimate source of his knowledge
of the abuse resulted from the defendant’s having “turned himself into [sic]” the social workers at
the Parthenon Pavilion, where he had voluntarily gone for treatment. He said the Parthenon Pavilion
had notified DCS and that DCS had in turn notified him. Detective Potter conceded the defendant
had cooperated with the investigation and been forthright in his admissions. He later added,
however, that although the police were not contacted until after the defendant divulged the pertinent
information to the Parthenon Pavilion workers, the victim had informed her mother of the abuse one
or two days before the defendant checked himself into the Parthenon Pavilion.
DCS Sex Abuse Investigator Autumn Moultry testified that she participated with Detective
Potter in an interview of the victim at her school. She said the victim disclosed that she had been
sexually abused by the defendant, her stepfather, since the age of eleven. Moultry described the
victim’s specific revelations:
[The victim] disclosed that [the defendant] had touched her vagina and her breasts
with his hands. She told me that the first time it happened that she was eleven and
was in the living room, that he touched her vagina on -- on top of her vagina. And
he gave her names for it, such as pussy and fever. [The victim] told me that,
eventually, she began to have to sleep in the bed with [the defendant] and would have
to massage his penis. And precom in her words, precom would come out of his
penis. [The victim] told me that one time she got upset and tried to wipe the precom
off of her hand. And [the defendant] did not like that and told her why do you do
that, you repulse me.
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[The victim] told me that [the defendant] rubs her vagina on the lump
between her folds, and that he touched her hole on approximately three occasions and
that felt as a gag reflex. She’s also stated that . . . at times [the defendant] would ask
her . . . if she liked being touched by him. And if she said no, that he would make her
feel guilty, would tell her that she thought that he was ugly or that she didn’t love
him, that she would have to convince him that she did love him and that she did not
think that he was ugly.
Moultry testified that when she received the referral on the case, the victim was thirteen years
old. She said she believed the abuse had been ongoing for almost two years and had continued up
until approximately two weeks before she received the referral. The victim told Moultry that in July
2002, her mother had discovered the victim sleeping without her panties on in a bed with the
defendant. Moultry said the victim told her that the sexual abuse continued to occur after that time.
Asked if the victim indicated the frequency of the incidents, Moultry replied:
[The victim] told me that it was pretty much every day that it would happen,
either that she would have to show him, like, parts of her body, or that, like, she
would walk by him or he would grab her on her buttocks or that she would have to
show him body parts or -- I know that before the mom found her without her panties,
that she was sleeping with him practically every night.
On cross-examination, Moultry acknowledged the first allegations of abuse resulted from a
report to her office from the Parthenon Pavilion, and neither the victim nor the victim’s family had
reported the abuse to DCS prior to that time.
Holly Arnold testified she was entering her fifth year as a clinical therapist with the National
Child Advocacy Center. She said she had both a Bachelor’s and a Master’s of Science in Social
Work and was “currently in the licensure process.” In her position as clinical therapist, she had
counseled the victim in weekly therapy sessions since September 11, 2003. She said that as a result
of the abuse, the victim had experienced chronic anxiety; depression; nightmares; feelings of extreme
anger, worthlessness, and self-loathing; and “intense panic” whenever she was within five feet of any
male. Arnold testified that the abuse had “interrupted” the victim’s normal sexual development. She
said the victim had stated more than once that she felt she had been “permanently damaged” by the
abuse. Arnold testified the victim would continue to struggle with these issues for the foreseeable
future and she said she saw “no end in sight” for the victim’s current treatment process. Moreover,
she testified she anticipated that the victim would need to resume treatment at various
“developmental stages” of her life.
Arnold testified that the defendant was a parental figure in the victim’s mind. She said the
victim related an incident where the defendant fondled her while he was on his honeymoon with her
mother. Arnold explained that it was her understanding that the victim had accompanied her mother
and the defendant on their honeymoon in Gatlinburg. She said the victim described “very
manipulative behavior” on the defendant’s part. For example, the victim told her that whenever she
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tried to stop the abuse, the defendant “would mistreat her and her mother to the point that she would
do anything to get it [the mistreatment] to stop.” The victim also described occasions in which the
defendant made her go to the basement to apologize to her but instead molested her again while she
was in the basement. Arnold said the defendant’s abuse of the victim caused “great damage to [the
victim’s] trust and boundary issues,” and resulted in “almost an inability [on the part of the victim]
to trust other people” at the current time. She said the victim had been placed in the care of her
grandparents as a result of the abuse, which had necessitated that she change schools. Arnold
testified that although the grandparents provided a safe and loving home to the victim, the victim
wanted to live with her mother and felt that the situation had placed “great strains on family
relationships.” In sum, Arnold testified that the impact of the abuse on the victim had been “very
great.” She said she would place her “in the 8 or 9 range,” “[o]n a scale of one to ten,” in terms of
the effect it had had on her life.
