The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
July 9, 2012 Session
BLAIR WOOD, ET AL. v. TONY WOLFENBARGER, ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Anderson County
No. BOLA0314 Donald R. Elledge, Judge
No. E2011-01953-COA-R3-CV-FILED-AUGUST 15, 2012
Blair Wood and Gary Wood (“Plaintiffs”) sued Tony Wolfenbarger and Brenda
Wolfenbarger (“Defendants”) alleging, in part, that Defendants had wrongfully cut down six
trees on Plaintiffs’ real property. After a trial, the Trial Court entered its judgment finding
and holding, inter alia, that Defendants were liable for negligently cutting the trees, that the
current market value of the timber cut was $840, and that Plaintiffs were entitled to a
judgment in double the amount of the current market value of the timber pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 43-28-312. Plaintiffs appeal to this Court alleging that the Trial Court erred in
awarding damages based upon the timber value. We find and hold that the evidence
preponderates against the finding that timber value was the correct measure of damages in
this case. We modify the Trial Court’s judgment to award Plaintiffs damages of $62,100
based upon the trunk formula method of valuation and affirm the judgment as so modified.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed, as Modified; Case Remanded
D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which H ERSCHEL P. F RANKS,
P.J., and C HARLES D. S USANO, J R., J., joined.
Blair N.C. Wood and James R. Creekmore, Blacksburg, Virginia, for the appellants, Blair
Wood and Gary Wood.
Jack H. McPherson, Jr., Kingston, Tennessee, for the appellees, Tony Wolfenbarger and
Brenda Wolfenbarger.
OPINION
Background
Plaintiffs own real property at 566 Mountain Road in Clinton, Tennessee.
Defendants own real property at 572 Mountain Road in Clinton, which adjoins Plaintiffs’
property. Plaintiffs’ property includes a gravel road which Defendants had used since they
purchased their property in 2006. Defendants incorrectly had assumed that the gravel road
belonged to them. In May or June of 2009, Defendants had trees on both sides of the gravel
road on Plaintiffs’ property cut down. The six trees that were cut down were Eastern Red
Cedars and were healthy mature trees when they were cut down. Plaintiffs sued Defendants,
and the case was tried without a jury.
Jim Cortese, a practicing and consulting arborist who has run a tree service
business in Knoxville, Tennessee since 1977, testified as an expert for Plaintiffs. Mr.
Cortese holds a degree in forestry from the University of Tennessee and is one of only two
or three board certified master arborists in the state of Tennessee, which Mr. Cortese stated
is the highest grade one can achieve in certification as an arborist. Mr. Cortese visited
Plaintiffs’ property and examined the stumps of the cut trees. He stated that the trees that
were cut were Eastern Red Cedar, Juniperous Virginiana.
Mr. Cortese was asked about different methods to value trees, and he testified:
There is what’s called a cost approach where you consider the cost to
repair the damages to the plants or replace them. And it basically simply
reflects what it would cost to go repair the tree if you’ve got broken branches,
pruning it back, trying to recreate the plant that was here.… There are various
methods of that same cost approach. There’s what’s called a replacement cost.
It’s a method used when the plants are the size it can be replaced. The value
is based upon (a) the cost to replace the same species of the same size and
quality, (b) the cost of replacing one large plant with several smaller plants,
and (c) the cost of replacing a large plant with a smaller plant, and the possible
cash settlement.
You have the timber value which I mentioned. You have what is called
a trunk formula method. It’s a method used when the plant is normatively too
large to be replaced. The value used is the cost of replacing the largest locally
available plant and adjusting it for the size difference, species classification,
condition classification, and location classification of the appraised tree.
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You also can have a situation where if you were growing trees for like
a Christmas tree farm where they were going to be taken, you could determine
what the average growth would be over a period of time and prorate that over
time. There are other ways, too.
He explained further:
The timber value is a means of determining tree value for a stand of, quote,
timber that is normatively in a woods setting where you have large amounts of
trees. And they are trees that are of sufficient size and character to being [sic]
converted into an alternative product such as boards or any type of product that
would be made out of wood - - barrels, red oaks - - excuse me - - white oaks
are usually used for whiskey barrels because they hold water very intently and
do not allow the whiskey to escape.
