The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned On Briefs August 2, 2011
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTONIO DURRELL HUBBARD
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Fayette County
No. 6411 Weber McCraw, Judge
No. W2010-02493-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 9, 2011
Appellant, Antonio Durrell Hubbard a/k/a Antonio Bradford, was indicted by the Fayette
County Grand Jury in March of 2010 for possession of more than one-half ounce of
marijuana with intent to deliver, driving with a suspended license, and speeding. Prior to
trial, Appellant sought to suppress the results of an inventory search. The motion to suppress
was denied. After a trial, Appellant was convicted of possession of more than one-half ounce
of marijuana with intent to deliver and driving on a suspended license. The speeding charge
was dismissed. As a result of the convictions, Appellant received an effective sentence of
one year. After the denial of a motion for new trial, Appellant has appealed. The following
issues are presented for our review: (1) whether the trial court properly denied the motion to
suppress; and (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions. After a
review, we determine the trial court properly denied the motion to suppress and the evidence
is sufficient to support the convictions. Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are
affirmed.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are
Affirmed.
J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER and
C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.
Kari L. Weber, Somerville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Antonio Durrell Hubbard.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel West Harmon, Assistant
Attorney General; Michael Dunavant, District Attorney General; and Terry Dycus, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual Background
Appellant was arrested on December 22, 2009, after being stopped for speeding by
Lieutenant Don Burress of the Galloway Police Department.1 Lieutenant Burress stopped
Appellant after he clocked him traveling 70 miles per hour in a forty-five-mile-per-hour
zone.
Appellant pulled up to a gas pump at a nearby BP gas station where he was
approached by Lieutenant Burress. The officer asked to see Appellant’s driver’s license.
Appellant informed Lieutenant Burress that his identity had been stolen while he was in
prison and someone used his identity to obtain a license under Appellant’s name. Lieutenant
Burress was suspicious of Appellant’s responses, so he ran the name along with two
birthdays that Appellant supplied. At that time, Lieutenant Burress discovered that
Appellant’s license was suspended. He arrested Appellant.
Lieutenant Burress was unable to allow Appellant to drive his car to another location,
so he called for a tow truck to remove the vehicle from the BP gas station. The vehicle was
owned by Appellant’s girlfriend. Lieutenant Burress did not ask Appellant if another person
could come and get the vehicle. Prior to the vehicle being towed away, Lieutenant Burress
and Investigator Charles Irvin conducted an inventory search of the vehicle. During the
search, the officers smelled marijuana. In a purse inside the trunk, the officers discovered
marijuana.
During his transport from the police station to the county jail, Lieutenant Burress
talked to Appellant, who was asking questions about how long he would have to be in jail.
During the conversation, Appellant spontaneously admitted that the marijuana was his.
According to Lieutenant Burress, Appellant stated he was out of work and had to sell
marijuana in order to make money. Lieutenant Burress admitted that he had not given
Appellant his Miranda rights but stated that he was not interrogating Appellant at the time.
Therefore, there was no need for Appellant to be read his rights.
Appellant filed a motion to suppress prior to trial. In the motion, Appellant argued
that he was “stopped, seized and arrested unlawfully.” Therefore, the search was the product
of an “unlawful arrest” and “unlawful inventory” of the vehicle and the evidence should be
suppressed. Appellant also moved to suppress any statements that he gave to law
1
At the time of the suppression hearing, the Galloway Police Department ceased to exist.
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enforcement officers because he was not apprised of his Miranda rights, the statements were
the product of an unlawful arrest, and he did not knowingly waive his constitutional rights
prior to giving any statements.
At the conclusion of the hearing on the motion to suppress, the trial court determined
that the police were under an “obligation to have the vehicle moved in somewhat of a timely
manner” so that it would not block a gas pump. Looking at the “totality of the
circumstances,” the trial court determined that it was a “proper inventory search” where there
was “no other immediate option in order to remove the car from the gas pumps.” Further,
the trial court denied the motion to suppress the statements because from the testimony it
appeared that Lieutenant Burress and Appellant “were basically having a conversation.” The
trial court determined that he was not “being interrogated. These were just statements of
conversation.” After the hearing, the trial court issued orders denying the motion to suppress
the search and the motion to suppress the statements.
