The opinion
SO ORDERED. 7 we
SIGNED this 24 day of October, 2019. alle □□□
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United States Bankruptcy Judge
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
RALEIGH DIVISION
In re:
Case No. 18-02154-5-JNC
RANDY P. COLEY, Chapter 7
Debtor
DIRECTV, LLC, a California Limited
Liability Company,
Plaintiff,
Adversary Proceeding No.
v. 18-00118-5-JNC
RANDY P. COLEY,
Defendant.
ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OPINION
ON MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Pending before the court is the Motion for Summary Judgment (AP Dkt. 16; the
“Motion”) of plaintiff DIRECTV, LLC (‘DIRECTV” or “Plaintiff’) filed July 2, 2019. A
response in opposition was filed by defendant, Randy P. Coley (“Defendant” or “Mr. Coley”) on
July 23, 2019 (AP Dkt. 21; the “Response”).' The hearing on the Motion and Response was
' References to docket entries in this adversary proceeding will be cited as “AP Dkt. __,” and
references to docket entries in the underlying bankruptcy case will be cited as “BR Dkt. _.”
noticed for and conducted on August 22, 2019 in Raleigh, North Carolina.2 Attorneys Kevin
Sink and John Jamnback appeared on behalf of DIRECTV; attorney Phillip Sasser appeared on
behalf of Mr. Coley. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court took the matter under advisement
and the matter is now ripe for decision.
JURISDICTION
This court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 151
and 1334 and is authorized to hear this case pursuant to the General Order of Reference entered
August 3, 1984 by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.
The primary matters raised in the adversary proceeding make it a core proceeding pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 157(b), and the court has statutory authority to enter a final judgment as to those
matters. In addition, the parties consented to this court entering final judgment on all matters
raised in the adversary proceeding. See Pretrial Scheduling Order of February 6, 2018 (AP Dkt.
13). The court consequently has constitutional authority to enter final judgment in this adversary
proceeding. Wellness Int’l Network, Ltd., v Sharif, __ U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 1932, 1947 (2015).
BACKGROUND
In this adversary proceeding, DIRECTV seeks a determination that an indebtedness
reduced to judgment and owed to it by Mr. Coley is not subject to discharge in his bankruptcy
case pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(4), (a)(6), and (a)(2)(A). These two parties have been in
constant litigation since 2011, the controversy having ignited in the United State District Court
for the Western District of Virginia the (“District Court”), Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, Civil Action
No. 5:11cv00048, United States District Judge Michael F. Urbankski presiding (the “Virginia
Litigation”). That case culminated in the issuance of a judgment for DIRECTV against Mr.
2 The Plaintiff’s related Motion to Strike (AP Dkt. 27) and the Defendant’s response (AP Dkt. 31)
were heard at the same time. A separate order on the Motion to Strike is being entered simultaneously
with this opinion.
Coley that is the subject of the dischargeability action here, along with the issuance of several
related opinions and orders from the District Court. Facts established with finality in the Virginia
Litigation are binding here under collateral estoppel and res judicata principles as discussed
below.
Mr. Coley filed a petition for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (BR Dkt. 1)
on April 30, 2018, Case No. 18-02154-5-JNC (the “Bankruptcy Case”). Subsequently, the
Bankruptcy Case was converted to chapter 7 (BR Dkt. 119) and a trustee was appointed (BR
Dkt. 120). Mr. Coley is a defendant in and testified at length in the trial of an adversary
proceeding entitled Sparkman v. Coley et al, Adv. Pro. No. 18-00121-5-JNC (the “Trustee AP”)
brought by the trustee and conducted before this court on July 30 and 31, 2019, in Greenville,
North Carolina. A Memorandum Opinion (Trustee AP Dkt. 53) and Judgment (Trustee AP Dkt.
54) were entered in the Trustee AP, and certain findings contained in the Memorandum Opinion
are applicable and binding here as well.
Therefore, the factual and legal determinations available for consideration in rendering
this summary judgment motion originate from three sources: (1) submissions offered in this
adversary proceeding; (2) findings established by the District Court in the Virginia Litigation;
and (3) findings made in or subject to judicial notice from the Bankruptcy Case or the Trustee
AP.3
1. Pre-Litigation Facts
Defendant Randy Coley, the debtor in this chapter 7 case, was the sole member and
manager of East Coast Cablevision, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“ECC”).
3 The recited record facts, if not agreed in the pleadings of the parties, reflect the version of the
facts construed in the light most favorable to Mr. Coley, the party defending summary judgment. Nothing
herein shall be deemed a finding of fact for purposes beyond this order on the Plaintiff’s motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(g), made applicable to this adversary
proceeding by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056.