Mr. Cortese testified that in his opinion the timber value was not the
appropriate method to use to determine the value of these trees. He explained: “It was my
opinion that there were (a) not enough trees to justify a timber sale. It was - - the trees were
not really - - they just wouldn’t be suitable for a timber sale.” He also explained that “a
timber sale is always between a willing buyer and a willing seller. It [is] not a forced upon
somebody valuation that they have to accept what the value of the trees are.” He admitted
when asked on cross-examination that he had calculated the timber value of the trees that
were cut to be $840.
Mr. Cortese considered the replacement cost method to be one applicable
method of valuing the trees in this case. He testified that he has successfully transplanted
trees as large as the ones at issue in this case. Mr. Cortese valued the replacement cost for
the trees at $161,300.
Mr. Cortese also used the trunk formula method to value the damages. He
testified in detail about this method wherein he valued the first tree at $14,700; the second
at $5,400; the third at $19,000; the fourth at $10,600; the fifth at $5,800; and the sixth at
$6,600, for a total measure of damages of $62,100.
After trial, the Trial Court entered its judgment on April 8, 2011 finding and
holding, inter alia:
that the defendants cut or caused to be cut trees located upon the plaintiffs’
property; that the current market value of the timber cut was $840.00; that the
cutting of the trees by the defendants was not intentional but rather a negligent
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cutting entitling plaintiffs, under TCA 43-28-312, to a judgment in double the
amount of the current market value of the timber.
In its Memorandum Opinion incorporated into the Judgment by reference, the Trial Court
found and held, inter alia:
[T]he Court further finds that every witness in this case I found credible. This
is two trials that I’ve had today. I can assure you I can probably go three
months and never have where I can state that every witness that appears in
front of me has been credible.
***
I find that in this case there’s been no proof as to the value that those
trees added to the real property; none. And the only way that we could do that
is to have testimony as to the before and after value of the property.
***
I find again that based upon the fact that there’s no testimony before me
concerning the value of the real property and the aesthetic value of that real
property and how the real property’s been damaged, I do not feel it appropriate
at this time to award the $186,300 [sic] which was the first fee.
I will follow 43-28-312 and award the value of the timber that has been
taken times two.
Plaintiffs filed a motion to alter or amend, which the Trial Court denied. Plaintiffs appeal
to this Court.
Discussion
Plaintiffs raise one issue on appeal: whether the Trial Court erred in awarding
damages based upon the timber value of the trees.
Our review is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of
correctness of the findings of fact of the trial court, unless the preponderance of the evidence
is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn. 2001).
A trial court's conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review with no presumption of
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correctness. S. Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn.
2001).
Specifically, Plaintiffs argue in their brief on appeal that the Trial Court erred
in finding that because no evidence was presented regarding diminution of value that the
proper measure of damages was the timber value. Plaintiffs assert that they presented
evidence of damages and that they were not required to present all possible alternative
measures of damages. Rather, they assert that if Defendants wanted the Trial Court to apply
a different measure of damages than the two presented by Plaintiffs, those two being
replacement cost and the trunk formula method, then Defendants had the burden to present
evidence of this other measure of damages. We agree. See, e.g., Conatser v. Ball, No.
M1999-00583-COA-R3-CV, 2001 Tenn App. LEXIS 569, at *34 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3,
2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed, (stating that plaintiffs were not required to prove the
alternate measure of damages of diminution of value of property due to defendant’s trespass,
but that burden rested upon defendant to present such proof if defendant wanted the court to
apply this measure).
Plaintiffs presented no evidence with regard to diminution of value. Neither,
however, did Defendants. Neither the Trial Court nor this Court may award damages based
upon a measure of damages when there is no evidence in the record regarding that measure
of damages.
Evidence was produced at trial of three separate possible measures of damages:
the timber value, the replacement value, and the trunk formula method. The Trial Court
awarded damages based on the timber value pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 43-28-312,
which provides:
43-28-312. Cutting timber from property of another – Civil liability.
(a)(1) Civil liability for the negligent cutting of timber from the property of
another is in an amount double that of the current market value of the timber.
(2) If the timber is negligently cut from the property of another because the
landowner for whom the timber is being cut has marked or designated the
boundary of the landowner’s property incorrectly, then the landowner is jointly
liable for the double damages.
(b) Civil liability for knowingly and intentionally cutting timber from the
property of another is in an amount treble that of the current market value of
the timber.
