The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 18, 2005
ANTHONY LAMONT SINGLETON v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County
No. C48,622 Phyllis H. Miller, Judge
No. E2004-02271-CCA-R3-PC Filed August 16, 2005
Petitioner, Anthony Lamont Singleton, appeals from the post-conviction court’s denial of his petition
for post-conviction relief. In his appeal, Petitioner argues that his Alford pleas in case No. S45,328
and case No. S47, 632 were involuntarily entered into, that his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance in connection with the negotiation and entry of his Alford pleas, and that the trial court
improperly appointed trial counsel to represent him in case No. 47,632. After a review of the record,
we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and JERRY
L. SMITH , JJ., joined.
Mark D. Harris, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellant, Anthony Lamont Singleton.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney General; H.
Greeley Wells, Jr., District Attorney General; and Kent Chitwood, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, the State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Background
On May 28, 2003, Petitioner entered an Alford plea in case No. S45,328 to simple possession
of marijuana, fourth offense, a Class E felony, and possession of drug paraphernalia, a Class A
misdemeanor. The facts supporting Petitioner’s convictions were summarized by a panel of this
Court in Petitioner’s direct appeal of his sentences as follows:
On April 11, 2001, Kingsport police officers stopped a car in which [Petitioner] was
a passenger. The driver gave the officers consent to search the car, and the officers
found a portion of a marijuana cigarette in the front passenger's seat. They then
searched [Petitioner] and found rolling papers.
State v. Anthony Lamont Singleton, No. E2003-01747- CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 784884, at *1 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Knoxville, Apr. 13, 2004), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. Sept. 7, 2004).
On May 28, 2003, Petitioner also waived his right to presentment or indictment by the grand
jury in case No. S47, 632 and entered Alford pleas to the charges of aggravated assault, a Class C
felony, evading arrest, a Class A misdemeanor, and resisting arrest, a Class B misdemeanor, based
on the information. The facts supporting these convictions were summarized as follows:
On January 31, 2003, Kingsport police officers responded to a report that a man was
firing a gun on Dale Street. When they arrived at the scene, a witness told them that
[Petitioner] had fired the gun. The officers went to [Petitioner’s] apartment and
found him sitting on the roof of his apartment building. [Petitioner] was screaming,
was acting violent, and swung a large rock at one of the officers. When the officer
sprayed [Petitioner] with Mace, [Petitioner] jumped off the roof. He ran along Dale
Street until police officers captured him.
Id.
The trial court sentenced Petitioner as a Range I, standard offender, to two years for the
simple possession conviction, and eleven months, twenty-nine days for the possession of drug
paraphernalia conviction in case No. S45,328. The trial court sentenced Petitioner as a Range I,
standard offender, in case No. S47,632 to three years for the aggravated assault conviction, eleven
months, twenty-nine days for the evading arrest conviction, and six months for the resisting arrest
conviction. The trial court ordered Petitioner’s sentences in case No. S45,328 to be served
consecutively to his sentences in case No. S47, 632, for an effective sentence of five years, and
ordered Petitioner to serve his sentences in confinement. A panel of this Court upheld the trial
court’s denial of alternative sentencing. Id., 2004 WL 784887, at *3.
II. Post-Conviction Hearing
At the post-conviction hearing, Petitioner testified that his trial on the drug charges in case
No. 45,328 was set for Monday, May 28, 2003. Petitioner said that he first discussed his drug
charges with his trial counsel on the Friday before trial, and “a couple of times” on the day of his trial
during the trial court’s recesses. Petitioner told his trial counsel that he would like to serve his
sentence in community corrections.
Petitioner said that he did not believe that his trial counsel had been appointed to represent
him in case No. 47,632 because Petitioner did not complete a new affidavit of indigency form in this
case. Petitioner said, however, that he had received “papers” about the charges from the public
defender’s office in both cases around May 12, 2003, and was informed that the State would
recommend a sentence of three years for the aggravated assault charge and one year for the simple
possession charge if Petitioner entered pleas of guilt in both cases. He said that his trial counsel did
not explain what a waiver of the right to presentment and indictment entailed, and Petitioner thought
-2-
that he was waiving his right to a jury trial on the aggravated assault charge. Petitioner said that he
did not understand that there was a possibility that the grand jury might indict him on a lesser
offense.
