United States v. Edward Verdi-Bruno

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 1 of 14

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-12310

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

EDWARD VERDI-BRUNO,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 8:22-cr-00347-CEH-JSS-1

____________________

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 2 of 14

2 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Edward Verdi-Bruno appeals his prison sentence of 262

months, within the guideline range of 262 to 327 months, after

pleading guilty to trafficking fentanyl and other drugs. He con-

tends that, in calculating his guideline range, the district court

wrongly applied enhancements for possessing a dangerous

weapon, U.S.S.G. §. 2D1.1(b)(1), maintaining a premises for drug

manufacture or distribution, id. § 2D1.1(b)(12), and being an organ-

izer or leader of the drug-trafficking operation, id. 3E1.1(a). He also

argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. After care-

ful review, we affirm Verdi-Bruno’s sentence.

I.

In February 2022, law enforcement identified a drug-traffick-

ing organization linked with Verdi-Bruno and a car-wash business

he owned in Tampa, Florida. 1 Verdi-Bruno used various “runners”

to distribute quantities of fentanyl and cocaine from the business.

Using confidential informants, investigators made multiple con-

trolled buys of fentanyl and cocaine from coconspirators at the car

wash between May and July 2022. The investigation also

1 We derive these facts from the factual basis the government proffered during

the plea colloquy, which Verdi-Bruno admitted was true, and from undisputed

facts in the presentence investigation report.

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 3 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 3

determined that Verdi-Bruno traveled to Puerto Rico and shipped

drugs to Tampa.

After his arrest in September 2022, Verdi-Bruno continued

to direct the distribution of fentanyl through his wife and a cocon-

spirator, Armando Arrendondo Jr., who delivered thousands of

fentanyl pills to an undercover officer in October 2022. Ar-

rendondo was arrested during a traffic stop on October 19, 2022, in

possession of a loaded gun and 42 grams of fentanyl. A search of

Verdi-Bruno’s residence also revealed a stolen gun in a “black

leather purse,” as well as drugs and ammunition.

By second superseding indictment, a federal grand jury

charged Verdi-Bruno with one count of conspiracy to possess with

intent to distribute fentanyl, cocaine, and heroin, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 846, and two counts of distribution and possession with

intent to distribute fentanyl, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

Verdi-Bruno pled guilty without the benefit of a written agree-

ment. Based on the drug quantities charged in the indictment,

Verdi-Bruno faced a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years. See

21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

Verdi-Bruno’s presentence investigation report (“PSR”) rec-

ommended a guideline range of 262 to 327 months, based on a total

offense level of 39 and a criminal-history category of I. In calculat-

ing the offense level, the PSR started at a base offense level of 32

based on the quantity of drugs involved. It then applied several

two-level increases for possession of a dangerous weapon, U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1(b)(1); for maintaining a premises for the purpose of drug

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 4 of 14

4 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

distribution, § 2D1.1(b)(12), and for his direct involvement in the

importation of drugs, § 2D1.1(b)(16)(C). Finally, it found that

Verdi-Bruno should receive a four-level increase as an organizer or

leader of the criminal activity, § 3B1.1(a), but also a three-level re-

duction for acceptance of responsibility, § 3E1.1.

Verdi-Bruno objected to the PSR. He argued that the dan-

gerous weapon enhancement, § 2D1.1(b)(1), did not apply because

the gun in his home was not found in close proximity to any drugs.

He contended that controlled buys from the car wash were inci-

dental to a legitimate use of the area, so they did not qualify for the

drug-premises enhancement, § 2D1.1(b)(12). And he objected that

he was not an organizer or leader, § 3B1.1(a), but instead was “sell-

ing small quantities under the direction” of a codefendant, and so

would at best qualify for a two-level increase as a manager or su-

pervisor.

The district court overruled the objections at sentencing in

June 2023 after hearing testimony by the federal case agent and ar-

gument from the parties. First, the court found that the dangerous

weapon enhancement, § 2D1.1(b)(1), applied based on coconspira-

tor Arrendondo’s possession of a gun on October 19, 2022. In the

court’s view, the evidence showed that the conspiracy continued

after Verdi-Bruno’s arrest, that Arrendondo was a member of the

conspiracy at the time of the possession, that the firearm was pos-

sessed in furtherance of the conspiracy, and that such possession

was reasonably foreseeable to Verdi-Bruno, given the nature of the

drug-trafficking enterprise. The court declined to sustain the

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 5 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 5

enhancement based on the gun found in Verdi-Bruno’s home, not-

ing the lack of “evidence that the firearm in the purse was in fur-

therance of the conspiracy.”