Jamnback Decl., Ex. 1,4 AP Dkt. 17-2, at 4.; Ex. 2, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 54. Mr. Coley and ECC built
and outfitted a cable television system at the Massanutten, Virginia, ski and golf resort in the late
1990’s and early 2000’s. They operated the system through 2011 when DIRECTV became aware
of the use of its signal as described below.5 Id., Ex. 11, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 113-114, ¶¶ 18-20. The
system was a pipeline designed to deliver television programming to consumer and business end-
users obtained from cable or satellite TV companies. Id., Ex. 4, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 62-65; Ex. 5, AP
Dkt. 17-2 at 68, ¶ 5.3. In June 1999, ECC submitted an application to DIRECTV requesting
activation of a Satellite Master Antenna Television (“SMATV”) system6 for a 168-unit hotel
located at 289 Ranier Road in Massanutten. See Waite Decl., Exhibit 11 to Jamnback Decl., AP
Dkt. 17-2 at 111, 114, ¶¶ 8, 9, 10, 22; Ex. C, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 137-145; Jamnback Decl., Ex. 6,
Requests for Admission Nos. 1 and 2, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 72-72; Jamnback Decl., Ex. 1, AP Dkt.
17-2 at 5-6. Mr. Coley signed the SMATV application as the “Authorized Installer” for “East
Coast Cable.” Waite Decl., Ex. C, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 137-145; AP Dkt. 17-2 at 115, ¶ 25. Shortly
thereafter, DIRECTV service was provided and accepted. 7
4 Exhibit 1 is the Deposition of Randy P. Coley of September 18, 2012, given in the Virginia
Litigation. Thus, all references to Jamnback Decl., Ex. 1, reflect the sworn testimony of Mr. Coley.
5 Massanutten is a ski and golf resort that includes hotels, condominiums and other facilities
owned and/or operated by Great Eastern Resort Management, Inc. Located within it are a timeshare
condominium complex at 4082 Peak Drive managed by the Mountainside Villas Owners Association,
numerous independently owned condominiums and single-family homes managed by the Massanutten
Properties Owners Association, private homes and several bars, restaurants, golf course clubhouses,
health clubs, a ski area and a water park. See Declaration of Keith N. Waite, Ex. 11 to Decl. of John H.
Jamnback AP Dkt. 17-2 at 115, ¶ 27.
6 DIRECTV provides satellite television programming to local single-end distributors such as a
hotel or apartment complex through a SMATV system. In it, a satellite signal is received through one or
more dishes onsite and decrypted via on-site specialized electronic equipment. The now-viewable signal
is then distributed via cable wiring to individual units within the building(s). Monthly charges and service
fees are determined by the number of individual units with access and the type of programming (premium
channels, etc.). Waite Decl., AP Dkt. 17-2 at 112, ¶¶ 12-15.
7 The SMATV Viewing Agreement prohibits any reselling, retransmitting, or rebroadcasting of
DIRECTV programming outside the designated property. Waite Decl., AP Dkt. 17-2 at 113, ¶ 17.
From the start, access to DIRECTV service under the SMATV Viewing Agreement
through ECC’s ground network was agreed to be limited to the 168-unit hotel certified in the
application. Mr. Coley never notified DIRECTV that far more than 168 units were receiving
satellite programming service. Jamnback Decl., Ex. 1, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 30-31, 42. No hotel
exists at 289 Ranier Road or any other address in Massanutten owned or controlled by Mr.
Coley; only a house formerly rented by ECC is situated there. Id. at 24-25; Ex. 11, AP Dkt. 17-2
at 116, ¶ 29; Ex. 6, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 76, Request for Admission No. 12. Instead, Mr. Coley and
ECC downloaded and decrypted DIRECTV satellite programming signals using equipment
located at property controlled by him at the resort that was then forwarded to 2,393 unauthorized
consumer and business accounts (the user total of 2,561 as of 2011 minus the authorized 168
users) scattered throughout the Massanutten resort. Jamnback Decl. Ex. 1, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 27;
Ex 6, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 81, Request for Admission No. 30.8
Mr. Coley admitted that he never updated or added paying viewers to the 168 permitted
in the DIRECTV contract, stating in his deposition taken in the prior chapter 11 case of ECC9 on
December 15, 2011:
Q: Since 2004, you have known that your billings from DIRECTV were
understated, correct?
Coley: Correct.
Q: You've known since 2004 that you were being billed for 168 units -- or 164
units? How many units?
Coley: Correct.
Q: How many?
Coley: I believe it’s 168.
8 As Massanutten resort expanded, ECC and Mr. Coley connected more buildings and viewing
units to the single head end of DIRECTV receivers located on Killy Court, a site near 289 Ranier Road.
Mr. Coley contended in the Virginia Litigation that until 2004, he obtained programing from WS-Net
instead of DIRECTV to provide programming at Massanutten. WS-Net went out of business and was
liquidated by late 2003, so for at least the period of 2004 to June 2011, the DIRECTV signal was used in
the ECC system at Massanutten. Jamnback Decl., Ex. 1, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 27, 39-40.
9 Case No. 11-08976-8-RDD, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of North Carolina.
Q: 168 units. And at the same time, you knew you were providing service to over
2,000 units?
Coley: Correct.
Jamnback Decl., Ex. 9, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 101.
