The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
LISA WHITEHEAD, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil No. 2:21-cv-02525-JTF-tmp
)
STERLING JEWELERS, INC., )
)
Defendant. )
)
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE
PLEADINGS
_____________________________________________________________________________
Before the court is the defendant Sterling Jewelers, Inc.’s (“Sterling”) Motion for
Judgement on the Pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (ECF
No. 36.) Plaintiff Lisa Whitehead filed a pro se complaint against the defendant on August 12,
2021, alleging that Sterling, her former employer, furloughed and refused to rehire her in violation
of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (ECF No. 1.) Whitehead secured representation on
September 27, 2021, and filed an Amended Complaint that same day. (ECF No. 9.) Sterling filed
the present motion and an accompanying memorandum on May 12, 2022. (ECF Nos. 36 & 37.)
After Whitehead’s response time lapsed, the Court entered an Order to Show Cause requiring
Whitehead to respond by July 6, 2022. (ECF No. 42.) Whitehead filed a response on July 6, 2022.
(ECF No. 44.) On July 11, 2022, Sterling filed a Motion for Leave to File a Reply, which the
Court granted that same day. (ECF Nos. 45, 46.) For the reasons set forth below, Sterling’s motion
is hereby GRANTED.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This is a case about race discrimination in employment. Lisa Whitehead, a Black woman,
was a sales representative at a Kay Jewelers store owned by Sterling, in Southaven, Mississippi.1
(ECF No. 9, 2.) Whitehead’s Amended Complaint alleges that she was “employed by the
Defendant at the Collierville, Tennessee location,” but this is not supported in the record and is
actively contradicted by her Charge of Discrimination and other documents attached to the
pleadings. (ECF No. 9, 2.) Regardless, she had worked for the Defendant in some capacity since
2015. (ECF No. 37-1, 8.) At some point, Whitehead was furloughed.2 On September 17, 2020,
Eric Smith, the District Manager for Sterling, called Whitehead and informed her that “her store
manager had reported to [Smith] that she’d tried to reach Whitehead several times about returning
to work without success,” and that the manager had recommended “there should be no further
attempts for Whitehead to return. (ECF No. 9, 2-3; ECF No. 37-1, 8.) Whitehead was surprised
and showed Smith “proof that she had not received said calls about returning to work from the
store manager” and that “the store manager had been ignoring Whitehead’s calls and texts in
regard to returning to work.” (ECF No. 9, 3.) Whitehead also told Smith she believed the store
manager had “fabricated” this story in an attempt to fire Whitehead due to her race. (Id.) However,
on September 19, 2020, Whitehead was contacted by the store manager, a white woman named
1 The following facts are drawn from Whitehead’s Amended Complaint and her Charge of Discrimination filed with
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (ECF Nos. 9 & 37-1.)
2 The record is inconsistent about the date on which Whitehead was initially furloughed as well as the stated reasoning
for the decision. Her Amended Complaint states that “she was furloughed and effectively demoted and/or
terminated without explanation in May of 2019.” (ECF No. 9, 2.) Her original pro se complaint states she “was
furloughed March 2019 with no previous disciplinary actions in my work file.” (ECF No. 1, 4.) A complaint she
allegedly sent to Sterling’s Human Resources department, attached as an exhibit to a declaration submitted along
with Sterling’s motion, states that “On March 22nd, all Kay employees save managers were furloughed due to the
COVID-19 pandemic,” which would be a furlough date of March 22, 2020. (ECF No. 37-1, 5.)
Jodi Jordan, and asked about returning to work. (Id.; ECF No. 37-1, 8.) Jordan sent her the work
schedule and said she was to return to work the week of September 27, 2020. (ECF No. 37-1, 8.)
Her return did not come to pass. Instead, before her first shift, she was again called by
Smith “to discuss complaints and allegations from the store manager and two other employees
from Whitehead’s store location that would delay or prevent her return to work.” (ECF No. 9, 3.)
Again, Whitehead was surprised. She told Smith these complaints were also fabricated “due to
her race and in retaliation for her reports to the District Manager and Human Resources.”3 (Id.)
Whitehead asked Smith to report this to Human Resources, but he failed to do so. (Id.) Instead,
Whitehead filed a report with Paula Spaulding on October 13, 2020, which Spaulding “forwarded
to the Investigations department.” (ECF No. 37-1, 8.) As of the Amended Complaint, “Whitehead
has still not been asked to return to work on the same terms as prior to her furlough.” (ECF No.
9, 3). Further, a sales representative of a different race was hired to replace her. (Id.)
