Michael B. Brown v. Officer Robert Hooks

USCA11 Case: 23-11896 Document: 83-1 Date Filed: 07/18/2024 Page: 1 of 17

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-11896

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

MICHAEL B. BROWN,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

MICHAEL B. BROWN,

Executor of the Estate of Clara Virginia Britton,

deceased

CLARA VIRGINIA BRITTON,

Plaintiff,

versus

COLUMBUS POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al.,

Defendants,

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2 Opinion of the Court 23-11896

OFFICER ROBERT HOOKS,

OFFICER KERTAVIOUS COPPINS,

OFFICER AARON GUILLAUME,

OFFICER SETH COLE,

KIMBERLEY MYHAND,

CPD compliance department, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

D.C. Docket No. 4:21-cv-00162-CDL

____________________

Before WILSON, LUCK, AND ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Michael Brown, pro se, sued dozens of defendants, 1 alleging

depravations of rights regarding his hospital treatment following

1 The district court categorized the defendants into the following

groups, which we also use:

The “Columbus Defendants”—Columbus Consolidated Government

(“CCG”), Columbus Fire Department, Columbus Police Department, Officers

Rachel Blanks, Seth Cole, Kertavious Coppins, Aaron Guillaume, and Robert

Hooks, and Kimberly Myhand.

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23-11896 Opinion of the Court 3

a bicycle accident, and a subsequent welfare check performed on

his mother, Clara Virginia Britton, during Brown’s hospitalization,

her unwilling transportation to the hospital, and her allegedly

sub-standard medical treatment, which he alleges all led to her

death. He appeals the district court’s partial dismissal, partial grant

of judgment on the pleadings, and partial grant of summary judg-

ment against him. Brown’s claims were brought under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983; the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

(“HIPAA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320d, et seq.; and Georgia law. Some of

the defendant-appellees argue that the district court lacked supple-

mental jurisdiction to hear Brown’s claims against them. We first

address the jurisdictional issue, and then Brown’s several argu-

ments on appeal.

I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

The “Piedmont Hospital Defendants”—The Medical Center at Pied-

mont Hospital; Doctors Sara Adams, Richard Hanney, and Meagan Mahoney;

and Nurses Emily Blasingame, Jessica Carden, Charisse Seals, and Devyn

Sizemore.

The “Medical Providers”—Regional Rehabilitation Hospital; Doctors

Addo Chidi, Neil Desai, Shivam Desai, Benjamin Knepper, Sunil Kumar, Vi-

rendra Kumar, Charisse Logronio, and Kennon McLendon; and P.A. Kelly

Watson.

The “EMS Defendants”—EMS Care, Marc Dade, Isaac Waters, and

Tanya Hardy.

The other defendants were Host Medical & Transport, LLC

(“HM&T”); Lock Busters Inc, d/b/a/ Pop-A-Lock; and an unidentified

“Dr. Evans,” who was never served.

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4 Opinion of the Court 23-11896

We review a district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction

de novo. Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper Fund, Inc. v. City of Atlanta,

701 F.3d 669, 679 (11th Cir. 2012). Lack of federal jurisdiction can-

not be waived, and an appellate court must satisfy itself that the

district court had jurisdiction over a case under review before as-

sessing its merits. Absolute Activist Value Master Fund Ltd. v. Devine,

998 F.3d 1258, 1264 (11th Cir. 2021)

A district court has “the power to exercise supplemental ju-

risdiction over all claims that arise out of a common nucleus of op-

erative fact with a substantial federal claim.” Upper Chattahoochee,

701 F.3d at 678; 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

Here, the district court did not err in assuming supplemental

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over Brown’s medical-malprac-

tice claims against the Medical Providers. Contrary to the Medical

Providers’ suggestion, Brown’s substantial federal claims predomi-

nantly revolve around Britton’s removal from her home following

a welfare check. His state-law claims against the Medical Providers

turn on allegations that they committed malpractice in treating

Britton following that removal and his theory that her death was

caused by the removal and treatment. The medical-malpractice

claims therefore arose from “a common nucleus of operative fact

with a substantial federal claim,” and the district court had supple-

mental jurisdiction. See Upper Chattahoochee, 701 F.3d at 678; 28

U.S.C. § 1367.