By June 2011, the viewer unit count had grown to 2,561 known end-users, or 2,393 more
than were authorized. From those consumers and businesses located in the Massanutten complex,
ECC and Mr. Coley collected approximately $40,450 in subscription fees per month. Jamnback
Decl., Ex. 6, AP Dkt. 17-2 at 79-81, Requests for Admissions Nos. 23, 24, 28, 29 and 30. From
that amount, Mr. Coley and ECC paid DIRECTV only $2,078 each month, the amount based on
the original 168-unit usage “hotel” count. Id. at 81, Requests for Admissions Nos. 31 and 32.10
2. The Virginia Litigation
The ECC and Coley Massanutten resort television signal rerouting scheme was
discovered by DIRECTV in 2011. It filed a complaint against ECC and Mr. Coley in June 2011,
in the District Court to initiate the Virginia Litigation.11 In its July 11, 2013 order granting
summary judgment on the issue of liability, the District Court found that:
[F]rom at least 2004 through June 2011, the Coley defendants received DIRECTV
programming signals authorized for 168 units at Mountainside Villas and
distributed those signals to more than 2,500 properties the Coley defendants
serviced at Massanutten Resort without proper authority from, or payment to,
DIRECTV. Coley admits that he reported to DIRECTV that 168 subscriber units
at Massanutten would have access to DIRECTV programming, that he never paid
DIRECTV for more than the 168 subscriber units originally reported, and that as
of May 2011 he was providing DIRECTV programming to 2,353 subscriber units
managed by GERM, among other areas of Massanutten, using programming
obtained from the Massanutten DIRECTV SMATV account. The subscriber unit
count on the Massanutten SMATV account remained at 168 units from 1999
through June 2011.
10 Annualized, by 2011 Coley was billing and presumably collecting approximately $485,400 on
DIRECTV satellite programing downloaded and distributed to third parties by him while paying it about
$25,000 per month. No explanation of the usage and whereabouts of the approximately $460,000
difference per year that the diversion generated while it remained in operation has been provided.
11 Sky Cable, LLC, et al., v. Randy Coley, et al., Civil Action No. 5:11cv00048, United States
District Court for the Western District of Virginia.
Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97129, at *66-67 (W.D. Va.
July 11, 2013). Mr. Coley was specifically found to be personally liable.12 The District Court
also entered a permanent injunction against Mr. Coley and ECC, barring further unauthorized
use of DIRECTV programming and equipment. Id. at *97-102.
DIRECTV then moved for summary judgment on damages. The District Court granted
that motion as well. It found that Mr. Coley and ECC committed 2,393 separate violations of the
Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 605, and DIRECTV requested an award of statutory damages
available under § 605 at $1,000 per violation based on the 2,393 violations, avoiding a trial on
economic damages. See Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
160571, at *3, n.2 (W.D. Va. Nov. 7, 2013). The District Court accordingly entered judgment for
$2,393,000 against Mr. Coley and ECC, jointly and severally. Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No.
5:11cv00048, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8689 (W.D. Va. Jan. 23, 2014) (the “Judgment”). It later
awarded DIRECTV recovery of attorney fees and costs totaling $236,013.85 (the “Costs
Order”). Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11-cv-48, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125134 (W.D. Va.
Aug. 15, 2014). Coley and ECC did not appeal the Judgment or the Costs Order and both became
final.
The Virginia Litigation saga did not end there as the case proceeded to the post-judgment
collection phase. Discovery showed that Mr. Coley possessed few assets in his own name. He
instead owned or controlled several North Carolina and Delaware limited liability companies,
including but not limited to Its Thundertime, LLC, East Coast Sales, LLC, and South Raleigh
Air, LLC (collectively, the “LLC’s”) to hold legal title to virtually all of his financially material
12 “Randy Coley raises no argument concerning his personal liability and the court finds
DIRECTV has established that Randy Coley is individually liable for the § 605 violation.” Sky Cable,
LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97129, at *67-68 (W.D. Va. July 11, 2013).
assets. See Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11cv00048, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93537, at *29-36
(W.D. Va. July 18, 2016) (the “Post-Judgment Order”).
DIRECTV filed a motion in the Virginia Litigation to subject all assets held by the LLC’s
to judgment execution. On July 18, 2016, the District Court issued an order granting that motion,
finding that the LLC’s were the alter egos of Mr. Coley. Id. The decision was reached on two
separate grounds. The District Court first determined that “given the particular facts of this case
… Delaware law would recognize the reverse veil-piercing theory and apply it here, finding that
Randy Coley is the alter ego of his limited liability companies.” Id. at *58. In addition, the
District Court found that if reverse-piercing theory was not permitted under Delaware law,
“justice would still require the court to apply such a theory in the instant case under its inherent
sanction power.” Id. at *59. Mr. Coley’s actions were found to be “utterly inconsistent with the
orderly administration of justice” and Mr. Coley had “engaged in deception and utter disregard
for the judicial process. . . . Randy Coley will go to any lengths to serve his interests to the
detriment of opposing parties and contrary to the interests of justice.” Id. at *60-61.13
Mr. Coley, Kimberli Coley, Its Thundertime LLC, and South Raleigh Air LLC appealed
the Virginia Litigation Post-Judgment Orders, and the various appeals were consolidated. The
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the District Court’s decisions in
the Post-Judgment Orders on March 28, 2018, in Sky Cable, LLC v. DIRECTV, Inc., 886 F.3d
375 (4th Cir. 2018). A subsequent petition for rehearing en banc to the Fourth Circuit was
denied. DIRECTV resumed its collection efforts.