On cross-examination, Arnold acknowledged that the victim was in the appropriate school
grade and performed well academically. She testified, however, that she believed the victim had
become “almost focused, solely, on academics . . . as an escape to get through what she’s going
through.” When pressed, she conceded that her belief that the victim would require further therapy
at future points in her development was “speculation.” She emphasized, however, that such
“speculation” was her “clinical opinion,” based on her experience, training, and work with the victim
over the previous year.
Dr. Lawrence Okpaku, a psychiatrist, testified on the defendant’s behalf that he began seeing
the defendant, who presented with depression, on May 22, 2003. He said that the defendant
discussed the sexual abuse allegations during the course of his treatment and that he expressed
remorse for his actions. Dr. Okpaku stated he believed the defendant could adjust into “the
mainstream of life” if given “[a] comprehensive set of services with ample opportunity for
supervision and support.” On cross-examination, he testified that “central factors” causing the
defendant’s depression included the “enormity of the charges” against him and the “consequences
of losing his wife, going to jail, losing his job.” He was unwilling, however, to characterize these
as the “main source[s]” of the defendant’s depression, stating that the defendant had informed him
that his wife had suffered two miscarriages and that he had a family history of depression.
Franklin Cardona testified he held a doctorate in Education and was a “certified Addiction
Specialist” and a “licenced . . . mental health provider for the State of Tennessee.” He said he had
fifteen years of experience working “with sex acts and sex offenders [sic] acts” and had served as
a board member on the “International Board of Sexaholics Anonymous.” He testified he first began
working with the defendant to help him establish what had led to his behavior and to help him deal
with the resulting sense of shame and guilt. Dr. Cardona said the defendant, who was sober at the
time he met him, had a history of addictions in other areas, including drugs, and was trying to work
“on his own sexual sobriety.” He testified he recommended Sexaholics Anonymous, which the
defendant attended. Dr. Cardona stated that the defendant appeared genuine in his desire to change
his life and had made “good headway . . . relative to . . . what happened and gaining some
composure” but also required further treatment.
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On cross-examination, Dr. Cardona acknowledged that he was not a member of the
Tennessee Sex Offenders Treatment Network, the recognized treatment organization in Tennessee
for sexual offenders, and that he was therefore not recognized by Tennessee courts as an approved
treatment provider for sexual offenders. He further acknowledged there was a difference between
the treatment programs for sex addicts and sex offenders. He testified the defendant told him he had
been sexually molested as a child by a babysitter, but he had not independently verified that
information. Finally, he conceded he was aware of a study which had found that a significant
number of sex offenders falsely claim to have been the victims of sexual abuse.
The defendant’s parents, Carl and Frankie Shockley, each testified on the defendant’s behalf,
expressing their love and support for the defendant.
Angie Stinson, a friend of the defendant who said she had previously worked as a child
abuse investigator for the Department of Human Services, testified the defendant was a “very quiet,
very sweet, and gentle person,” and she did not have any concerns about him being around her
seventeen-month-old daughter. According to Stinson, the defendant had talked openly and honestly
with her about the abuse, had expressed his remorse, and had worked hard to overcome “a lot . . .
of issues.” She said that she thought he needed some “intense treatment” but that he was “very
salvageable,” and she did not believe he was a pedophile.
The defendant, testifying in his own defense, explained the circumstances that led him to seek
treatment at the Parthenon Pavilion:
I noticed that my daughter -- and I know she’s my stepdaughter, but I call her my
daughter, because I love her that much. And I notice[d] she was starting to become
where she didn’t want to be around me, and she was kind of scared of me. And I
didn’t understand at the time what was going on. So I felt, since she was acting this
way, that the best interest of her would be for me to leave the home for a while until
we figured out why she was feeling this way towards me. So I left the home. And
a couple of months later, my wife called me up. And said she needed to talk to me
about something. . . . She came over and told me that . . . [the victim] had told her
that I had touched her. And that was why she was acting the way she was acting.
And when my wife told me that, I -- that was when it, really, sunk in, though, what
I had done, that I had messed up with her. And I got to the point to where I didn’t
want to live then. I just wanted to kill myself at the time. And me and my wife
discussed it. And she convinced me that our family was worth fighting for, that I
shouldn’t just give up and quit and run out. You know, if I, really, loved her and [the
victim], that I would be willing to fight for them and do whatever it took to make
things right.