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Accordingly, the district court had subject-matter jurisdic-

tion to consider Brown’s claims against the Medical Providers, and

we can review the merits of those claims.

II. Pre-death Injuries to Britton

We review a dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo, ap-

plying the same standard as the district court. Holzman v. Malcolm

S. Gerald & Assocs., 920 F.3d 1264, 1268 (11th Cir. 2019). Under

Georgia law, pre-death tort injuries “survive to the personal repre-

sentative of the deceased plaintiff.” O.C.G.A. § 9-2-41. Surviving

children may bring an action for the wrongful death of their parent.

Id. § 51-4-2.

Here, the district court correctly dismissed Brown’s claims

relating to Britton’s pre-death injuries because he is not the proper

party to bring such claims. The record makes clear that Brown is

not the personal representative of Britton’s estate, so he cannot

state a claim under Georgia law for her pre-death injuries.

See O.C.G.A. § 9-2-41.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

III. Claims Against the Piedmont Hospital Defendants

To state a claim, a complaint must contain facts that, if ac-

cepted as true, state a plausible claim to relief. Holzman, 920 F.3d

at 1268.; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). All factual allegations—as opposed

to legal conclusions—must be taken as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555

(2007). A party alleging fraud must “must state with particularity

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6 Opinion of the Court 23-11896

the circumstances constituting” the fraud. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

Pro se pleadings are liberally construed. Alba v. Montford, 517 F.3d

1249, 1252 (11th Cir. 2008).

Under Georgia law, liability for medical malpractice requires

proof of: “(1) the duty inherent in the doctor-patient relationship;

(2) the breach of that duty by failing to exercise the requisite degree

of skill and care; and (3) that this failure be the proximate cause of

the injury sustained.” Zwiren v. Thompson, 276 Ga. 498, 499

(Ga. 2003).

Under Georgia law, ordinary negligence requires (1) a legal

duty to conform to a standard of conduct; (2) a breach of this stand-

ard; (3) a legally attributable causal connection between the con-

duct and the resulting injury; and (4) some loss or damage as a re-

sult of the alleged breach of the legal duty. See Rasnick v. Krishna

Hospitality, Inc., 289 Ga. 565, 566 (Ga. 2011).

Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Brown’s

claims against the Hospital Defendants. Regarding the Hospital,

Brown did not allege specific facts showing that the Hospital had

breached a duty inherent in the doctor-patient relationship or that

such a breach had caused an injury to him. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a);

Zwiren, 276 Ga. at 499. His legal conclusion that the Hospital had

committed malpractice was insufficient to state a claim. See Iqbal,

556 U.S. at 679.

Regarding Dr. Adams, Brown alleged that she prescribed

him an enema, and her name appears on a report stating that

he was treated at 5:30 a.m. on October 15, 2020. While this report

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does conflict with other reports stating that Brown was admitted

at approximately 9:00 a.m., neither that conflict nor the allegation

that Dr. Adams prescribed an enema alleges facts sufficient to al-

lege a claim for medical malpractice or ordinary negligence.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Zwiren, 276 Ga. at 499; Rasnick, 289 Ga.

at 566.

Regarding Dr. Mahoney, Brown alleged that she noted

which ambulance took him to the hospital and possibly consulted

on his injuries and treatment. Neither these allegations nor specu-

lation that she gave other orders which have been withheld from

Brown allege facts sufficient to allege a claim for medical malprac-

tice or ordinary negligence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); 276 Ga. at 499;

Rasnick, 289 Ga. at 566.

To the extent that Brown attempted to state a claim for

fraud, he has not stated with particularity the circumstances consti-

tuting the fraud. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

IV. HIPPA Claims

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

generally provides for the confidentiality of medical records and

governs the use and disclosure of protected health information by

covered entities that have access to that information and that con-

duct certain electronic healthcare transactions. See 45 C.F.R.

§ 164.502. It provides both civil and criminal penalties for improper

disclosures of medical information and limits enforcement of the

statute to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. 42 U.S.C.

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§§ 1320d–5(a)(1), 1320d–6 (criminal enforcement). HIPAA con-

tains no express provision creating a private cause of action.

See generally § 1320d-5. “[P]rivate rights of action to enforce federal

law must be created by Congress.” Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S.

275, 286 (2001).