13 The District Court also ordered that Mr. Coley and his wife Kimberli Coley be equitably
estopped from asserting that Mrs. Coley owned any interest in the LLC judgment debtors, noting that she
surrendered any such interest under oath in the Virginia Litigation in order to obtain the filing of a
stipulation of dismissal of all DIRECTV claims made against her personally. Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley,
No. 5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97129 at *51 (W.D. Va. July 11, 2013). An order for
appointment of a receiver was also entered. Id. at *64.
3. Findings from the Bankruptcy Case and Trustee AP
After the en banc petition was denied, Mr. Coley filed his chapter 11 petition on April 30,
2018 (the “Petition Date”). On October 18, 2018, DIRECTV timely filed Claim No. 12 in the
Bankruptcy Case in the amount of $2,710,063.57, the balance of the Judgment and Costs Order
as of the Petition Date (the “Judgment Amount”). No objection to the DIRECTV claim has been
filed to date.
The trustee filed the Trustee AP against Mr. Coley, Mrs. Coley, and Its Thundertime,
LLC,14 seeking to avoid the transfers of certain real estate in Wake and Warren Counties, North
Carolina, from Its Thundertime to the Coleys pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544 and applicable state
law. The matter was tried before this court over the course of two days (July 30 and 31, 2019).
Mr. Coley fully participated in and testified at length at the trial. He was vigorously represented
by able and competent counsel. This court has issued an opinion and judgment deciding that
case, finding that Mr. Coley participated in and is liable for pre-petition fraudulent transfers of
the subject real property in an attempt to shield those assets from execution on the DIRECTV
Judgment. In the course of making that decision, and although the issues were different, this
court -- independently of the District Court -- assessed the credibility of Mr. Coley’s testimony
concerning the holding of assets in the LLC’s and found it wanting.15
14 Neither the LLC’s nor Mrs. Coley have sought bankruptcy protection.
15 “[T]he trial of this adversary proceeding revealed the efforts of the Coleys to shield assets from
creditors, particularly DIRECTV. The claim of DIRECTV arises from the multi-year resale of pirated
satellite television programing that resulted in a $2,393,000 final and nonappealable judgment in the
Virginia Litigation for what is, at its core, a claim for fraud and larceny. …. They have both again given
sworn testimony they perceive to be currently advantageous, regardless of how tenuous a relationship
their statements may have to the truth as established in the Virginia Litigation. Memorandum Opinion,
Trustee AP Dkt. 51 at *31.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
1. Legal Standard
A party is entitled to summary judgment if the undisputed facts established in the record
“show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056; Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “The court must consider whether a reasonable jury could
find in favor of the non-moving party, taking all inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts
in the light most favorable to the non-movant . . . .” Humboldt Express, Inc. v. The Wise Co. (In
re Apex Express Corp.), 190 F.3d 624, 633 (4th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). Any evidence in
the record may be considered by the court if that evidence is stipulated, uncontested, or
otherwise admissible at trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). The evidence need not be introduced
in the form required at trial so long as “the substance or content of the evidence . . . [is]
admissible . . . .” 11 James Wm. Moore et al., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE, ¶ 56.91[2] (3d ed.
2017). If no objection is made, the court may consider a possible objection waived and consider
the evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 103(a).
The party seeking summary judgment has the initial burden of proving the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. If the initial burden is met, the opposing
party must respond and show the existence of factual disputes sufficient to advance a genuine
issue to trial. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586–87
(1986). The court can then decide if “the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require
submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986).
Consequently, if DIRECTV has met its burden, the Defendant must “come forward with
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita 475 U.S. at 587.
“Merely alleging the existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to defeat a summary judgment
motion; rather there must exist in the record a genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 247.
2. Sufficiency of Response
Rule 56(c) provides that a party asserting that a fact is genuinely disputed must support
the assertion by (1) citing to particular parts of the record or (2) showing that the cited materials
do not establish the absence of a genuine dispute or that the moving party cannot produce
admissible evidence to support the asserted facts. Here, Mr. Coley filed a nine-page Response
seeking to establish genuine disputes of material fact necessary to defeat the Motion. No
accompanying affidavits, declarations, references to past depositions, documents or other
evidence were provided with it. Instead, the Response contains broad conclusory statements
asserting that genuine issues of material and disputed facts are present. It contains adjectives and
string citations to statutes primarily seeking to exclude the effect of facts and evidence from the
Virginia Litigation on the question of intent. However, in the Response Mr. Coley offered no
concrete evidence to counter DIRECTV’s evidence, thereby failing to meet his burden under
Rule 56. The rule “does not allow the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the
parties to defeat a proper motion for summary judgment.” Holsey v. Ohio State Life Ins. Co.,
No. 93-2524, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 30442, at *4 (4th Cir. 1994) (internal citations omitted).