The only other contacts Whitehead had with anyone from Sterling were with Nick
Slabaugh, “Manager Internal Investigation,” who informed Whitehead on January 5, 2021, that
the investigation into her complaint had been completed. (ECF No. 37-1, 8.) When Whitehead
asked Slabaugh what she should do next, he told her to “contact [Sterling] to discuss [her] next
steps.” (Id.) Whitehead talked to Slabaugh one more time, on April 13, 2021, asking him pointed
questions about his investigation. (Id. at 9.)
Whitehead filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”) on April 19, 2021. (Id. at 8.) The EEOC issued her a right to sue letter on
May 12, 2021. (ECF No. 1-1.) She then filed the present case on August 12, 2021, and has
3 Whitehead does not identify which reports she is referring to in this statement, and the only reports detailed in the
record are ones that came after this alleged conversation took place.
amended her complaint multiple times, ultimately asserting claims under Title VII and the
Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”). (ECF No. 9, 1.) Sterling filed the present motion on
May 12, 2022, arguing that Whitehead cannot state a claim under the THRA and that her claims
under Title VII are time-barred. (ECF No. 36.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
For purposes of a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings brought under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(c), “all well-pleaded material allegations of the pleadings of the opposing
party must be taken as true, and the motion may be granted only if the moving party is nevertheless
entitled to judgment.” Jackson v. Professional Radiology Inc., 864 F.3d 463, 466 (6th Cir. 2017)
(quoting S. Ohio Bank v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 479 F.3d 383, 389 (6th
Cir. 2007)). This is ultimately “the same standard that applies to a review of a motion to dismiss
under Rule 12(b)(6).” Barber v. Charter Twp. of Springfield, Michigan, 31 F.4th 382, 386 (6th
Cir. 2022) (quoting Moderwell v. Cuyahoga Cnty., 997 F.3d 653, 659 (6th Cir. 2021)). Thus, a
district court “must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all
of the complaint's factual allegations as true, and determine whether the plaintiff undoubtedly can
prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief.” Id. (quoting Engler
v. Arnold, 862 F.3d 571, 574 (6th Cir. 2017)). “[D]ocuments attached to the pleadings become
part of the pleadings and may be considered on a motion to dismiss . . . without converting a
motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment.” Commercial Money Ctr., Inc. v. Illinois
Union Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 327, 335-36 (6th Cir. 2007). Further, “EEOC charges and related
documents like right-to-sue letters qualify as public records” that the Court may take judicial
notice of and consider when deciding a motion to dismiss or motion for judgment on the
pleadings. Simpson v. G4S Secure Solution (USA), Inc., No. 12-2875-STA-tmp, 2013 WL
2014493, at *3 (W.D. Tenn. May 13, 2013) (citing Bassett v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 528
F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2008); Rhea v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d 696, 703 (W.D.
Tenn. 2005)).
A relevant statute of limitations is an affirmative defense to any claim, and generally, a
plaintiff “need not plead the lack of affirmative defenses to state a valid claim” under Rule
12(b)(6). Cataldo v. U.S. Steel Corp., 676 F.3d 542, 547 (6th Cir. 2012). However, where “the
allegations in the complaint affirmatively show that the claim is time-barred,” then dismissing a
case due to the statute of limitations may be appropriate. Id.
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
1. Whitehead’s THRA Claims
Sterling argues that Whitehead’s THRA claims “fail because the statute does not apply to
Plaintiff’s employment in Defendant’s Southaven, Mississippi store.” (ECF No. 37, 4.)
Whitehead’s response only briefly addresses the issue, stating that she is a citizen of Tennessee
and that she “both lived and worked in Tennessee locations of Defendant’s jewelry stores when
asked.” (ECF No. 44-1, 2.) While Whitehead does state that she worked at a store in Collierville,
Tennessee, her complaint focuses explicitly on discrimination she faced in a potential rehiring at
the Southaven, Mississippi store. (ECF No. 9, 2) (“Whitehead was a sales representative for Kays
Jewelers in Southaven, Mississippi when she was furloughed and effectively demoted and/or
terminated without explanation in May of 2019.”) The fabricated complaints made against her
were also made by employees and the manager of the Southaven store. (Id. at 2-3.) All
discriminatory conduct alleged in the complaint occurred in Mississippi.
The purpose of the Tennessee Human Rights Act is “to provide for execution within
Tennessee of the policies embodied in the federal civil rights statutes.” Lynch v. City of Jellico,
205 S.W.3d 384, 399 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Campbell v. Fla. Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26, 31 (Tenn.