The defendant testified he knew that his disclosures about the victim would be reported to
DCS and that he had agreed for a DCS employee to interview him while he was undergoing
treatment at the Parthenon Pavilion. He said that when she failed to show up, he contacted her upon
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his release from the center and arranged to go to her office for an interview. The defendant testified
he knew he would be required to serve some jail time for his offenses, but neither he nor his wife
had realized “that the D.A. would be this severe about it.” He said the situation had “devastated”
him. Among other things, he had lost his wife, his “little girl,” and his job, been embarrassed, and
incurred thousands of dollars in legal expenses. He promised he would never again make the same
mistake and said that he would participate in any counseling that was offered.
On cross-examination, the defendant expressed his unhappiness with the amount of time the
prosecutor was seeking for the offenses, complaining:
I knew I was going to have to do some jail time, but I, also, thought there was
going to be a possibility of probation, where I could be out and have classes and work
to pay off the legal fees. I mean, that’s -- how much does someone need to suffer?
How much more do I need to suffer before everything is made right?
Asked what he thought would be an appropriate amount of incarceration, the defendant said he
thought that one year in jail, combined with a period of probation and counseling, would be fair.
The defendant acknowledged he had been convicted of possession of marijuana when he was
eighteen or nineteen years old, but denied that he had ever been convicted of theft under $500. He
explained that the latter offense, listed on his presentence report, “was where a mistake was made
with [his] cousin, who’s not one hundred percent mentally there.” He acknowledged he had
occupied a position of trust with the victim, which he had violated by his behavior. He refused to
acknowledge, however, that the abuse had been ongoing or that the incidents had occurred on dozens
of occasions. Instead, he testified that it had been “random,” occurring only “[t]hree or four times.”
Asked about the discrepancy between his present recollection and the number of times mentioned
in his statement to Detective Potter, the defendant testified that he had told Detective Potter that the
abuse occurred less than ten times “[a]nd y’all [referring to the prosecutor] come up with the number
of nine, or whatever, how y’all came up with it.”
Following the defendant’s testimony, defense counsel informed the trial court that the first
two rows of spectators in the courtroom were the defendant’s family, friends, and members of his
church, all of whom had appeared in his support and were prepared to testify on his behalf, but
whose testimony would be repetitive to that of other defense witnesses.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court sentenced the defendant to eight years for
each offense, the minimum sentence for a Range I offender convicted of a Class B felony. Finding
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(5) applicable based on the circumstances
surrounding the offenses, the trial court ordered that two of the sentences be served consecutively,
for an effective sentence of sixteen years.
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ANALYSIS
The defendant contends on appeal that there was insufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s imposition of consecutive sentencing. When an accused challenges either the length or
manner of service of a sentence, it is the duty of this court to conduct a de novo review on the record
with a presumption that “the determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are
correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (2003). This presumption is “conditioned upon the
affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all
relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The
presumption does not apply to the legal conclusions reached by the trial court in sentencing the
accused or to the determinations made by the trial court which are predicated upon uncontroverted
facts. State v. Butler, 900 S.W.2d 305, 311 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Smith, 891 S.W.2d
922, 929 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d 163, 166 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2000). However, this court
is required to give great weight to the trial court’s determination of controverted facts as the trial
court’s determination of these facts is predicated upon the witnesses’ demeanor and appearance
when testifying.
In conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this court must consider (a) any evidence
received at the trial and/or sentencing hearing, (b) the presentence report, (c) the principles of
sentencing, (d) the arguments of counsel relative to sentencing alternatives, (e) the nature and
characteristics of the offense, (f) any mitigating or enhancement factors, (g) any statements made by
the accused in his own behalf, and (h) the accused's potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation
or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-103, -210 (2003); State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400, 411
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2001).
The party challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing
that the sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Cmts.;
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. Thus, the defendant has the burden in this case of demonstrating that
the trial court erred in its sentencing determinations.
Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115, the trial court has the discretion to
order consecutive sentences when it finds any one of a number of different criteria to exist by a
preponderance of the evidence, including the following:
The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving
sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising
from the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the time span of
the defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and
the extent of the residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims[.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(5) (2003).
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In finding criterion (b)(5) of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115 applicable, the
trial court noted the aggravating circumstances arising from the defendant’s relationship with the
victim, the length of time the abuse had continued undetected, and the negative impact it had had
on the victim:
I think, under the judgment of this Court, that this man should be sentenced
to what is, actually, the minimum sentence, under the law, for each of these four
counts, which is eight years, at one hundred percent. But I, also, think that under
Section 40-35-155(5) [sic], where you have two or more statutory offenses involved
in sexual abuse of a minor -- this is a[n] eleven, twelve-year-old -- and that
aggravating circumstances arising from this relationship have impacted this little girl
as it has, and where there is a time span of, maybe, two years in this case of
undetected sexual activity. I couldn’t believe when I heard that, apparently, when
this man was going on his honeymoon, this is when this first happened, apparently,
in Gatlinburg, according to . . . the testimony of . . . Ms. Arnold, and apparently, went
on for a period of time after that.
So I think the nature, the extent of the acts, the residual, physical, and mental
damage to this little girl, everything I’ve already said before, causes this Court to
believe that at least one of these counts should run consecutively to the other.
On appeal, the defendant cites State v. Hayes, 899 S.W.2d 175, 187 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995),
to argue that there was insufficient evidence of any residual damage the victim suffered as a result
of the abuse and, thus, insufficient proof to support consecutive sentences under criterion (5) of the
statute. Specifically, he argues that the trial court “relied upon the testimony of an unlicensed
therapist that the victim would undergo residual physical and or mental damage,” but “[t]he fact is
. . . the therapist said she could not tell what would happen in the future and . . . was basing this on
things she thought might happen.” The State argues that the record fully supports the consecutive
sentences ordered by the trial court. We agree with the State.
The defendant in Hayes was convicted by a jury of two counts of aggravated sexual battery
against his daughter and sentenced by the trial court to consecutive terms of twelve years as a
“dangerous offender.” Id. at 178, 187. On appeal, the State conceded that the defendant did not
qualify as a dangerous offender but, stressing the parent-child relationship between the defendant
and the victim, argued that consecutive sentences were warranted under criterion (5) of the
consecutive sentencing statute. Id. at 187. We disagreed, noting, among other things, that “the
extent of residual damage to the victim caused by the conduct” was not sufficiently shown. Id.
Unlike the case at bar, the sole evidence in Hayes of any damage the victim suffered as a
result of the abuse consisted of a letter by her mother, contained in the defendant’s presentence
report, “indicating that there had been a lot of ‘tears and despair’ for the victim both from the events
and from having to testify against her father.” Id. at 184. By contrast, detailed evidence was
presented that the victim in the case at bar had suffered and was continuing to suffer numerous
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deleterious effects of the abuse. Although Holly Arnold, the clinical therapist employed by the Child
Advocacy Center, conceded she could be wrong in her belief that the victim would require further
therapy at future points in her development, she unequivocally testified that the victim had suffered
great emotional distress and damage as a result of the abuse. In fact, she said that out of all the
children of sexual abuse she had counseled over the years, she would place the victim as a nine on
a scale of one to ten in terms of the negative impact the defendant’s actions had had on her life.
According to Arnold, as a result of the abuse, the victim suffered depression, chronic anxiety,
feelings of anger and self-loathing, intense panic in the presence of any male, and a near-inability
to trust. Moreover, she described the victim as still being in a state of emotional turmoil at the time
of the hearing and said she saw no end in sight to the victim’s current course of treatment, which
involved weekly therapy sessions.
Arnold also testified that the victim’s close relationship with the defendant, whom she
viewed as a father, made his betrayal of her trust that much more devastating. She said the defendant
engaged in manipulation to further the abuse. As an example, she testified that the victim related
that the defendant would mistreat her and her mother whenever she tried to resist the abuse. DCS
Sexual Abuse Investigator Autumn Moultry also testified with respect to the manipulative tactics the
defendant employed, stating that the victim told her that the defendant tried to make her feel guilty,
accusing her of not liking him, whenever she told him she did not like touching him. Both Moultry
and Arnold testified that the victim told them the abuse began when she was only eleven years old.
According to Moultry, it continued undetected for almost two years, with the last episode occurring
only two weeks before her referral on the case. The evidence, therefore, was more than sufficient
to support a finding that criterion (5) of the consecutive sentencing statute applied under the
circumstances presented by the case.
In his argument against consecutive sentencing, the defendant also points out that he
voluntarily admitted himself for treatment to the Parthenon Pavilion, disclosed the abuse to the
counselors with the knowledge that they would report it to DCS, and cooperated fully with the
resulting investigation. We note, however, that from the defendant’s own testimony, his “voluntary”
admission occurred only after the victim’s mother had confronted him with her knowledge of the
abuse. Moreover, the defendant was less than forthright in his testimony at the hearing about the
nature and frequency of the abuse. We, therefore, conclude that the trial court did not err in ordering
consecutive sentences pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(5).
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
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ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE
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