When the deficiency of the Response was pointed out in DIRECTV’s Reply to the
Response (AP Dkt. 24), Mr. Coley scrambled to submit a Supplement to the Response (AP Dkt.
26) consisting of a three-page, nineteen paragraph declaration under made under penalty of
perjury (AP Dkt. 24 at 2-5; the “Declaration”). The Supplement and Declaration are the subject
of a Motion to Strike filed by DIRECTV. For the reasons stated in the Order Allowing Motion to
Strike the Supplement and Declaration filed simultaneously herewith, the facts asserted by Mr.
Coley in the Declaration cannot be considered in conjunction with the instant motion for
summary judgment.16
In addition, in both the Response and the Declaration, Mr. Coley takes positions directly
contrary to his prior sworn statements. “As a general rule, a party may not overcome a motion
for summary judgment by submitting an affidavit that conflicts with earlier deposition testimony
to create a material issue of fact.” Barwick v. Celotex Corp., 736 F.2d 946, 960 (4th Cir. 1984).
“If a party who has been examined at length on deposition could raise an issue of fact simply by
submitting an affidavit contradicting his own prior testimony, this would greatly diminish the
utility of summary judgment as a procedure for screening out sham issues of fact. . . . A genuine
issue of material fact is not created where the only issue of fact is to determine which of the two
conflicting versions of the plaintiff’s testimony is correct.” Id. at 961 (internal citations omitted).
Thus, even if the Declaration is considered, neither it nor the Response properly
challenge the Plaintiff’s evidence submitted in its motion for summary judgment. Defendant
consequently failed to meet his burden under Rule 56(c), and the factual assertions from the
Virginia Litigation as contained in the Jamnback Declaration, as well as the record from the
Bankruptcy Case and the Trustee AP, are accepted as true. The question then becomes whether
those facts are sufficient to find that DIRECTV is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on any
of its three legal theories for excepting its debt from discharge advocated in this case.
16 In that order, the court also determined that even if considered, nothing in the Declaration would
change the outcome of the summary judgment motion considered here. Mr. Coley’s statements as
contained in the Declaration either confirm an undisputed fact (Paragraphs 1-7), are irrelevant to the
issues considered here (Paragraphs 9-12), or directly contradict the District Court’s final and non-
appealable findings in the Virginia Litigation (Paragraphs 8 and 13-19).
B. ISSUE PRECLUSION
Independent of the inadequacy of the Response, in order to determine the sufficiency of
DIRECTV’s proffered evidence, the court must also address the preclusive effect, if any, of the
findings in the Virginia Litigation, and whether the doctrines of collateral estoppel and res
judicata bar the Defendant from relitigating the issues and defenses decided there.
The doctrine of collateral estoppel provides that “[o]nce an issue is actually and
necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction,” the determination made by the
prior court is “conclusive in subsequent suits based on a different cause of action involving a
party to the prior litigation.” Freer et al. v. Weisnstein (In re Weinstein), 173 B.R. 258, 267
(Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1994) (citing Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153, 99 S. Ct. 970, 973
(1979)). “Collateral estoppel principles apply to dischargeability proceedings under section
523(a) of the Bankruptcy Code.” Id. (citing Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284 n.11, 111 S.
Ct. 654, 658 n.11 (1991). A four-part test determines if collateral estoppel is applicable: “(1)
[t]he issue sought to be precluded must be the same as that involved in the prior action; (2) [t]he
issue must have been actually litigated; (3) [i]t must have been determined by a valid final
judgment; and (4) [t]he determination must have been essential to the prior judgment.”
Weinstein, 173 B.R. at 267.
Like collateral estoppel, res judicata is a “fundamental precept of common-law
adjudication.” Montana, 440 U.S. at 153. “Res judicata ensures the finality of decisions.” Brown
v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 131, 99 S. Ct. 2205, 2209 (1979). “Under res judicata, a final judgment
on the merits bars further claims by parties or their privies based on the same cause of action.”
Id. The doctrine “prevents all grounds for, or defenses to, recovery that were previously available
to the parties, regardless of whether they were asserted or determined in the prior proceeding.”
Brown, 442 U.S. at 131; 99 S. Ct. at 2209.
Mr. Coley argues in the Response that the Virginia Litigation did not sufficiently decide
the issue of his intent with respect to his diversion of satellite signals in the Massanutten Resort
sufficient to invoke the doctrine of collateral estoppel with respect to any of the § 523 discharge
exception claims made in this adversary proceeding. He argues that the District Court’s
discussion of intent with respect to providing unreported and unauthorized satellite television
access to over two thousand customers from whom he collected was unnecessary in finding
liability and awarding statutory damages of $1,000 per violation under the Communications Act
and therefore carries less collateral estoppel weight.
This argument, however, ignores the simple fact that the District Court did consider and
make findings on the question of intentional actions and knowing behavior in the course of
assessing Mr. Coley’s safe harbor defense (47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(C)(iii)) asserted as an
affirmative defense in the Virginia Litigation. In his sworn deposition, Mr. Coley acknowledged
and admitted that he knew billings from DIRECTV were understated since at least 2004, but that
he continued to collect fees generated by its programing from unauthorized subscribers without
informing DIRECTV. His testimony concerning the underlying scheme “precludes any rational
fact finder from concluding that he was not aware and had no reason to believe that his acts
violated § 605(a).” Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8689, *5-6. Thus, Mr.