(c) Nothing in this section precludes an owner of property on which timber has
been cut by another from recovering damages for loss of value other than
commercial timber value, if any, of the timber negligently or intentionally cut.
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(d) “Current market value,” as used in this section, applies to the property in
question that is standing timber; therefore, the current market value is that of
the timber before being cut.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 43-28-312 (2007).
The evidence in the record on appeal preponderates against the finding that
the timber value was the proper measure of damages in this case. The only witness to testify
about the timber value, Mr. Cortese, specifically testified that timber value was an
inappropriate measure of damages in this case because, among other reasons, there were not
enough trees and because the particular trees were not suitable for a timber sale. The Trial
Court found Mr. Cortese to be a credible witness, and there is no evidence to the contrary
showing that timber value was the appropriate measure of damages in this case. The
evidence preponderates against the finding that timber value was the appropriate measure of
damages in this case because the only evidence presented shows that these trees were not
suitable for a timber sale.
Defendants argue in their brief on appeal that because no evidence of
diminution of value was presented, the timber value is the appropriate measure of damages
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 43-28-312. The statute, however, clearly and unambiguously
provides that “[n]othing in this section precludes an owner of property on which timber has
been cut by another from recovering damages for loss of value other than commercial timber
value, if any, of the timber negligently or intentionally cut.” Thus, Plaintiffs were free to
produce evidence of the measure of damages other than the timber value. Plaintiffs did
produce such evidence in the form of replacement value and the trunk formula method.
We first consider the replacement value of the six trees as Plaintiffs vigorously
maintain that is the appropriate measure of damages in this case. We note that the evidence
in the record on appeal reveals that Plaintiffs purchased their real property, which consists
of approximately 38 acres, in 2006 for $185,000. As such, it is unreasonable to argue that
the proper measure of damages for the wrongful cutting of these six trees is the replacement
value of $161,300, an amount almost equal to the price Plaintiffs paid for the entire 38 acres
only a couple of years earlier. With regard to this measure of value, the Trial Court
specifically found:
based upon the fact that there’s no testimony before me concerning the value
of the real property and the aesthetic value of that real property and how the
real property’s been damaged, I do not feel it appropriate at this time to award
the $186,300 [sic] which was the first fee.
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The evidence in the record on appeal does not preponderate against the Trial Court’s finding
that the replacement value is not the proper measure of damages in this case.
As we noted above, Plaintiffs also presented evidence of a third measure of
damages, the trunk formula method. Mr. Cortese, whom the Trial Court found to be a
credible witness, testified that the trunk formula method was an appropriate method for
valuing the damages in this case. Mr. Cortese testified that the trunk formula method is “a
method used when the plant is normatively too large to be replaced.” The evidence shows
that these six trees were too large to be replaced at any semblance of a reasonable cost. Mr.
Cortese further testified in detail about how he valued each of the six trees using the trunk
formula method and arrived at a valuation number for each tree. The record is devoid of any
evidence contrary to Mr. Cortese’s testimony about this valuation. Nor does any evidence
appear in the record on appeal showing that the trunk formula method was an inappropriate
method of valuing the damages in this case. Furthermore, Defendants produced no evidence
whatsoever of any alternative measure of damages, other than as discussed above.
The evidence in the record on appeal preponderates against any finding that
either the timber value or the replacement value is the appropriate measure of damages in this
case. The evidence preponderates in favor of a finding that the trunk formula method, the
only other measure of damages for which evidence was produced at trial, is the appropriate
method of valuing the damages in this case. The record is devoid of any other evidence of
the measure of damages.
Given all this, we find and hold that Plaintiffs proved that the trunk formula
method was the appropriate method of valuing the damages in this case. We note that Tenn.
Code Ann. § 43-28-312 provides for doubling or tripling, when appropriate, only of the
current market value of the timber. As Plaintiffs are not awarded the current market value
of the timber, they are not entitled to an award of double the amount of their damages. We
modify the Trial Court’s judgment to award damages to Plaintiffs in the amount of $62,100,
and affirm the judgment as so modified.
Conclusion
The judgment of the Trial Court is modified so as to award damages to
Plaintiffs of $62,100 and is affirmed as so modified, and this cause is remanded to the Trial
Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the
appellees, Tony Wolfenbarger and Brenda Wolfenbarger.
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_________________________________
D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE
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