Next, the district court overruled the objection to the drug-

premises enhancement, § 2D1.1(b)(12). Based on the testimony of

the case agent, the court found that Verdi-Bruno and his cocon-

spirators “maintained and used the premises” of his car-wash busi-

ness “to store and distribute drugs.” While the agent acknowl-

edged “there was legitimate business of a car wash being run

there,” the court stated, he also described a “greater number of in-

dividuals arriving to the car wash on foot,” which was consistent

with “hand-to-hand drug sales.” Looking to the “totality of the cir-

cumstances,” including the evidence of multiple drug buys at the

location from several members of the drug-trafficking organiza-

tion, the court concluded that Verdi-Bruno maintained a premises

for drug distribution.

Finally, the district court agreed with the PSR that Verdi-

Bruno warranted a four-level increase as an organizer or leader of

the conspiracy, § 3B1.1(a). The court found that he was the leader

of the drug-trafficking organization identified in the indictment,

which involved five or more participants, and that he gave instruc-

tions to the participants and directed their actions. Accordingly,

the court overruled Verdi-Bruno’s objections and adopted the

PSR’s guideline range of 262 to 327 months.

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 6 of 14

6 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

Verdi-Bruno requested the statutory minimum sentence of

10 years. Citing the dangerousness of fentanyl and Verdi-Bruno’s

“greed,” the government sought a sentence of 275 months.

The district court imposed a total sentence of 262 months,

at the low end of the guideline range. The court explained that a

guideline sentence was sufficient but not greater than necessary to

comply with the purposes of sentencing, and that a sentence at the

low end of the range was warranted since it was Verdi-Bruno’s first

time in custody.

II.

We review the district court’s interpretation and application

of the guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error. also

United States v. Montenegro, 1 F.4th 940, 945 (11th Cir. 2021); United

States v. Mandhai, 375 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2004). “A factual

finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to sup-

port it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011) (quo-

tation marks omitted). The district court may base its factual find-

ings at sentencing on “facts admitted by the defendant’s guilty plea,

undisputed statements in the PS[R], or evidence presented at the

sentencing hearing.” United States v. Owens, 96 F.4th 1316, 1321

(11th Cir. 2024) (quotation marks omitted).

A. Possession of a Dangerous Weapon, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1)

A defendant convicted of drug trafficking is subject to a two-

level sentencing enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 7 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 7

a firearm) was possessed.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). The enhance-

ment applies “whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct rel-

evant to the offense of conviction.” United States v. Smith, 127 F.3d

1388, 1390 (11th Cir. 1997).

This enhancement may apply when the firearm is possessed

by a coconspirator. United States v. Rodriguez, 34 F.4th 961, 974

(11th Cir. 2022); United States v. Pham, 463 F.3d 1239, 1245 (11th Cir.

2006). In that circumstance, the government must prove “by a pre-

ponderance of the evidence that (1) the possessor of the firearm

was a co-conspirator, (2) the possession was in furtherance of the

conspiracy, (3) the defendant was a member of the conspiracy at

the time of possession, and (4) the co-conspirator possession was

reasonably foreseeable by the defendant.” Pham, 463 F.3d at 1245.

Here, Verdi-Bruno has not shown that the district court

erred in applying the enhancement for possessing a firearm on the

ground that his coconspirator Arrendondo possessed a gun while

trafficking fentanyl. The record shows that Arrendondo partici-

pated with Verdi-Bruno in a conspiracy to traffic fentanyl, and that

Arrendondo was arrested in possession of a gun and fentanyl.

What’s more, Verdi-Bruno does not dispute the court’s findings,

which we “review[] deferentially for clear error,” Rodriguez, 34

F.4th at 974, that, at the time of possession, Arrendondo was a

charged member of the conspiracy who possessed a firearm in fur-

therance of the ongoing conspiracy.