Coley raised and the District Court specially addressed the question of whether he intentionally
downloaded, distributed, misappropriated and collected upon pirated satellite television signals
to the detriment of DIRECTV. It found that Mr. Coley perpetuated this scheme “fully cognizant”
of the fact that he was authorized to provide DIRECTV programming to only 168 subscribers
while providing it to over 2,000 end-users. Id.
Applying the four-part Weinstein test, the issue in this adversary proceeding is
fundamentally the same as that involved in the prior action, namely, whether Mr. Coley
knowingly pirated satellite television signal from DIRECTV and provided that programming to
his subscribers without authorization. That issue was actually litigated and decided in the
Virginia Litigation as reflected in the District Court’s written opinions and its consideration of
the safe harbor defense. The District Court’s detailed findings in the final Judgment and
associated orders (including the Post-Judgment Order upheld on appeal) concluded that Mr.
Coley knew what he was doing and was personally liable for violating the Communications Act.
Its determination that Mr. Coley at all pertinent times acted with the requisite intent and
knowledge of his actions and its effect on DIRECTV was essential to the holding that he was
liable for violations of the Communications Act.
Facts clearly established in the Virginia Litigation cannot now be brought back into
controversy by Mr. Coley. The facts underlying the decisions and judgment in the Virginia
Litigation resulted in final orders on both Mr. Coley’s liability for violations of the
Communications Act and resultant statutory damages. See Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No.
5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97129 (W.D. Va. July 11, 2013); Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley,
No. 5:11cv00048, 2014 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8689, at *10-11 (W.D. Va. Jan. 23, 2014). Furthermore,
nothing in the Response (and the Declaration were it to be considered) adequately distinguishes
or challenges those findings.
C. CLAIMS FOR EXCEPTION TO DISCHARGE
Having found that Mr. Coley’s intention to divert the DIRECTV signal and profit from it
was established in the Virginia Litigation and remains binding here, the next question is the
effect of that finding that on DIRECTV’s request to except from discharge the Judgment Amount
made on three Bankruptcy Code grounds: actual fraud [11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(a)], larceny [11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(4)] and willful and malicious injury [11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6)].
1. Willful and Malicious Injury
The Plaintiff maintains that the findings by the District Court in the Virginia Litigation
satisfy all elements § 523(a)(6), which excepts from discharge a debt for willful and malicious
injury to another entity or to the property of another entity. As discussed in the collateral
estoppel segment above, the District Court indeed found that Mr. Coley’s actions were
“intentional,” and the Plaintiff’s evidence here shows that the resultant injury to DIRECTV was
reasonably foreseeable. Boiled to its essence, it is established for purposes of summary judgment
that Mr. Coley knowingly took the property of another (satellite programing), sold it to 2,393
additional, unreported end-users, and kept nearly all (at least 93%) of the collected monthly
payments. The “willfulness” element as contemplated in § 523(a)(6) is therefore determined
without the need for renewed litigation. However, a willful act is only one side of the coin
necessary to except a debt from discharge pursuant to § 523(a)(6), as an intent to act does not
automatically connote malice.
In Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61, 118 S. Ct. 974, 140 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1998), the
Supreme Court ruled that “willful” modifies the word “injury,” meaning that
“nondischargeability takes a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or
intentional act that leads to injury.” Id. (emphasis in original.) An intentional act is not malicious
if the injury is “neither desired nor in fact anticipated by the debtor.” Id. at 62, 118 S. Ct. 974. To
qualify as malicious, the debtor must have acted with substantial certainty that harm would result
or with a subjective motive to cause harm. See In re Cobham, 528 B.R. 283 (Bankr. E.D.N.C.
2015).
The Fourth Circuit recently considered the Geiger standard in TKC Aerospace, Inc. v
Muhs, 923 F.3d 377 (4th Cir. 2019). For the malicious element to be determined by collateral
estoppel from a prior proceeding,
it is not enough to have “a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury.”
Geiger, 523 U.S. at 61, 118 S. Ct. 974. Rather, a bankruptcy court must
specifically find a deliberate and intentional injury. Therefore, even if TKCA is
correct that the Alaska court decided Appellant intentionally and purposefully
misappropriated TKCA’s trade secrets, that is still not enough. It must have taken
the additional step of finding that Appellant, in so doing, intended for TKCA to be
injured by that misappropriation.
Id. at 388.