Here, the district court correctly dismissed Brown’s HIPAA

claims. HIPAA is to be enforced by the Secretary of Health and

Human Services, and Congress has not created a private right of

action to enforce it. See 42 U.S.C. 1320d-5(a)(1); Alexander, 532 U.S.

at 286. Brown cannot bring a private suit to enforce HIPAA against

the EMS Defendants and HM&T and so failed to state a claim.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

V. Fraud Claims Against EMS Defendants

Under Georgia law, fraud requires the misrepresentation of

a material fact that is acted on by the opposite party. See O.C.G.A.

§ 23-2-52.

Here, the district court did not err in dismissing the claims

against the EMS Defendants. Regarding Marc Dade, Brown al-

leged that he signed an EMS report which implicitly misidentified

an EMS unit. Brown did not allege that any misrepresentation was

material or that he acted upon it, meaning that he did not ade-

quately state a claim for fraud. See O.C.G.A. § 23-2-52. Similarly,

Brown has not alleged that EMS Care itself misrepresented a mate-

rial fact that he relied on.

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Regarding Isaac Waters, Brown alleged that he drove

the ambulance that took Britton to the hospital, and that Britton

told Brown that Waters beat her. The fact that Waters drove an

ambulance does not state a claim against him, and to the extent

that Brown is attempting to bring a claim against Waters based on

Britton’s pre-death injuries, as discussed above, Brown is not

the proper party to do so as he is not the personal representative of

Britton’s estate. See O.C.G.A. § 9-2-41.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

VI. Theft Claims

Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Brown’s

theft claims against Nurses Jessica Carden and Devyn Sizemore.

Carden is not identified by name outside the caption of any of

Brown’s complaints. Even construing a reference in a hospital re-

port to a “Nurse Jessica” as describing Jessica Carden, Brown al-

leged no facts to support his allegation that Carden stole his keys.

See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. Similarly, while Brown alleged that

Sizemore possessed his keys while he was in the hospital, he did

not allege facts supporting an allegation that Sizemore still pos-

sesses them or gave them to someone else. The district court

therefore did not err in finding that Brown failed to state a claim

against Carden and Sizemore. See Holzman, 920 F.3d at 1268.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

VII. Medical-Malpractice Claims

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10 Opinion of the Court 23-11896

Under Georgia law, a medical-malpractice plaintiff must

demonstrate by expert testimony a violation of the standard of care

and that the violation was the proximate cause of the injury. Porter

v. Guill, 298 Ga. App. 782, 789 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009).

Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Brown’s

medical-malpractice claims. Regarding Dr. Hannay, Brown only

alleged that he injected Brown with “a serum,” without alleging

what the serum was. Regarding Dr. Neil Desai and Dr. Shivam

Desai, Brown alleged that a Dr. Desai asked him to permit Britton

to stay another day in the hospital. Regarding Dr. Knepper, Brown

alleged that he had a duty to inform Britton about certain diagnoses

and failed to do so. Regarding Dr. Virendra Kumar, he appears in

some medical records, as do the other doctors, but it is not clear

which actions Brown believes to be reflective of malpractice. Re-

garding Dr. McLendon, it is alleged that he performed a suture and

he appears in medical records. Regarding Dr. Logronio, it is al-

leged that she ordered a syphilis screening and proscribed a drug.

Regarding Dr. Chidi, a “Dr. R. Addo” is mentioned in medical rec-

ords. Regarding Dr. Sunil Kumar, he is only mentioned in com-

plaint captions.

Brown has not alleged specific facts showing that any of the

doctors breached a duty inherent in the doctor-patient relationship

or introduced medical evidence showing that any breach had

caused an injury. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Zwiren, 276 Ga. at 499;

Porter, 298 Ga. App. at 789.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

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VIII. Claims Against CCG

Section 1983 establishes civil liability for a person who vio-

lates constitutional rights under color of law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

A § 1983 “person” includes local governments and municipalities.

Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 663 (1978).

However, a municipality is only liable for its policies and customs,

not through a respondeat superior theory based on its employment

of a tortfeasor. Id. at 690-91. A plaintiff must “identify either (1) an

officially promulgated county policy or (2) an unofficial custom or

practice of the county shown through the repeated acts of a final

policymaker for the county.” Grech v. Clayton County, Ga., 335 F.3d

1326, 1329 (11th Cir. 2003). CCG is a county for the purposes of

tort liability. Tillis ex. rel. Wuenschel v. Brown, 12 F.4th 1291, 1295

(11th Cir. 2021).