Instead, Verdi-Bruno contests only the element of reasona-

ble foreseeability, arguing that there is no evidence he was aware

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 8 of 14

8 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

that Arrendondo owned or possessed a gun or that any gun was

used or possessed during the drug-trafficking organization’s opera-

tions. But as we explained in Pham, we have repeatedly “recog-

nized that guns are a tool of the drug trade.” 463 F.3d at 1246 (quo-

tation marks omitted); see, e.g., United States v. Hromada, 49 F.3d

685, 689 (11th Cir. 1995) (“Guns and violence go hand-in-hand with

illegal drug operations.”). And so “we have found it reasonably

foreseeable that a co-conspirator would possess a firearm where

the conspiracy involved trafficking in lucrative and illegal drugs,”

“even where defendants claim they were unaware of the firearm

possession.” Pham, 463 F.3d at 1246 (quotation marks omitted).

The district court did not clearly err in finding that Ar-

rendondo’s possession of a firearm was reasonably foreseeable to

Verdi-Bruno. Arrendondo participated with Verdi-Bruno in a con-

spiracy that involved the distribution of lucrative and illegal drugs,

including street-level sales of fentanyl and cocaine. We have rec-

ognized that individuals who engage in such “high risk activity”

may feel “the need to protect their inventory and proceeds as well

as themselves.” United States v. Fields, 408 F.3d 1356, 1359 (11th Cir.

2005). Given the “frequent and overpowering connection between

the use of firearms and narcotics traffic,” Pham, 463 F.3d at 1246

(quotation marks omitted), the evidence before the district court

“permitted a finding that the co-conspirator’s possession of the

weapon[] was reasonably foreseeable” to Verdi-Bruno, Fields, 408

F.3d at 1359. Accordingly, the court did not err in applying the §

2D1.1(b)(1) firearm enhancement.

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 9 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 9

B. Maintenance of a Drug Premises, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12)

A two-level enhancement applies when the defendant

“maintained a premises for the purpose of manufacturing or dis-

tributing a controlled substance.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12). The

commentary to the guideline defines a “premises” as a “building,

room, or enclosure.” Id. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17.

“Drug manufacturing or distribution need not be the sole

purpose of the premises, but must be one of the primary or princi-

pal uses for the premises, rather than use that is incidental or col-

lateral.” United States v. George, 872 F.3d 1197, 1205 (11th Cir. 2017)

(quotation marks omitted); see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17. In mak-

ing that determination, the court should consider how frequently

the premises was used for drug distribution purposes and how fre-

quently it was used for lawful purposes. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt.

n.17. “Whether a defendant maintained a premises for the manu-

facture or distribution of drugs is a finding of fact that we review

under the clear-error standard.” George, 872 F.3d at 1205.

Here, the district court did not clearly err in finding that

Verdi-Bruno maintained a premises for the manufacture or distri-

bution of drugs. The record shows that Verdi-Bruno’s car-wash

establishment consisted of two temporary carports and a small of-

fice or storage closet in the side of an adjacent convenience store,

behind a door labeled 906. Surveillance of the car wash showed

that Verdi-Bruno’s coconspirators “would go in and out” of the 906

door when dealing drugs from the car wash. Thus, the record sup-

ports the court’s finding that Verdi-Bruno and his coconspirators

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 10 of 14

10 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

maintained and used a “premises”—the “room” or “enclosure” be-

hind the 906 door—to store and distribute drugs at the car wash.

See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n.17.

Verdi-Bruno asserts that the car wash was a “legitimate busi-

ness” and not a drug front. But “manufacturing or distribution

need not be the sole purpose of the premises.” George, 872 F.3d at

1205. While the federal case agent acknowledged that “[p]eople

did get their cars washed at the car wash,” he testified that the more

frequent use of the premises was pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and

hand-to-hand transactions, consistent with street-level drug traf-

ficking. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n.17 (directing courts to com-

pare the relative frequency of use for lawful purposes and drug dis-

tribution purposes, respectively). Accordingly, the district court

did not clearly err in applying the drug-premises enhancement un-

der § 2D1.1(b)(12).

C. Organizer or Leader Enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a)

A four-level enhancement applies where a defendant was an

“organizer” or “leader” of a criminal activity that involved five or

more participants or was otherwise extensive. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).