In the Virginia Litigation, the District Court found that a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 605(a)
occurred when Mr. Coley built the Massanutten cable system and knowingly used it to divert (or
“misappropriate”) satellite programing on a large scale. Mr. Coley and ECC collected and paid
DIRECTV for only 168 units while providing service for 2,561 units overall, a difference of
2,393 end-user units. He billed each of the units and by his own admission was aware that
DIRECTV was not being paid for the diverted programing. Negligence or even recklessness was
not at play; he knew what he was doing as his actions in billing and collecting from the extra
customers were deliberate and calculated. The Communications Act provides that DIRECTV
was entitled to elect statutory damages calculated on a per violation formula. Plaintiff states that
it made the election to avoid needless further costs, which is reasonable, and that it did not seek a
hearing on punitive damages for much the same reason. In the Virginia Litigation, neither
consideration of the safe harbor defense in the liability order nor the statutory damages order
considered the question of maliciousness in causing injury, as that element was not necessary
under relevant portions of the Communications Act [47 U.S.C. § 605(a) and(e)]. The District
Court simply was not required to visit the issue of whether Mr. Coley “deliberately” intended to
injure DIRECTV instead of just feathering his own nest at its expense.
Consequently, under TKC Aerospace and Geiger, this court finds the willfulness element
to be satisfied, but not the malice element, which would require live testimony and evidence at
trial. Consequently, summary judgment cannot be granted under 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(6).
2. Actual Fraud
Turning next to § 523(a)(2)(A), the Plaintiff contends that the diversion of satellite
signals leading to the Judgment were obtained by “actual fraud” on the part of Mr. Coley. Here,
nondischargeability of a claim based on actual fraud requires a five-element proof that: (1) the
debtor made representations, (2) the debtor knew of the falsity of those representations, (3) the
debtor acted with the intent to deceive, (4) the creditor relied on such representations, and (5) the
creditor sustained damages as a result of the misrepresentations. See e.g., In re Bebber, 192 B.R.
120, 123 (W.D.N.C. 1995); In re Simos, 209 B.R. 188, 191 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 1997).
As discussed, the Mr. Coley’s intent to divert the signals and collect subscriber funds
from third parties is established in the Virginia Litigation and binding here. That case also
establishes that Mr. Coley made a deceitful false statement to DIRECTV in the form of omission
by maintaining the 168-user subscriber agreement to download signals when the actual number
of user units climbed to over 2,500 over the course of a decade. DIRECTV contends here that
Mr. Coley’s failure to update the reported number of users infers a misrepresentation by silence.
Consistent with the District Court’s findings, this court agrees that Mr. Coley had an affirmative
duty to come forward when he knowingly diverted the signals and handsomely profited from the
extensive overuse. The first three elements of the actual fraud exception to discharge can
therefore be met from the evidence at hand. The fifth element of damages is discerned at the
$1,000 per violation statutory damages measure that yielded the $2.393 million Judgment in the
Virginia Litigation before costs and fees.
However, as with the maliciousness element from § 523(a)(6), the advantages of taking
the Communications Act per violation damages in the Virginia Litigation came at a cost. Even
with the finding of intentional acts and misrepresentation by omission, DIRECTV must still
prove an element necessary in this setting to establish nondischargeability for actual fraud,
namely its continued reliance for over a decade on the representation of the limited 168-units use
of the signal when the actual number crept into the thousands.
The Plaintiff maintains that reliance for purposes of this adversary proceeding can be
inferred from the District Court’s specific finding that:
Coley admits that he reported to DIRECTV that 168 subscriber units at Massa-
nutten would have access to DIRECTV programming, that he never paid
DIRECTV for more than the 168 subscriber units originally reported, and that as
of May 2011 he was providing DIRECTV programming to 2,353 subscriber units
managed by GERM, among other areas of Massanutten, using programming
obtained from the Massanutten DIRECTV SMATV account. The subscriber unit
count on the Massanutten SMATV account remained at 168 units from 1999
through June 2011.
Sky Cable, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97129, at *66-67.
However, while this finding from the Virginia Litigation summarizes the factual basis for
meeting the first three elements of actual fraud, it is silent on reasonable reliance. Nothing in the
District Court’s orders and judgments addresses the reasonableness of reliance by DIRECTV on
the Defendant’s failure to update the subscriber agreement or otherwise notify it of the more than
fourteen-fold increase because, as with the “malicious” element in the previous section, such a
finding was not necessary under the Communications Act sections before it. Further evidence is
required to determine the reasonableness of reliance, and, if necessary, for the court to weigh the
sufficiency and effect of any “badges of fraud” on reliance. Consequently, while the first three
and fifth (damages) elements necessary for entry of summary judgment on actual fraud are met
and would be binding if trial were to proceed, the fourth element (reliance) requires live
testimony and other evidence to be presented at trial. Consequently, summary judgment is not
appropriate on this count on § 523(a)(2).
3. Larceny
The third basis alleged by the Plaintiff to except from discharge the DIRECTV claim is
the larceny exception found in § 523(a)(4), which excepts a debt “for fraud or defalcation while
acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny.” The term “for fraud or defalcation
while acting in a fiduciary capacity” does not qualify the “embezzlement, or larceny” categories.
See In re Booker, 165 B.R. 164 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 1994). Generally speaking, larceny is “the
unlawful taking and carrying away of property of another with the intent to appropriate it to use
inconsistent with the latter’s rights.” Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979). More specifically,
under federal common law larceny is defined as the “felonious taking of another’s personal
property with intent to convert it or deprive the owner of the same.” In re Langworthy, 121 B.R.