“Sheriff’s departments and police departments are not usu-

ally considered legal entities subject to suit.” Dean v. Barber,

951 F.2d 1210, 1214 (11th Cir. 1992). A suit against a government

officer in their official capacity is treated as a suit against the em-

ploying government entity. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159,

165-66 (1985).

Here, Brown has not alleged that CCG had a policy or cus-

tom leading to any alleged violation of rights. The district court

therefore correctly dismissed Brown’s § 1983 claims against CCG.

See Monell, 436 U.S. at 663; Tillis, 12 F.4th at 1295. Because official

capacity suits against the officers are treated as suits against CCG,

the district court also correctly dismissed those claims. See Graham,

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473 U.S. at 165-66. The district court also correctly dismissed the

claims against CCG’s fire and police departments, which are not

separate legal entities subject to suit. See Dean, 951 F.2d at 1213.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

IX. Qualified Immunity for the Officers (Columbus Defendants)

Named as Defendants in their Individual Capacities in Brown’s

§ 1983 Unconstitutional Search Claims

We review a district court’s grant or denial of qualified im-

munity de novo. Hardigree v. Lofton, 992 F.3d 1216, 1223 (11th Cir.

2021). A district court’s grant of summary judgment is also re-

viewed de novo. Id.

Summary judgment is proper if “there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). All submitted evidence is

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and all justi-

fiable inferences are drawn in its favor. Hardigree, 992 F.3d at 1223.

The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of

demonstrating through evidence that there is no genuine issue of

material fact. Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 683 F.3d 1283, 1292 (11th

Cir. 2012). The nonmovant must then rebut the movant with evi-

dence of a genuine dispute. Id. If the nonmovant presents evidence

that is merely colorable or not “significantly probative of a disputed

fact,” the movant is entitled to summary judgment. Id; see also

Chavez v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs., 647 F.3d 1057, 1061 (11th Cir.

2011) (“district court judges are not required to ferret out delec-

table facts buried in a massive record”).

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When a government official is sued in their individual capac-

ity in a § 1983 suit, they may seek summary judgment on qualified

immunity grounds. Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland, 370 F.3d

1252, 1263-64 (11th Cir. 2004). To be eligible for protection under

qualified immunity, the official must first demonstrate that they

were engaged in a discretionary function when they performed the

act in question. Id. at 1264. If so, the burden then shifts to the plain-

tiff to demonstrate that the official is not entitled to qualified im-

munity. Id. To overcome qualified immunity, the plaintiff must

demonstrate that (1) the defendant violated a constitutional right,

and (2) the right was clearly established at the time of the alleged

violation. Id.

The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches

and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. A warrantless search is pre-

sumptively unreasonable. Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403

(2006). However, a warrant is not required if exigent circum-

stances make the search objectively reasonable. Id.; see id. at 404

(“The officer’s subjective motivation is irrelevant.”). Protecting

a person who needs immediate aid is an exigency, such as a person

who needs medical treatment that they are unable to provide for

themselves. Id. at 403; Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 47 (2009).

The person’s refusal of the medical aid does not make the entry

into the home retrospectively unreasonable. See Fisher, 558 U.S.

at 46 (“[Police officers] saw that Fisher had a cut on his hand, and

they asked him whether he needed medical attention. Fisher ig-

nored these questions and demanded, with accompanying profan-

ity, that the officers go to get a search warrant.”).

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14 Opinion of the Court 23-11896

Here, the district court did not err in granting summary

judgment to the officers on Brown’s § 1983 unconstitutional search

claims due to qualified immunity. See Hardigree, 922 F.3d at 1223.

