Kimberly Holliday v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs May 1, 2012

KIMBERLY HOLLIDAY v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County

No. 00398 Roy B. Morgan, Jr., Judge

No. W2011-01908-CCA-R3-CO - Filed December 4, 2012

The Petitioner, Kimberly Holliday, appeals from the Madison County Circuit Court’s denial

of her petition for coram nobis relief. In 2000, the Petitioner entered a “best interest” guilty

plea to theft of services and issuing a false financial statement and received an effective four-

year-suspended sentence. Over ten years later, in 2011, she filed a petition for writ of error

coram nobis alleging that failure to report earnings to a public housing authority does not

constitute “theft of services” based on State v. Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558 (Tenn. 2010). In

this appeal, the Petitioner contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the petition because

(1) “a person cannot be guilty of something that is not a crime;” (2) “due process requires

tolling of the statute of limitations;” (3) “this case is timely filed as a petition for post-

conviction relief;” and (4) “a best interest plea rather than a voluntary admission of guilt

preserves the appellant’s right to bring a petition for writ of error coram nobis.” Upon

review, we affirm dismissal of the petition.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W.

W EDEMEYER and D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., JJ., joined.

J. Jeffrey Lee, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Petitioner, Kimberly Holliday.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Senior Counsel;

James G. (Jerry) Woodall, District Attorney General; and Alfred L. Earls, Assistant District

Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

The record shows that the Petitioner “misstated her income for the sake of getting a

lower rent.” She was indicted for theft of property and issuing a false financial statement to

the Jackson Housing Authority (JHA) from September 1, 1998 through December 31, 1998,

based upon her failure to report all of her income as required. In 2000, she entered a “best

interest” guilty plea to each offense and was sentenced as a Range I, standard offender to

concurrent sentences of four years and six months, respectively, to be served on probation.

For the theft of services offense, she was ordered to pay $5,085.50 through the United States

Bankruptcy Court and to contribute one hundred hours of unpaid community service work.

The Petitioner did not file a direct appeal or post-conviction petition. She was released from

probation on November 23, 2004, and had paid all of her fees and restitution.

Almost ten and one-half years after entering her guilty pleas, the Petitioner filed a

petition for writ of error coram nobis in the Madison County Circuit Court seeking to vacate

her conviction for theft of services.1 Her petition asserts that because State v. Marshall, 319

S.W.3d 558 (Tenn. 2010), held that “services” under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-

11-106(35) does not include a leasehold interest, her “failure to report earnings to the

housing authority does not support a conviction under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-104.”

At the hearing on her petition for writ of error coram nobis, counsel for the Petitioner

presented “just this new case,” State v. Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558 (Tenn. 2010), and asserted

her case was “unique because much of the issues that we’d like to argue are issues of law[.]”

The Petitioner testified that she rented public housing but “didn’t steal anything.” She

acknowledged that JHA was the victim listed on her indictment, and the parties stipulated

that the Petitioner’s “case is very similar to the [Marshall] case.” 319 S.W.3d 558. The

Petitioner’s counsel reported that because of the instant felony conviction, the Petitioner had

to move out of state to find work. Recently, he said, she had begun working in Tennessee

through a job transfer.

The State asserted that the Petitioner could have presented her arguments at trial, but

having entered a “best interest” plea, she waived that opportunity. Secondly, Marshall was

not new case law but rather was “based upon a principle of statutory interpretation” which

has been recognized in Tennessee for over a century. Finally, the Petitioner’s claim was

barred by the statute of limitations.

The coram nobis court found that the statute of limitations expired one year from the

2000 judgment but that due process warranted tolling the statute of limitations until this

Court’s decision in State v. Monica Butler was entered in 2008. M2007-02718-CCA-R3-

CO, 2008 WL 4170283 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 20, 2008), aff’d sub nom. Marshall, 319

S.W.3d 558 (Tenn. Sept. 3, 2010). Because the Petitioner did not file her petition for writ

of error coram nobis until 2011, her petition still was barred by the statute of limitations.

1

The petition does not address the conviction for issuing false financial information.

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Refusing to toll the statute of limitations until the Tennessee Supreme Court’s Marshall

decision was rendered in 2010, the coram nobis court opined: “I just cannot buy the theory,

even though it might be David Raybin’s interpretation, that you keep getting renewed shots

at this over and over based upon rulings that are based on prior law. That’s my whole

problem when it gets down to analyzing it in defense’s favor.”