The case proceeded to trial. At trial, Lieutenant Burress testified. His testimony
mirrored his testimony from the suppression hearing. Additionally, the State called
Investigator Charles Irvin. Investigator Irvin stopped to assist Lieutenant Burress after
Appellant had been arrested and the inventory search had already begun. When Investigator
Irvin approached the trunk of the vehicle, he smelled marijuana. He helped inventory the
trunk of the vehicle where they found “a bag that contained a purse and inside the purse was
some marijuana.” According to Investigator Irvin, there was nothing but marijuana inside
the purse. It was bundled into two clumps of “individual little bags.”
The evidence was submitted to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) where
it was tested and determined to be marijuana with a total weight of six and one-half ounces.
At the conclusion of the proof, Appellant was convicted of possession of more than
one-half ounce of marijuana with the intent to deliver and driving on a suspended license.
The trial court sentenced Appellant to one year incarceration for the possession conviction
and six months in incarceration for the driving on a suspended license conviction, with the
sentences to run concurrently for a total effective sentence of one year. The speeding charge
was dismissed.
Appellant filed a timely motion for new trial in which he argued that the trial court
improperly denied the motion to suppress; the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial;
the trial court erred in denying the motion for judgment of acquittal; and the evidence was
insufficient to support the convictions. The trial court denied the motion for new trial.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court
improperly denied the motion to suppress his statements and the evidence found during the
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inventory search of the vehicle. Additionally, Appellant contends that the evidence was
insufficient to support the convictions.
Analysis
Motion to Suppress
On appeal, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying the motion to
suppress the search of the vehicle. Specifically, Appellant argues that Lieutenant Burress
failed to ask Appellant if someone else could take possession of the vehicle prior to the
commencement of the search and/or could have moved the vehicle to a location away from
the gas pump to a parking spot. In other words, the State failed to show that impounding the
vehicle and conducting an inventory search was necessary and reasonable under the
circumstances. Appellant likens his case to Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009). The State,
on the other hand, insists that “based on the totality of the circumstances, the marijuana was
seized during a lawful inventory search.”
“This Court will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v. Hayes, 188 S.W.3d 505, 510 (Tenn. 2006)
(citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). On appeal, “[t]he prevailing party
in the trial court is afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16
S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)).
“Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Our review of a trial court’s application of law to the facts
is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn.
2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958
S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). When the trial court’s findings of fact are based entirely on
evidence that does not involve issues of witness credibility, however, appellate courts are as
capable as trial courts of reviewing the evidence and drawing conclusions, and the trial
court’s findings of fact are subject to de novo review. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000). Further, we note that “in evaluating the correctness of a trial court’s ruling on
a pretrial motion to suppress, appellate courts may consider the proof adduced both at the
suppression hearing and at trial.” State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998). The
question presented by the Appellant in this case is one of law. Therefore, there is no
presumption of correctness with regard to the trial court’s decision. Walton, 41 S.W.3d at
81.
At the outset, it should be pointed out that we do not find that this case implicates
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009), as argued by Appellant. Specifically,
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in Gant the Supreme Court held “[p]olice may search a vehicle incident to a recent
occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger
compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains
evidence of the offense of arrest.” 556 U.S. at ___, 129 S. Ct. at 1723. Appellant seems to
argue that the search was a search incident to arrest rather than a valid inventory search.
Therefore, if the search was a valid inventory search, the applicability of Gant need not be
decided. Accordingly, we will focus our analysis on whether the search was valid as an
inventory search.
Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section
7 of the Tennessee Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable searches and
seizures by government agents. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7. “These
constitutional provisions are designed to ‘safeguard the privacy and security of individuals
against arbitrary invasions of government officials.’” Keith, 978 S.W.2d at 865 (quoting
Camara v. Mun. Ct., 387 U.S. 523, 528 (1967)). The Tennessee Supreme Court has noted
previously that “[a]rticle I, [section] 7 [of the Tennessee Constitution] is identical in intent
and purpose with the Fourth Amendment [of the United States Constitution],” and that
federal cases applying the Fourth Amendment should be regarded as “particularly
persuasive.” Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d 857, 860 (Tenn. 1968).