The officers were acting in a discretionary function by responding

to a welfare check. They had objectively reasonable belief that Brit-

ton was in need of immediate aid, see Brigham City, 547 U.S. at 403,

as they believed that she had been home alone for at least a week,

because Brown was in the hospital and they had been told that

Brown had described Britton as elderly, bed-ridden, and unable to

care for herself. Brown has not shown through evidence that there

is a material issue of fact that the officers lacked an objective reason

to believe that Britton required immediate medical attention. See

Jones, 683 F.3d at 1291-92. That Britton refused the officer’s assis-

tance does not make the search unreasonable. See Fisher, 558 U.S.

at 46.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

X. Brown’s Related State Law Claims Against CCG Employees

“Under Georgia law, a public officer or employee may be

personally liable only for ministerial acts negligently performed or

acts performed with malice or an intent to injure.” Cameron v. Lang,

274 Ga. 122, 123 (Ga. 2001). The plaintiff must show through evi-

dence that the officer acted with malice or intent to injure. See id.

at 125. An officer is entitled to immunity even for negligent per-

formance of a discretionary act. Id. Examples of discretionary acts

include responding to an emergency call and executing a warrant.

Id.

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Here, the CCG employees are entitled to immunity on state

law claims against them. See id. at 344. Brown has not shown evi-

dence that Officers Hooks, Blanks, or Cole—who were acting dis-

cretionarily in responding to the welfare check—acted with malice

or an intent to injure when responding to the welfare check and he

has not shown evidence that Officers Guillaume and Coppins took

any actions at all besides being associated with a “man on [the]

ground” police report. While it is not clear which of Kimberly

Myhand’s actions Brown thinks establish liability, he has not

shown any evidence that she acted with malice, with intent to in-

jure, or even negligently. See Cameron, 274 Ga. at 123-125. All of

Brown’s state law claims against the Columbus Defendants in their

individual capacities are therefore barred by official immunity.

See id.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

XI. Shotgun Pleading

We review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint as

a shotgun pleading for abuse of discretion. Barmapov v. Amuial,

986 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2021). A complaint is a shotgun

pleading if it contains pervasive conclusory and immaterial facts

not obviously connected to a specific claim or asserts multiple

claims without specifying who is responsible or which persons the

claim is brought against. Id. at 1324-25. A shotgun pleading makes

it virtually impossible to know which allegations of fact are in-

tended to support which claims for relief. Jackson v. Bank of Am.,

N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1356 (11th Cir. 2018). As a result, the pleading

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violates the requirement that a plaintiff provide a short and plain

statement of their claim. Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).

Before dismissing the action, a district court should provide

a plaintiff an opportunity to amend a shotgun complaint. Jackson,

898 F.3d at 1357-58. If a plaintiff files an amended complaint with-

out substantially fixing the deficiencies in the original complaint,

dismissal with prejudice is warranted. Id. at 1358-59. Pro se litigants

are given more leeway than parties represented by counsel but

must still follow shotgun-pleading rules and must give the defend-

ant adequate notice of the claims against it and the grounds on

which the claims rest. Pinson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 942 F.3d

1200, 1208 (11th Cir. 2019).

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dis-

missing Brown’s consolidated complaints 2 as shotgun pleadings.

See Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1324. Regarding the consolidated com-

plaint brought in federal court, it did not state which causes of ac-

tion were being brought against each defendant or explain how the

described facts established liability against the defendants. Regard-

ing the complaint removed from state court, it listed a series of stat-

utes and provisions under which the suit was brought, described

the parties, then provided a page of facts, and attached exhibits in

support. The complaints violated the requirements that alleged

facts be clearly associated with a specific cause of action and make

clear which claim is brought against which defendant, and thus

2 The several suits filed by Brown against these Defendants were all

consolidated.

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23-11896 Opinion of the Court 17

were therefore impermissible shotgun pleadings. See Barmapov,

986 F.3d at 1324-25; Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1356.

The district court allowed Brown to amend his complaint

and did not dismiss the case with prejudice until after he had been

informed of the deficiencies of his complaint and had unsuccess-

fully amended it. See Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1357-58. Even pro se,

Brown was obliged to give the Defendants adequate notice of his

claims. See Pinson, 942 F.3d at 1208. Because Brown did not pro-

vide a short and plain statement of his claim, even after being given

adequate opportunity to amend, the district court did not abuse its

discretion by dismissing the case with prejudice. See Barmapov, 986

F.3d at 1324; Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1356-58. 3

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court

is

AFFIRMED

3 This had the effect of dismissing any remaining claims except those against

the officers (Columbus Defendants) named as defendants in Brown’s § 1983

unconstitutional search claims, and related state law claims, which were dis-

missed at the later summary judgment stage. These claims are addressed

above in Part IX and X of this opinion.