We consider a variety of factors in evaluating a defendant’s role in

the offense, see U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4, but there is no require-

ment that all the factors must be present in any one case for a de-

fendant to be considered an organizer or leader, and more than one

person may qualify as a leader. United States v. Dixon, 901 F.3d 1322,

1348 (11th Cir. 2018); United States v. Martinez, 584 F.3d 1022, 1026

(11th Cir. 2009). We have affirmed the district court’s application

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 11 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 11

of the four-level enhancement where “there was evidence that the

defendant had recruited participants, had instructed participants, or

had wielded decision-making authority.” United States v. Shabazz,

887 F.3d 1204, 1222 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted).

Here, the district court did not clearly err in finding that

Verdi-Bruno was an organizer or leader under § 3B1.1(a). See Mar-

tinez, 584 F.3d at 1025 (“We review a district court’s determination

that a defendant is subject to a Section 3B1.1 role enhancement as

an organizer or leader for clear error.”). Verdi-Bruno does not dis-

pute that the drug-distribution conspiracy involved five or more

participants. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). And the record reflects that

he “ran the drug trafficking” operation at the car wash, as the case

agent testified. Evidence from the PSR and the sentencing hearing

established that Verdi-Bruno used runners to distribute drugs, trav-

eled to Puerto Rico to mail drugs back to the United States, and

continued directing people to deliver drugs after his arrest. Thus,

the evidence reflects that he was directly involved in planning and

organizing the scheme, wielded decision-making authority, and ex-

ercised control and authority over others. See Shabazz, 887 F.3d at

1222; U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4.

Verdi-Bruno responds that he was not living a life of wealth

consistent with a “large scale drug supplier.” But there is no re-

quirement that all the factors—such as “the claimed right to a

larger share of the fruits of the crime,” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4—

must be present in any one case. Dixon, 901 F.3d at 1348. And he

concedes that he qualifies for at least a three-level enhancement as

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 12 of 14

12 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

a “manager or supervisor.” Plus, as we’ve noted, more than one

person may qualify as a leader. Dixon, 901 F.3d at 1348.

On this record, we are not left with a definite and firm con-

viction that the district court made a mistake in characterizing

Verdi-Bruno as an organizer or leader of the drug-trafficking con-

spiracy. See Martinez, 584 F.3d at 1025.

III.

Finally, Verdi-Bruno argues that the district court abused its

discretion by failing to give sufficient weight to the 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a) sentencing factors in determining his sentence. He high-

lights that he had an insignificant criminal history and had never

been to jail, that he pled guilty without a plea agreement, and that

he expressed legitimate remorse to the probation officer and the

court in his allocution. And in his view, his requested ten-year sen-

tence would have served the purposes of sentencing and was sup-

ported by the facts of the case.

In reviewing whether a sentence is substantively reasonable,

we apply a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The party challenging the sentence

bears the burden of proving that it is unreasonable based on the

facts of the case and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors.

United States v. Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010).

The district court must impose a sentence sufficient but not

greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In determining the sentence, the court must

consider all the factors listed in § 3553(a), but it is not required to

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 13 of 14

23-12310 Opinion of the Court 13

give all factors equal weight. United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d

1249, 1254 (11th Cir. 2015). The decision of how much weight to

assign a particular sentencing factor is committed to the sound dis-

cretion of the district court. Id. In general, the court abuses that

discretion only if it “commit[s] a clear error of judgment in weigh-

ing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside

the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.

United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).

Here, Verdi-Bruno fails to meet his burden to show that his

262-month sentence is substantively unreasonable. The district

court concluded that a guideline range sentence was appropriate,

and we ordinarily expect a guideline sentence to be reasonable.

United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746 (11th Cir. 2008). Although

Verdi-Bruno lacked a criminal history, and despite his remorse, the

record shows he was the leader of a drug-trafficking operation that

imported and sold substantial quantities of fentanyl and cocaine.

The court considered the offense conduct along with the remain-

der of his PSR, his sentencing memorandum, and arguments and

testimony at the sentencing hearing. And it was entitled to give

more weight to the severity of the offense conduct in sentencing

him than to the mitigating factors he highlights on appeal. See

Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d at 1254. Verdi-Bruno has not shown that

the court balanced the factors unreasonably or arrived at a sentence

outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of

the case. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190.

USCA11 Case: 23-12310 Document: 33-1 Date Filed: 07/05/2024 Page: 14 of 14

14 Opinion of the Court 23-12310

IV.

For the reasons stated, we affirm Verdi-Bruno’s sentence.

AFFIRMED.