Under both the state and federal constitutions, “a warrantless search or seizure is
presumed unreasonable, and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression
unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the
narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626,
629 (Tenn. 1997) (citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971)); see also
State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2003). However, an inventory search is
permissible. An “inventory search . . . is ostensibly to protect the occupant of the vehicle
against loss of his property or the law enforcement agency against the occupant’s claim for
failure to guard against such loss.” State v. Donald Curtis Reid, No. M1999-00058-CCA-
R3-CD, 2000 WL 502678, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Apr. 28, 2000) (quoting
State v. Gaut, 357 So. 2d 513, 516 (La. 1978)). Further, our supreme court in Drinkard v.
State, 584 S.W.2d 650 (Tenn. 1979), established the following guideline:
[I]f the circumstances that bring the automobile to the attention of the police
in the first place are such that the driver, even though arrested, is able to make
his or her own arrangements for the custody of the vehicle, or if the vehicle
can be parked and locked without obstructing traffic or endangering the public,
the police should permit the action to be taken rather than impound the car
against the will of the driver and then search it. Just cause to search the driver
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is not alone, enough; there must also be reasonable cause to take his vehicle
into custody.
Id. at 653. In other words, the burden is on the State to show that an impoundment was
necessary, i.e., that there were reasonable grounds for the impoundment. Id. at 654. In
Drinkard, there was a passenger who was available to take charge of the vehicle. Id. In the
case of State v. Roberge, our supreme held that when the circumstances justified an
impoundment, the inventory search included the opening of unlocked containers, such as a
duffle bag in that instance. 642 S.W.2d 716, 720 (Tenn. 1982) Before an inventory search,
the officer must advise the defendant that the car will be impounded unless he can provide
a reasonable alternative. State v. Lunsford, 655 S.W.2d 921 (Tenn. 1983). The extent of
the consultation with the defendant is a factor to determine whether an impoundment is
reasonable and necessary. Id. Moreover, an inventory search must not be pretextual. State
v. Glenn, 649 S.W.2d 584, 587-88 (Tenn. 1983).
The guidelines of Drinkard “must be considered by law enforcement officers on the
scene.” Lunsford, 655 S.W.2d at 923. However, there is no “mandate” that an “arrestee
must be advised of all available options to impoundment” as this would create a “per se rule
[rendered] . . . unworkable because of changing conditions and circumstances.” Id. (quoting
Sanders v. State, 403 So. 2d 973, 974 (Fla. 1981)).
This case is distinguishable from Drinkard. In the case herein, Lieutenant Burress
explained at the suppression hearing that the reason for the impoundment of the vehicle was
based on a multitude of factors. Appellant informed the officer that the car belonged to his
girlfriend, whom he had just dropped off at work. Appellant could not continue to drive the
car because he had been arrested for driving on a suspended license and driving after that
point would essentially be permitting Appellant to continue to break the law. Further, the
vehicle was parked at an “active” gas station, blocking a gas pump at around 2:00 p.m.
during the day. Lieutenant Burress stated that you “can’t tie up a business like that.” While
the officer acknowledged that he did not ask Appellant if there was anyone else who could
come and get the vehicle, this Court has held that it is appropriate to impound a vehicle
despite the failure of an officer to ask Appellant about an alternative solution when there is
no reasonable or plausible alternative such as a passenger at the scene to take possession of
the car immeditely. See State v. Jeffrey L. Hammons, No. M1999-00756-CCA-R3-CD, 2000
WL 924633, at *3-4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, June 30, 2000), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Feb. 20, 2001). State v. William David Harmon, No. 46, 1990 WL 149, at *3 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Knoxville, Jan. 4, 1990) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 5, 1990). In the instant
case, Appellant was alone and the owner of the car, his girlfriend, was at her job. Moreover,
the vehicle was apparently blocking a gas pump at a gas station open for business thus
requiring immediate moving of the vehicle. Once Lieutenant Burress made a reasonable
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decision to impound the vehicle, he was permitted to conduct an inventory search. When he
and Investigator Irvin opened the trunk, they smelled marijuana. At that point, Lieutenant
Burress had probable cause to believe that one of the bags in the trunk contained contraband.
“The police may search an automobile and the containers within it where they have probable
cause to believe contraband or evidence is contained” therein. California v. Acevedo, 500
U.S. 565, 580 (1991). The evidence does not preponderate against the denial of the motion
to suppress the evidence.2 Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the convictions.
Specifically, Appellant argues that the State failed to prove that all of the substance taken
from the car was marijuana and that there was no proof, other than the weight of the drugs,
that Appellant had an intent to deliver. Further, Appellant claims that his “admission” as
recounted by Lieutenant Burress was called into question by his own plea of not guilty prior
to trial. Additionally, Appellant insists that his identity was stolen, and officers failed to
investigate the veracity of this claim prior to charging Appellant with driving on a suspended
license. The State disagrees.
When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is obliged to
review that claim according to certain well-settled principles. A verdict of guilty, rendered
by a jury and “approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the” State’s witnesses
and resolves all conflicts in the testimony in favor of the State. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d
253, 259 (Tenn. 1994) (citing State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992)). Thus,
although the accused is originally cloaked with a presumption of innocence, the jury verdict
of guilty removes this presumption “and replaces it with one of guilt.” State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). Hence, on appeal, the burden of proof rests with the
defendant to demonstrate the insufficiency of the convicting evidence. Id. The relevant
question the reviewing court must answer is whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Harris, 839 S.W.2d at 75. In making this decision, we are to accord
the State “the strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as all reasonable and
legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. As
such, this Court is precluded from re-weighing or reconsidering the evidence when
evaluating the convicting proof. State v. Morgan, 929 S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1996); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, we may
not substitute our own “inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from circumstantial
2
On appeal, it appears that Appellant abandons his argument with respect to the denial of the motion to suppress
his statements to police. Therefore, we will not scrutinize the trial court’s decision with respect to this issue.
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evidence.” Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779. Further, questions concerning the credibility of
the witnesses and the weight and value to be given to evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by such evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact and not the appellate courts. State
v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). “The standard of review ‘is the same whether
the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).
To convict the defendant of possession of marijuana with the intent to sell or deliver,
the State had to prove that the defendant knowingly possessed not less than one-half ounce
nor more than ten pounds of marijuana with the intent to sell or deliver it. T.C.A. §
39-17-417(a)(4),(g)(1). In order to convict Appellant of driving with a suspended license,
the State was required to show that Appellant was driving “when the [Appellant’s] privilege
to do so is cancelled, suspended, or revoked.” T.C.A. § 55-50-504(a)(1).
“[A] person . . . acts knowingly with respect to the conduct or to circumstances
surrounding the conduct when the person is aware of the nature of the conduct or that the
circumstances exist.” T.C.A. § 39-11-302(b). A conviction for possession of marijuana may
be based upon either actual or constructive possession. State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900, 903
(Tenn. 2001); State v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991); State v.
Cooper, 736 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “Before a person can be found to
constructively possess a drug, it must appear that the person has ‘the power and intention at
any given time to exercise dominion and control over . . . [the drugs] either directly or
through others.’” Id. (citing State v. Williams, 623 S.W.2d 121, 125 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981);
see also State v. Patterson, 966 S.W.2d 435, 445 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). The mere
presence of a person in an area where drugs are discovered is not, alone, sufficient to support
a finding that the person possessed the drugs. Id. However, as stated above, circumstantial
evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896,
899-900 (Tenn. 1987); State v. Gregory, 862 S.W.2d 574, 577 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
Further, it is permissible for the jury to draw an inference of intent to sell or deliver when the
amount of the controlled substance and other relevant facts surrounding the arrest are
considered together. T.C.A. § 39-17-419; see also State v. Willie Earl Kyles, Jr., No.
W2001-01931-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 927604, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, May
3, 2002), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Oct. 21, 2002) (concluding that jury could infer
possession of drugs with intent to sell or deliver from amount of drugs and circumstances
surrounding arrest of defendant); State v. James R. Huntington, No. 02C01-9407-CR-00149,
1995 WL 134589, at *3-4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Mar. 29, 1995), perm. app. denied,
(Tenn. July 10, 1995) (determining that jury could infer intent to sell marijuana primarily
from large quantity of marijuana in defendant’s possession).
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The proof at trial showed that Appellant was pulled over by Lieutenant Burress for
speeding. Appellant was driving his girlfriend’s vehicle. When the officer ran Appellant’s
driver’s license, it came back as being suspended. Additionally, while the officers were
conducting an inventory search of the vehicle, they smelled marijuana. Upon searching the
trunk, one of the officers found a bag containing more than one-half an ounce of marijuana
inside a purse. The marijuana was packaged in several plastic bags. Moreover, on the way
to the police station, Appellant admitted that the marijuana was his. Appellant claimed that
he needed money because he did not have a job. The evidence supports the convictions.
Appellant is not entitled to relief.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
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