1996)). The question of whether a Tennessee citizen may assert claims under the THRA for
covered conduct that occurred outside of Tennessee has hardly been examined. Sterling cites to
one case, an unpublished Tennessee Court of Appeals decision, which found that “the legislature
intended for the Act to apply to torts committed within this state,” and dismissed the plaintiff’s
THRA claims for discrimination that occurred in Arkansas. See Williaford v. Holiday Inns, Inc.,
1998 WL 77627, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jul. 28, 1988). The Williaford court rested on the language
of the statute itself, but did consider that an alternative holding would also conflict with
Tennessee’s adherence to the doctrine of lex loci delicti, a rule stating “the law of the place where
the tort occurs will be controlling.” Id. However, Tennessee abandoned lex loci delicti for a “most
significant relationship” test in 1992. See Hataway v. McKinley, 830 S.W.2d 53, 59 (1992).
Despite this, the Court agrees with Williaford’s reasoning. The THRA’s language is clear:
the purpose of the statute is to “provide for execution within Tennessee of the policies embodied
in [federal civil rights law].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101 (emphasis added). The Tennessee
Supreme Court has previously held that “[w]hen statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we
must apply its plain meaning in its normal and accepted use, without a forced interpretation that
would extend the meaning of the language[.]” State v. Welch, 595 S.W.3d 615, 621-22 (Tenn.
2020) (quoting Carter v. Bell, 279 S.W.3d 560, 564 (Tenn. 2009)). The statute’s purpose section
is aimed at acts committed within the state, as the Williaford court previously found. Even when
taking the “most significant relationship” test into account, the law “provides that ‘the law of the
state where the injury occurred will be applied unless some other state has a more significant
relationship to the litigation.’” Goodbar v. Technicolor Videocassette of Michigan, Inc., No. 09-
2553, 2010 WL 5464796, at *4 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 30, 2010) (quoting Hataway, 830 S.W.2d at
59); see also Gilbert v. Choo-Choo Partners II, LLC, No. 1:05-CV-99, 2005 WL 1263065, at *1
(E.D. Tenn. May 26, 2005) (allowing a Georgia citizen to proceed with a THRA claim due to
discrimination allegedly faced while employed in Tennessee). The conduct and injury here
occurred in Mississippi, with the only connection to Tennessee being Whitehead’s place of
residence. Further, whether the THRA even could apply to acts committed in Mississippi would
depend on whether Mississippi law allowed such extraterritorial effect. Williaford, 1998 WL
77627, at *2-3 (“The statute laws of a State have of themselves no extraterritorial force, and
whatever effect they have in foreign States they have by virtue of the laws of such State, or under
the doctrine of the comity of the states.”) (quoting Snyder v. Yates, 112 Tenn. 309, 312 (1903)).
Given that all of the alleged tortious conduct occurred in Mississippi, Whitehead’s claims under
the Tennessee Human Rights Act are hereby DISMISSED.
2. Whitehead’s Title VII Claims
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against
any employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
2(a)(1). Under the familiar standard of McDonnell Douglas, a prima facie case of Title VII race
discrimination has four essential elements: 1) the plaintiff must be a member of a protected class,
2) they must suffer an adverse employment action, 3) they must be qualified for their position,
and 4) a similarly situated employee outside of the protected class or classes must be treated more
favorably than them. Younis v. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc., 610 F.3d 359, 363 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)). However, a plaintiff is not
required to state a prima facie case to survive a Motion to Dismiss, even though it may be helpful
to their case. Davis v. Prison Health Servs., 679 F.3d 433, 439-40 (6th Cir. 2012). Instead, “at the
motion-to-dismiss stage, a plaintiff bringing an employment discrimination claim need only
satisfy the plausibility standard of Twombly.” Menge v. City of Highland Park, No. 21-10152,
2022 WL 54544, at *8 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 5, 2022) (citing Smith v. Wrigley Mfg. Co. LLC, 749 F.
App’x 446, 448 (6th Cir. 2018)).
Procedurally, before a plaintiff can bring a Title VII claim in federal court, they must
“file[e] timely charges of employment discrimination with the EEOC, and [receive] and ac[t] upon
the EEOC’s statutory notices of the right to sue.” Nichols v. Muskingum College, 318 F.3d 674,
677 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Puckett v. Tennessee Eastman Co., 889 F.2d 1481, 1486 (6th Cir.