Petitioner said that his trial counsel did not interview any of Petitioner’s witnesses and did
not show him the forensic report in case No. 45,328 until the day of trial. Petitioner at first
maintained that he did not see the forensic report until after the plea submission hearing. On cross-
examination, however, he said that he saw the report earlier in the day before the trial court
conducted the suppression hearing in case No. 45,328. Petitioner conceded that the forensic report
showed that the substance found in the car was marijuana, but he pointed out that the report did not
contain a weight for the substance. Petitioner interpreted this omission to mean that no marijuana
was found. Petitioner told his trial counsel that he should not plead guilty if there was not any
evidence that he had possessed marijuana.
Petitioner said that he was also prevented from going to trial because the clothes that the
public defender’s office provided him did not fit. On cross-examination, Petitioner said that he did
not remember that his ex-wife had offered to bring him clothes for his trial. Petitioner admitted that
his girlfriend could have brought him clothes during one of her weekly visits to the jail if he had
asked her to do so. Petitioner also said that the clothes he was wearing when he was arrested were
at the jail.
On cross-examination, Petitioner said that he had pled guilty to two felony drug charges in
1996. Petitioner said that he told the trial court at the plea submission hearing that he had read and
understood the waiver of presentment and indictment in case No. 47,632, but he denied that he
understood the implications of the waiver. Petitioner said that he was out of jail on bond, except for
a brief period of incarceration, between April, 2001 and January, 2003, when he was arrested on the
charges in case No. 47,632. Petitioner said that he did not attempt to visit his trial counsel during
this time.
Petitioner explained the reasons why he pled guilty to the charges in case Nos. 47,632 and
45,328 as follows:
Why? To be honest with you I was stressed, I was tired of sittin[g] here, you know,
goin[g] back and forth to court, and then I had a baby that was gonna [sic] be due in
September and just a whole bunch of stuff I had on my mind. I was just tired of
sittin[g] here really, basically to be honest with you.
In addition, Petitioner was concerned that his ex-wife would be charged with possession of
marijuana if she testified, and no one would be available to look after their daughter if both of them
were incarcerated. Petitioner said that he knew he would be incarcerated anyway as a result of his
probation violation. He stated, “I made the choice I felt at that time would be the best one.”
-3-
Petitioner’s trial counsel testified that he made sixteen court appearances in connection with
case No. 45,328 over a two-year period, and he talked with Petitioner about his case on each
occasion. Trial counsel said that he obtained the forensic report in case no. 45,328 from the State
through a motion for discovery about a year before the plea submission hearing. Trial counsel
believed he had discussed the report with Petitioner.
Trial counsel said that Petitioner was agitated on May 28, 2003, because the clothes he gave
Petitioner did not fit. Petitioner also told him for the first time that he had a list of witnesses whom
he wanted to testify at trial. As a result, trial counsel orally requested a continuance. The trial court
did not rule on trial counsel’s motion immediately, and a hearing was held on Petitioner’s motion
to suppress the evidence in case No. 45, 328. The trial court denied both the motion for continuance
and the motion to suppress.
Trial counsel said that Petitioner thought his ex-wife, who was the driver of the car in which
the marijuana was found, would not testify. His ex-wife, however, appeared at court on May 28,
2003. Trial counsel said that she planned to testify that the marijuana had not been in her car before
Petitioner got in the vehicle, and that the marijuana was not hers.
Trial counsel told Petitioner that he could be sentenced as a Range II, multiple offender,
because of his two prior felony convictions. The State offered to recommend that Petitioner be
sentenced as a Range I, standard offender in exchange for his guilty pleas in both cases. Further, the
State would recommend that the trial court order Petitioner’s current sentence to run concurrently
with his sentences in case Nos. 45,328 and 47, 632. Trial counsel said that Petitioner was initially
dissatisfied with the State’s offer, and trial counsel told Petitioner that he could proceed to trial.
Petitioner then changed his mind and agreed to enter Alford pleas in both cases.
Trial counsel said that he discussed the implications of a waiver of presentment and
indictment in case No. 47,632 with Petitioner, although he could not specifically remember if he told
Petitioner that it was possible for the grand jury to indict him on a lesser offense. Trial counsel said
he had the opportunity to cross examine the two police officers involved in the incident giving rise
to the aggravated assault charge at a hearing on Petitioner’s motion to reduce his bond.
At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court found that Petitioner
had failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that his Alford pleas were not voluntarily and
knowingly made, and that his trial counsel’s assistance was ineffective. The post-conviction court
found that Petitioner was not entitled to post-conviction relief on his claim that an irregularity
occurred in the appointment of counsel in case No. 47,632. Accordingly, the post-conviction court
denied Petitioner’s request for relief.
III. Standard of Review
A petitioner seeking post-conviction relief must establish his allegations by clear and
convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-210(f) (1997). The trial court’s findings of fact in
-4-
a post-conviction hearing are afforded the weight of a jury verdict. Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752,
755 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. 1990). Therefore, this Court may not
re-weigh or re-evaluate these findings nor substitute its inferences for that of the trial judge unless
the evidence in the record preponderates against those findings. State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762,
763 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). In addition, questions
concerning the credibility of witnesses and the weight and value given their testimony is resolved
by the post-conviction court, and not this Court. Id. However, the trial court’s application of the law
to the facts is reviewed de novo, without a presumption of correctness. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d
450, 458 (Tenn. 2001). A claim that counsel rendered ineffective assistance is a mixed question of
fact and law and therefore also subject to de novo review. Id.; Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 461.
When a petitioner seeks post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of
counsel, he must establish that counsel’s performance fell below “the range of competence
demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). In
addition, he must show that counsel’s ineffective performance actually adversely impacted his
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2067, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
In other words, a petitioner must show that he or she would not have pleaded guilty and would have
insisted on going to trial had it not been for the deficiencies in counsel’s performance. Hill v.
Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56-57, 106 S. Ct. 366, 369-70, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1985).
In reviewing counsel’s performance, the distortions of hindsight must be avoided, and this
Court will not second-guess counsel’s decisions regarding trial strategies and tactics. Hellard v.
State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982). The reviewing court, therefore, should not conclude that a
particular act or omission by counsel is unreasonable merely because the strategy was unsuccessful.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. Rather, counsel’s alleged errors should be judged
from counsel’s perspective at the point of time they were made in light of all the facts and
circumstances at that time. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066.
A petitioner must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test before he or she may prevail on
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 580 (Tenn. 1997).
That is, a petitioner must not only show that his counsel’s performance fell below acceptable
standards, but that such performance was prejudicial to the petitioner. Id. Failure to satisfy either
prong will result in the denial of relief. Id. Accordingly, this Court need not address one of the
components if the petitioner fails to establish the other. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S.Ct. at
2069.
IV. Alford Pleas
Petitioner argues that his Alford pleas were not voluntarily or knowingly entered into because
his trial counsel did not show him the forensic report in case No. 45,328 until after the plea
submission hearing, and failed to tell him that the grand jury could indict him on a lesser offense in
case No. 47,632. Petitioner also contends that he was coerced into entering an Alford plea in both
cases because he did not have proper attire for trial.
-5-
Under what is commonly termed an “Alford plea,” a defendant is allowed to enter a plea of
guilty when he or she believes it is in their best interest to accept a plea bargain, but while still
maintaining their innocence. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37-38, 91 S. Ct. 160, 167,
27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970). The trial court may accept an Alford plea only if it is satisfied that there
is a factual basis for the plea. See State v. William, 851 S.W.2d 828, 830 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
“An individual accused of crime may voluntarily, knowingly and understandingly consent to the
imposition of a prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts
constituting the crime.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 37, 91 S. Ct. at 167. Whether the plea is denominated
a guilty plea, a nolo contendere plea or an Alford plea, therefore, constitutional considerations
mandate that the plea be voluntarily, understandingly and knowingly entered. See Boykin v.
Alabama,395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 1713, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274, 279 (1969); State v. Neal, 810
S.W.2d 131, 134-35 (Tenn. 1991), overruled on other grounds by Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d
897, 902 (Tenn. 1993). By entering a plea, the defendant waives certain constitutional rights
including the privilege against self-incrimination, the right to a trial by jury, and the right to confront
witnesses. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243, 89 S. Ct. at 1714. The defendant’s waiver of these
constitutional rights may not be presumed from a silent record. Id.
A plea cannot be voluntary if the accused is “incompetent or otherwise not in control of his
mental facilities” at the time the plea is entered. Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904-05 (quoting Brown
v. Perini, 718 F. 2d 784, 788 (6th Cir. 1983)). The trial court must ascertain if the defendant fully
understands the significant consequences of his or her plea. State v. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d 540, 542
(Tenn. 1977). The trial court may consider a number of factors including the defendant’s relative
intelligence, his familiarity with criminal proceedings, whether he was represented by competent
counsel and had the opportunity to confer with counsel about his options, the advice given by
counsel and the trial court about the charges against him and the penalty to be imposed, and the
defendant’s reasons for pleading guilty. Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904.
Our Constitution also guarantees that “no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge
but by presentment, indictment or impeachment.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 14. Without either action
by the grand jury or a written waiver of the constitutionally extended guarantee, there can be no valid
conviction. State v. Brackett, 869 S.W.2d 936, 938 (Tenn. Crim. App.1993)(citing State v. Morgan,
598 S.W.2d 796, 797 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979)).
Petitioner argues that the execution of a waiver of presentment and indictment does not
preclude a post-conviction attack if he did not understand the meaning and ramifications of his
waiver. Citing Moten v. State, 935 S.W.2d 416 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), Petitioner argues that the
mere recitation of the litany of a defendant’s constitutional rights or the consequences of a guilty plea
during a guilty plea submission hearing is not sufficient to show that the defendant adequately
comprehended what rights were being relinquished. Id., at 419-20. Based on our review of the
records of the guilty plea submission hearing and the post-conviction hearing, we conclude, however,
that Petitioner knowingly and voluntarily entered his Alford pleas in case Nos. 45,328 and 47,632.
-6-
At the plea submission hearing, the trial court informed Petitioner twice of the implications
of signing a waiver of presentment and indictment and entering a plea of guilty based on information.
Petitioner stated that he had read the waiver form, discussed the waiver form with his trial counsel
and understood the rights he was relinquishing by signing the waiver. As to conflicting evidence,
the post-conviction court accredited the testimony of Petitioner’s trial counsel. Specifically, the
post-conviction court found that Petitioner was not coerced into pleading guilty because of ill-fitting
clothes, and that he was aware that he could obtain clothing for his trial from a source other than the
public defender’s office. The post-conviction court concluded that Petitioner knowingly entered into
his pleas because “the State made an acceptable offer, and the Petitioner’s sentences would be
concurrent with the sentences he was serving at the time.”
The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s findings that Petitioner
understood the nature of the crimes, and the range of the sentences for the offenses, and that trial
counsel’s assistance during the negotiation and entry of the pleas was effective. Petitioner is not
entitled to relief on this issue.
V. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Petitioner argues that he received ineffective assistance because his trial counsel failed to
advise him that it was possible that he would be indicted on a lesser offense if his aggravated assault
case was heard by the grand jury. Petitioner also contends that his trial counsel inadequately
investigated his cases, failed to show him the evidence in the case on his drug charges until after he
entered his Alford plea, and failed to provide adequate clothing for his trial.
Trial counsel testified that he knew what evidence the State would present in case No. 47,632
because the police officers involved in the case testified at Petitioner’s bond reduction hearing. He
could not specifically remember whether he told Petitioner that he could possibly be indicted on a
lesser offense, but he said that he discussed the range of sentences Petitioner could receive if he were
convicted of aggravated assault. Trial counsel said that he was prepared to go to trial on the
aggravated assault charge, but Petitioner said that he wanted to enter a plea. Based on our review
of the record, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Petitioner
failed to show his trial counsel’s conduct was deficient in the negotiation and entry of an Alford plea
in case No. 47632.
Although Petitioner contends that he did not see the forensic report in case No. 45,328 until
after he entered his Alford plea, his testimony at the post-conviction hearing and the record of the
plea submission hearing do not support this contention. Prior to the plea submission hearing, trial
counsel moved for a continuance because Petitioner told him he had not seen a copy of the forensic
report until that day. Trial counsel stated:
. . . the fact that I presented him the lab report today. I thought I’d given it to him
before but apparently I don’t — he says he only got a copy of the lab report today.
It shows only trace amount — actually it doesn’t show anything. It shows that they
determined the amount — the material to be marijuana but to have no weighable
amount. . . .
-7-
Petitioner conceded at the post-conviction hearing that his trial counsel showed him a copy
of the forensic report before he entered his plea in case No. 45,328. Moreover, Petitioner was
charged with simple possession of marijuana. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-418(a). The elements
of a simple possession offense include proof that the defendant knowingly possessed a controlled
substance. Id. The amount of controlled substance possessed is not a statutory element of the
offense. See id. Trial counsel informed Petitioner that it was significant that the forensic report
showed that the substance found in the car on the night of the offense was a controlled substance.
Petitioner has not shown that he was prejudiced by not seeing the forensic report until the day of
trial.
Petitioner argues that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient because he did not
discover any witnesses who might have assisted Petitioner in his defense. Trial counsel testified that
Petitioner did not mention that he had a potential witness until the day of trial, and that was one of
the reasons he requested a continuance. Petitioner testified at the hearing on the motion to continue
that he had not told his trial counsel about any potential witnesses, because “he never asked.”
Petitioner did not identify the potential witnesses at the continuance hearing or at the post-conviction
hearing, nor does he suggest what testimony such witnesses might have provided.
“When a petitioner contends that trial counsel failed to discover, interview, or present
witnesses in support of his defense, these witnesses should be presented by the petitioner at the
evidentiary hearing.” Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). “As a general
rule, this is the only way the petitioner can establish that (a) a material witness existed and the
witness could have been discovered but for counsel’s neglect in his investigation of the case; (b) a
known witness was not interviewed; (c) the failure to discover or interview a witness inured to his
prejudice; or (d) the failure to have a known witness present or call the witness to the stand resulted
in the denial of critical evidence which inured to the prejudice of the petitioner.” Id. Neither the
post-conviction court nor this Court can speculate on what a witness’ testimony might have been if
introduced by trial counsel. Petitioner has failed to established that he was prejudiced. Petitioner
is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Petitioner contends that his trial counsel’s conduct was deficient because he did not provide
Petitioner with appropriate attire for trial. Petitioner testified that he knew that his trial in case no.
45,328 was set for May 28, 2003, and that his girlfriend could have brought him clothes on one of
her visits to the jail. Petitioner also conceded that he had clothes in the jail’s property box which he
had been wearing when he was arrested. Trial counsel testified that if they had proceeded to trial,
he could have brought a different set of clothes from the public defender’s office for Petitioner to
wear. Based upon our review of the record, we conclude that Petitioner failed to show that his trial
counsel’s assistance was ineffective in this regard.
VI. Appointment of Trial Counsel
Petitioner argues that the trial court failed to properly appoint trial counsel to represent him
in case No. 47,632 because Petitioner did not complete an affidavit of indigency form in this case.
-8-
When a defendant informs the trial court that he or she “is financially unable to obtain the assistance
of counsel, it is the duty of the court to conduct a full and complete hearing as to the financial ability
of the accused to obtain the assistance of counsel, and, thereafter, make a finding as to the indigency
of the accused.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-14-202(b). In connection with this hearing, the defendant
is required to complete an affidavit of indigency form. Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 13(e).
Trial counsel testified that he represented Petitioner on a number of matters. The trial court
appointed trial counsel to represent Petitioner on the new charges in case No. 47,632 “based on the
affidavit of indigency filed in case No. 45,328.” Petitioner does not contend that the information in
the affidavit of indigency filed in case No. 45,328 is inaccurate. “The failure of any court to follow
the provisions of [Rule 13 of the Rules of the Supreme Court] shall not constitute grounds for relief
from a judgment of conviction or sentence.” Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 13(e). Petitioner is not entitled to
relief on this issue.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
___________________________________
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
-9-