903, 907-08 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1990). It differs from embezzlement by a requirement that the
taking be unlawful. See Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., __U.S.__, 133 S. Ct. 1754 (2013). The
Plaintiff does not assert embezzlement in this action, but relies on larceny, contending that an
“intentional misappropriation of DirecTV’s satellite signals constitutes larceny under 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(4) . . . ,” citing DirecTV, Inc. v. Karpinsky (In re Karpinsky), 328 B.R. 516, 527 (Bankr.
E.D. Mich. 2005).
As discussed in the two sections above, the indisputable facts established in the prior
litigation between the same parties show a multiple-years-long violation of the Communications
Act by Mr. Coley through his knowing and intentional diversion of the DIRECTV satellite signal
to the 2,393 additional end-users under a 168-permitted user license. He collected approximately
$485,400 per year on the provided satellite programing while paying DIRECTV about $25,000
per year, for an annual gross profit of about $460,000. Mr. Coley is estopped from relitigating or
arguing the issue of the intentionality or willfulness of his scheme and his continuous knowing
violation of the Communications Act. In addition, res judicata bars Mr. Coley from asserting any
defense to the issues with respect to his intent that was available to him at the time of the
Virginia Litigation, regardless of whether or not he asserted those defenses at that time. See
Brown, 442 U.S. at 131; 99 S. Ct. at 2209. Given those facts, the question here is whether the
same intentional scheme found and established in the Virginia Litigation constitutes “larceny” as
that term applies in § 523(a)(4).
The Karpinsky court considered a similar situation to the one before this court. In it, a
debtor bought and distributed or held for sale at least seven signal-theft devices used or useable
to pirate satellite TV signals from DIRECTV. Unlike the present situation, no prior trial had been
held in a different court, so a trial was conducted by the bankruptcy court on the underlying
violation of the Communications Act as well as the dischargeability of the claim. The bankruptcy
judge found after trial clear violations of the Communications Act and imposed statutory
damages of about $200,000 against the debtor. The defendant argued that the damages were
dischargeable since signal theft is not a specific exception from discharge like damages from the
crimes of impaired driving (§ 523(a)(13)) or criminal restitution (§ 523(a)(9)). The court rejected
that position because pirating satellite signals fit a bill of particulars for larceny. The debtor
there, as with Mr. Coley here, intended to and did misappropriate the intangible property of
another (DIRECTV in both cases) and profited hugely from that misappropriation to the
detriment of the owner.
The only difference here is that the Virginia Litigation determined the underlying facts
upon which summary judgment may be granted instead of requiring a trial. The District Court
undoubtedly found that the actions of Mr. Coley amounted to theft, holding:
the Coley defendants did not steal a satellite television signal for just one
household. Rather, they transmitted pirated satellite television signals to 2,561
subscriber units. Second, unlike [a] theft for personal use, the Coley defendants
profited handsomely by collecting thousands of DIRECTV subscriber fees from
the various Massanutten properties and remitting a miniscule fraction of those
payments to DIRECTV. In short, the Coley defendants cannot pocket DIRECTV
subscriber fees from 2,561 subscriber units, remit fees to DIRECTV for only 168
of these units, and suggest that their actions constitute only one violation. This is
not a case . . . where the pirate stole one signal for his personal use. In this case,
the Coley defendants profited by transmitting the stolen DIRECTV signal to
thousands of units, and a violation took place each time the Coley defendants
transmitted the DIRECTV satellite television signal to a person outside an
authorized channel of transmission. While the Coley defendants paid for, and
were authorized to transmit, the DIRECTV signal to 168 persons, they did not pay
for, and were not authorized to transmit, the DIRECTV signal to the other 2,393
subscriber units.
Sky Cable, LLC v. Coley, No. 5:11cv00048, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160571, at *22-24 (W.D.
Va. Nov. 7, 2013).
The District Court’s use of the verbs “steal” and “pirated” were not accidental as they
describe exactly what Mr. Coley intended to do and accomplished for many years. His claims to
the contrary, as attempted in the Response and Declaration here and stated in his testimony
before this court at the trial of the Trustee AP, only exhibit Mr. Coley’s perfidious blindness to
the facts as determined in the Virginia Litigation. This court is bound by those findings. By its
nature, knowingly and secretly downloading a communications signal from the sky and
surreptitiously re-selling it to third parties at a significant profit, while depriving the owner of the
value of the signal, is conversion and larceny. An election to measure damages at $1,000 per unit
is immaterial to the question of intent to commit larceny.
CONCLUSION
The Motion for Summary Judgment filed by DIRECTV is DENIED with respect to the
claims brought pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(2) and (a)(6); and ALLOWED with respect to
the claim for exception from discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). The entire balance of
the Judgment from the Virginia Litigation as set forth in its filed claim, less any recovery
received in the Bankruptcy Case or as may be amended by later valid objection, is excepted from
any discharge received by Mr. Coley. Absent a further order, the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C.
§ 362(a) remains in effect and DIRECTV is not permitted to pursue collection of the Judgment
balance independently of the Trustee while the Bankruptcy Case remains open. A separate
judgment will be entered.
END OF DOCUMENT