1989)) (emphasis added).4 This is not a jurisdictional requirement, but “is akin to a statute of
limitations.” Brown v. Hyperion Seating Corp., 194 F.3d 1311 (Table), 1999 WL 801591, at *2
(6th Cir. 1999). The measure of an EEOC charge’s timeliness depends on whether the state where
it is filed is a “deferral state,” which has enacted its own laws prohibiting employment
discrimination, or is not. Alexander v. Local 496, Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., 177 F.3d 394
407 (6th Cir. 1999). If the relevant state is a deferral state, then plaintiffs have a 300-day period
in which to file their charge, while non-deferral states have only a 180-day period. Id. This time
period begins to run on the date when the plaintiff “learns of the [challenged] employment
decision itself, not when the plaintiff learns that the employment decision may have been
discriminatorily motivated.” Amini v. Oberlin College, 259 F.3d 493, 499 (6th Cir. 2001).
Sterling argues that Whitehead failed to timely file her EEOC charge. Mississippi is a non-
deferral state, meaning Whitehead had a 180-day period after she learned of her challenged
employment decision in which to file her claim. Ingram v. Pizza Hut, No. 2:11-CV-136-SA-SAA,
2013 WL 866985, at *2 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 7, 2013) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-9(e)(1); Nilsen v.
4 Plaintiffs can alternatively pursue their claims through the state administrative equivalent of the EEOC rather than
the federal agency, but some form of administrative charge is required before bringing a Title VII claim in federal
court. Booth v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 927 F.3d 387, 392 (6th Cir. 2019).
City of Moss Point, 621 F.2e 117, 121 (5th Cir. 1980)). Whitehead filed with the EEOC on April
19, 2021. (ECF No. 37-1, 8.) Thus, any claims based on discriminatory acts that occurred before
October 21, 2020, are time-barred. Sterling argues this precludes all of Whitehead’s claims, since
“[t]he limitations began to run, at the latest, on October 13, 2020, when Plaintiff initiated her
internal claim of discrimination and retaliation.” (ECF No. 37, 7.) Whitehead independently
confirmed in her EEOC charge that this internal complaint came on October 13, 2020. (ECF No.
37-1, 8.) In her EEOC charge, the only conduct she details as occurring after October 21, 2020,
is her two conversations with Sterling’s investigator, Nick Slabaugh. (Id.) While Whitehead states
that the last act of discriminatory conduct she faced was her second conversation with Slabaugh
on April 13, 2021, she provides no facts that would support that conclusion.5 Thus, all
discriminatory conduct Whitehead alleges occurred before October 21, 2020.
Whitehead makes one argument to save her claims: she states that she has “sufficiently
set forth allegations under the continuing violation doctrine.” (ECF No. 44-1, 3-4.) The continuing
violation doctrine is a theory that allowed plaintiffs to toll the limitations period under two
different approaches, summarized by the Sixth Circuit as follows:
The first category arises where there is some evidence of present discriminatory
activity giving rise to a claim of continuing violation such as where an employer
continues to presently imposes [sic] disparate work assignments or gives unequal
pay for equal work.... The second category of continuing violation arises where
there has occurred a long-standing and demonstrable policy of discrimination. This
requires a showing by a preponderance of the evidence that some form of
intentional discrimination against the class of which plaintiff was a member was
the company's standing operating procedure.
5 The entire allegation, which was not repeated in her Amended Complaint, is produced here: “On April 13, 2021,
Slabaugh informed me he would get back in contact with me after I asked him how could he have done an adequate
investigation, when he did not know Jordan has been retaliating against me by sharing with customers I am no
longer an employee and she has taken my DCA certification plaque off the wall.” (ECF No. 37-1, 9.)
Sharpe v. Cureton, 319 F.3d 259, 266-67 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Burzynski v. Cohen, 264 F.3d
611, 618 (6th Cir. 2001)). Whitehead explicitly argues that she “can make a showing that
Defendant’s actions fit into one of these categories.” (ECF No. 44-1, 4.) However, Whitehead
does not acknowledge that the continuing violations doctrine was significantly altered by
National R.R. Passenger Corp. (Amtrak) v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 111-14 (2002). There, the
Supreme Court held that “plaintiffs are now precluded from establishing a continuing violation
exception by proof that the alleged acts of discrimination occurring prior to the limitations period
are sufficiently related to those occurring within the limitations period,” essentially foreclosing
the first category listed above. Taylor v. Donahoe, 452 F. App’x 614, 619 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Sharpe, 319 F.3d at 268). “The Supreme Court in Morgan distinguished between discrete acts
and hostile work environment claims,” and found that “discrete acts that fall within the statutory
period do not make those that fall outside the period timely.” Id. (citing Morgan, 536 U.S. at 112).