ANALYSIS

On appeal the Petitioner argues that (1) “a person cannot be guilty of something that

is not a crime;” (2) “due process requires tolling of the statue of limitations when the

Tennessee Supreme Court holds that behavior consistent with the [Petitioner’s] is not a

crime;” (3) “this case is timely filed as a petition for post-conviction” relief; and (4) “a best

interest plea rather than a voluntary admission of guilt preserves [the Petitioner’s] right to

bring a Petition for Writ of Error Coram Nobis.” The State responds that the petition does

not present “newly discovered evidence,” it is time-barred, and due process does not warrant

tolling the statute of limitations. “Additionally, because the [Petitioner’s] plea constituted

an admission of facts necessary to convict, she is not entitled to now challenge it in a coram

nobis action.”

We first address whether the instant petition is moot. The Petitioner was released

from probation and had paid all of her required fees and restitution approximately seven

years before filing the instant petition. “‘A moot case is one which has lost its character as

a present, live controversy.’” State v. Ely, 48 S.W.3d 710, 717 n.3 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting

County of Shelby v. McWherter, 936 S.W.2d 923, 931 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)). “‘To avoid

being dismissed as moot, cases or issues must be justiciable not only when a case is first filed

but . . . [also] throughout the entire course of the litigation, including the appeal.’” Id.

(quoting McWherter, 936 S.W.2d at 931). “A case will generally be considered moot if it no

longer serves as a means to provide relief to the prevailing party.” State v. Howard, 2

S.W.3d 245, 248 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (rejecting defendant’s argument that State’s

petition to declare him a motor vehicle habitual offender “became moot after the Department

of Safety restored his driving privileges”). In Sibron v. State of New York, 392 U.S. 40

(1968), the United States Supreme Court recognized that a “criminal case is moot only if it

is shown that there is no possibility that any collateral legal consequences will be imposed

on the basis of the challenged conviction.” Moreover, the Tennessee Supreme Court has

cautioned courts to “refrain from dismissing an appeal as moot when collateral consequences

remain following the dismissal of the appeal. . . . Such collateral consequences can include

the continued effect of an order that has expired or is invalid.” Hudson v. Hudson, 328

S.W.3d 863, 865-66 (Tenn. 2010) (citing May v. Carlton, 245 S.W.3d 340, 344 & n.3 (Tenn.

2008) (citing Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 239 (1968)) (holding as a collateral

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consequence restrictions on voting, holding public office, or serving as a juror that remain

following an invalid conviction for which the petitioner is no longer in custody).

On appeal, the Petitioner does not address any specific collateral legal consequences

of her felony conviction, but rather she complains generally of “the stigma of felony

conviction.” At the hearing on her petition, her counsel stated that “[t]his felony took away

her ability to work in” the medical field in Tennessee, but he noted that the Petitioner had

recently found work in Tennessee through an out-of-state transfer. The Petitioner testified

that she was in school and “just trying to get it where I can get certified,” but there was no

testimony that her conviction precluded her certification. We conclude that the record does

not show that collateral legal consequences will be imposed as a result of the felony

conviction.

Nor does the Petitioner argue that her case falls within any of the recognized

exceptions to hearing moot cases. See McIntyre v. Traughber, 884 S.W.2d 134 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1994) (Koch, J.) (“The two most common exceptions involve: (1) issues of great public

interest and importance to the administration of justice and (2) issues capable of repetition

yet evading review.”) (citations omitted); Dockery v. Dockery, 559 S.W.2d 952 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1977) (“The types of issues the courts are likely to resolve despite their mootness are:

(1) questions that are likely to arise frequently; (2) questions involving the validity or

construction of statutes; (3) questions relating to elections; (4) questions relating to taxation,

revenue, or governmental financial affairs; (5) questions relating to the conduct of public

officers or bodies; (6) questions involving the governmental regulation of public utilities; and

(7) questions which must necessarily become moot before the appeal can be heard.”). In our

view, the Petitioner’s issue is not one that would arise frequently. She was sentenced in

2000, and in 2009, the Tennessee Legislature enacted section 39-14-153, which specifically

addresses failure to report income to a public housing authority. T.C.A. § 39-14-153 (2010).

Accordingly, we conclude that the Petitioner’s claim is moot and does not fall within any of

the exceptions this State recognizes for hearing moot cases.

In addition to being moot, the petition fails to state a cognizable claim. For purposes

of discussion, we will merge the Petitioner’s first two arguments. In support of her argument

that she cannot be guilty of that which is not a crime, the Petitioner cites a section entitled

“Effect of criminal code”:

(a) Conduct does not constitute an offense unless it is defined as an offense by

statute, municipal ordinance, or rule authorized by and lawfully adopted under

a statute.

....

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(c) This title does not bar, suspend, or otherwise affect any right or liability to

damages, penalty, forfeiture, or other remedy authorized by law to be

recovered or enforced in a civil suit for conduct the criminal code defines as

an offense, and the civil injury is not merged in the offense.

T.C.A. § 39-11-102(a), (c) (1997). She contends that because Butler and Marshall “have

stated that the offense for which [the Petitioner] was prosecuted and convicted is not a

crime,” due process “requires that the stigma of felony conviction should be removed,” and

“[t]he proper procedure to address [the Petitioner’s] actions would have been to bring a civil

action.” See Butler, 2008 WL 4170283, aff’d sub nom. Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558. The

comments to subsection (a) and VanArdsall v. State, 919 S.W.2d 626 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1995), explain that the 1989 Criminal Sentencing Reform Act abolished all common law

offenses and replaced them with statutory offenses. The statute by which the Petitioner was

charged was Tennessee Code Annotated, section 39-14-104, which provides: “A person

commits theft of services who: (1) intentionally obtains services by deception, fraud,

coercion, false pretense or any other means to avoid payment for the services.” The

Petitioner was properly charged under a viable Tennessee statute and not under common law,

therefore her argument under Section 39-11-102 is without merit.

Rather, the crux of the Petitioner’s argument centers on the interpretation of the word

“services” in section 39-14-104 of the Tennessee Code, and she relies upon the interpretation

announced in Butler, 2008 WL 4170283, aff’d sub nom. Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558. The

Petitioner’s second argument, which we address with her first, is that due process requires

tolling the statute of limitations for her petition for writ of error coram nobis.2

The Petitioner filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis. A writ of error coram

nobis is available to convicted defendants, including those who entered best interest guilty

pleas. T.C.A. § 40-26-105 (1997); Wlodarz v. State, 361 S.W.3d 490, 506 (Tenn. 2012).

However, a writ of error coram nobis is an “extraordinary procedural remedy” that “fills only

a slight gap into which few cases fall.” State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 672 (Tenn. 1999)

(citing Penn v. State, 670 S.W.2d 426, 428 (Ark. 1984)); State v. Workman, 111 S.W.3d 10,

18 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002). “The purpose of this remedy ‘is to bring to the attention of the

[trial] court some fact unknown to the court, which if known would have resulted in a

different judgment.’” State v. Hart, 911 S.W.2d 371, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting

State ex rel. Carlson v. State, 407 S.W.2d 16, 167 (Tenn. 1966)).

2

The Petitioner also asserts that “a void judgment and an illegal sentence may be corrected at any

time.” In support of this argument, she cites habeas corpus cases. The Petitioner did not file a habeas corpus

petition, nor does she ask this Court to treat her petition as a habeas corpus petition.

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Relief by petition for writ of error coram nobis is governed by Tennessee Code

Annotated section 40-26-105. The statute provides, in pertinent part:

The relief obtainable by this proceeding shall be confined to errors

dehors the record and to matters that were not or could not have been litigated

on the trial of the case, on a motion for new trial, on appeal in the nature of a

writ of error, on writ of error, or in a habeas corpus proceeding. Upon a

showing by the defendant that the defendant was without fault in failing to

present certain evidence at the proper time, a writ of error coram nobis will lie

for subsequently or newly discovered evidence relating to matters which were

litigated at the trial if the judge determines that such evidence may have

resulted in a different judgment, had it been presented at the trial. The issue

shall be tried by the court without the intervention of a jury, and if the decision

be in favor of the petitioner, the judgment complained of shall be set aside and

the defendant shall be granted a new trial in that cause.

T.C.A. § 40-26-105 (1997). “The decision to grant or deny a petition for the writ of error

coram nobis on the ground of subsequently or newly discovered evidence rests within the

sound discretion of the trial court.” Hart, 911 S.W.2d at 375 (citations omitted).

The statute of limitations for a petition for writ of error coram nobis is one year from

the date the judgment becomes final in the trial court. T.C.A. § 27-7-103 (1997); Mixon, 983

S.W.2d at 671. For purposes of a coram nobis petition, a judgment becomes final thirty days

after the entry of the trial court’s judgment if no post-trial motions are filed or upon entry of

an order disposing of a timely post-trial motion. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 670 (citing Tenn. R.

App. P. 4(c); State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. 1996)). “The State has the

burden of raising the statute of limitations bar as an affirmative defense. Harris v. State, 301

S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Harris v. State, 102 S.W.3d 587, 593 (Tenn. 2003)).

The issue of whether a claim is barred by an applicable statute of limitations is a question of

law, which this court reviews de novo. Id. at 144 (citing Brown v. Erachem Comilog, Inc.,

231 S.W.3d 918, 921 (Tenn. 2007)).

The Petitioner’s sole ground for her petition for writ of error coram nobis is the

decision of the Tennessee Supreme Court in Marshall, which affirmed this Court’s ruling.

Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558, aff’g State v. Butler, 2008 WL 4170283. We conclude that

neither court’s opinion is “newly discovered evidence” or “some fact unknown to the court,

which if known would have resulted in a different judgment.” T.C.A. § 40-26-105; Hart, 911

S.W.2d at 374. The Petitioner does not challenge any of the facts supporting her best interest

plea, and the State stipulates that the facts of this case were “very similar” to the facts in

Butler, 2008 WL 4170283. Like the Petitioner, the Butler defendants leased public housing

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where rent was determined by income, hence the lessees were required to report any change

in income. The Butler defendants failed to report income in order to receive lower rent, and

they were indicted for theft of services under Section 39-14-104 of the Tennessee Code. Id.

at *1. Interpreting Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 39-14-104 and 39-11-106(35), Butler

and Marshall applied the age-old statutory rule of construction, “ejusdem generis,” which

means that “‘where general words follow special words which limit the scope of the statute,

general words will be construed as applying to things of the same kind or class as those

indicated by the preceding special words.’” Butler, 2008 WL 4170283 at *4 (quoting State

v. Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, 104 (Tenn. 2006)); Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558. Butler held that

“the public housing received by the Defendants does not fall within the ‘services’ definition

for purposes of the theft of services statute.” Id. at *5. This rule of construction has been

discussed and applied by the Tennessee Supreme Court for over a century and was equally

available to Petitioner and her trial counsel in 2000. See, e.g., Samuelson v. State, 95 S.W.

1012, 1014 (Tenn. 1906); Fry v. Shipley, 29 S.W.6, 7 (Tenn. 1895). The Butler defendants

successfully moved to dismiss their indictments under the proposition that their conduct did

not qualify as “theft of services” under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-14-104, and

this Court affirmed. Butler, 2008 WL 4170283. As the State notes, the Petitioner had the

same opportunity as the Butler defendants to argue this interpretation through a motion to

dismiss, a certification of a question of law, or a timely filed post-conviction petition. She

cannot show that she could not have litigated this matter at trial. The Petitioner’s counsel

conceded at the hearing that “it’s an issue of law, and . . . it’s on the same exact facts” as

Butler. Id. Likewise, Butler entertained a “purely legal issue,” and its decision is not a

proper basis for a petition for writ of error coram nobis. Id. at *3; see Wlodarz v. State, 361

S.W.3d 490, 497 (Tenn. 2012) (“In Crawford v. Williams, 31 Tenn. 341, 345 (1851), this

Court ruled that “[i]f a judgment be erroneous in matter of fact only, and not in matter of law,

it may be reversed in the same court by writ of error coram nobis.”).

Even if the Petitioner had filed a proper petition for writ of error coram nobis, the

petition was time-barred. A petition for writ of error coram nobis must be filed within one

year of the judgment becoming final, and in this case that deadline was December 27, 2001.

Indisputably, the Petitioner missed this deadline, and the State properly raised the statute of

limitations defense in its response to the petition.

The coram nobis court held that due process required tolling the statute of limitations

until this Court entered Butler. Butler, 2008 WL 4170283. Thus, the trial court found that

the Petitioner had one year from September 20, 2008 to file her petition. Id.; T.C.A. § 40-26-

105. Because she filed her petition in 2011, the trial court found that her petition was time-

barred.

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“‘Whether due process considerations require tolling of a statute of limitations is a

mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo with no presumption of

correctness.’” Smith v. State, 357 S.W.3d 322, 355 (Tenn.2011) (quoting Harris v. State, 301

S.W.3d 141, 145 (Tenn.2010)). We conclude that the trial court erred in tolling the statute

of limitations until the Butler decision, because as previously discussed, Butler was not

“newly discovered evidence” which “could not have been litigated at trial,” and the Petitioner

had ample opportunity to present her claims within a year of her 2000 judgment. See

Workman v. State, 41 S.W.3d 100, 102 (Tenn. 2001).

The Petitioner’s third argument is that her “case is timely filed as a petition for post-

conviction” relief. As support for this proposition, on appeal she cites Tennessee Code

Annotated, section 40-30-108, which is entitled “answer or response” and states in relevant

part: “Failure by the state to timely respond does not entitle the petitioner to relief.” T.C.A.

§ 40-30-108. We fail to see how section 108 supports the Petitioner’s argument. At the

hearing on her petition, the Petitioner cited author David Raybin for this proposition, and he

relies upon section 108 for this same contention: “If filed beyond that time [the petition for

writ of error coram nobis] is treated as a writ of habeas corpus or, under more recent law, as

a petition for post-conviction relief.” 11 David Louis Raybin, Tennessee Criminal Trial

Practice § 33:31 (2008) (footnotes omitted). We conclude that the Petitioner cites no

appropriate authority for her argument that if her petition for writ of error croam nobis is

filed late, it “is treated as a petition for post-conviction relief.” The Petitioner is not entitled

to relief.

CONCLUSION

Upon review, we affirm the coram nobis court’s dismissal of the petition.

______________________________

CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE

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