Further, “[a]n employer’s refusal to rehire or recall an employee after a lay-off has specifically
been held to be a discrete act under Morgan.” Cunningham v. Washington Group Intern., Inc.,
No. 08-1308, 2009 WL 2971870, at *4 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 11, 2009) (citing Parisi v. Boeing Co.,
400 F.3d 583, 586 (8th Cir. 2005)). The second category, which Morgan did not address, requires
a plaintiff to “allege an ‘over-arching policy of discrimination’ against the protected class of
which she is a member.” Pittman v. Spectrum Health System, 612 F. App’x 810, 813 (6th Cir.
2015) (quoting Janikowski v. Bendix Corp., 823 F.2d 945, 948 (6th Cir. 1987)).
Whitehead’s claims stem from Sterling’s failure to rehire/recall her from furlough in
August and September 2020. These were discrete acts under Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit
precedent, and her EEOC Charge provides specific dates for when she was told she would be
recalled and for when the allegedly fabricated, racially motivated complaints about her were
made. (ECF No. 37-1, 8) (listing September 19 as the day she was told she would be recalled,
September 22 as the day the complaints arose, and October 13 as the day she internally
complained). All of these dates were before October 21, 2020, making any claim based on these
actions time barred. The complaint also does not allege any sort of overarching policy of race
discrimination at Sterling, instead focusing entirely on the discrimination Whitehead personally
faced. But “a plaintiff must demonstrate something more than the existence of discriminatory
treatment in her case” to take advantage of the second category. Cunningham, 2009 WL 2971870,
at *4 (quoting Sharpe, 319 F.3d at 268).6
The cases Whitehead cites in support of stating a continuing violation are almost entirely
pre-Morgan, except for two. In Harrison v. Progressive Corp., the Northern District of Ohio
found that the plaintiff had stated a claim for a continuing violation based on the second category,
since the plaintiff had alleged that “Progressive’s corporatewide policy of requiring [a
discriminatory test] is such a policy.” No. 1:12 CV 625, 2012 WL 4461503, at *11 (N.D. Ohio
Sept. 25, 2012). Whitehead did not allege any similar policy in her complaint. In Cerjanec v. FCA
US, LLC, the Eastern District of Michigan stated that it was “premature for the Court to determine
whether Plaintiffs have established either category of a continuing violation as the parties have
not yet conducted discovery.” No. 17-10619, 2017 WL 6407337, at *10 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 15,
2017) (citing Harrison, 2012 WL 4461503, at *11; Caldwell v. Rowland, 932 F. Supp. 1018,
1021-22 (E.D. Tenn. 1996); Parrish v. Ford Motor Co., 953 F.2d 1384 (table), 1992 WL 20305,
at *6-7 (6th Cir. Feb. 7, 1992)). However, the cases cited by Cerjanec all deal with a specific
6 Were this case to be analyzed under Fifth Circuit rather than Sixth Circuit precedent, due to the events taking place
in Mississippi, the results would be the same. Fifth Circuit law does not even provide a second category related to
an overarching policy. The Circuit has held that “Claims alleging discrete acts are not subject to the continuing
violation doctrine; hostile workplace claims are.” Heath v. Bd. of Supervisors for Southern Univ. and Agricultural
and Mechanical College, 850 F.3d 731, 737 (5th Cir. 2017); see also E.E.O.C. v. USF Holland, LLC, 2021 WL
4497490, at *2 (N.D. Miss. Sept. 30, 2021) (“Discrete actions . . . are not entitled to the shelter of the continuing
violation doctrine”) (quoting Frank v. Xerox Corp., 347 F.3d 130, 136 (5th Cir. 2003)).
situation not present here, namely where the plaintiff has alleged a longstanding policy but failed
to make “specific allegations of discriminatory acts within the relevant time limitations[.]”
Caldwell, 932 F. Supp. at 1021 (discussing Parrish, 1992 WL 20305 at *6). In those cases,
discovery may be warranted to determine the specific dates of discriminatory acts that are
evidence of the alleged general policy. But this is not the case here. Whitehead has not alleged a
policy, and the discriminatory acts she has alleged are all outside of the statute of limitations. Her
claims are time-barred.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, Sterling’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings is GRANTED.
All other outstanding motions are thus DENIED as moot.
IT IS SO ORDERED on this the 3rd day of January, 2023.
s/John T. Fowlkes, Jr.
JOHN T. FOWLKES, JR.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE