Byars v. Dart Transit Company

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

NASHVILLE DIVISION

KIMBERLY BYARS, an individual )

appearing on behalf of herself and all )

others similarly situated, )

)

Plaintiff, ) NO. 3:19-cv-00541

)

v. )

)

DART TRANSIT COMPANY, et al. )

)

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This putative class action arises out of an employment dispute concerning alleged unpaid

wages. Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Transfer Venue or, Alternatively, to

Stay Proceedings and Compel Arbitration (Doc. No. 19) and Memorandum of Law in Support

(Doc. No. 20). Plaintiff has responded in opposition (Doc. No. 27), Defendants have replied (Doc.

No. 33), and Plaintiff has filed a sur-reply (Doc. No. 39). For the following reasons, Defendants’

motion will be granted in part and denied in part.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In December 2016, Defendant Dart Transit Company (“Dart”), a Minnesota-based

interstate trucking company, hired Plaintiff Kimberly Byars as a truck driver to transport trailers

and freight for its shipping customers. (Doc. No. 20 at 1.) As part of her pre-employment on-

boarding process in Texas, Plaintiff signed various employment related documents, including a

Business Operating Agreement (“Dart BOA”) that contained the following provision regarding its

scope:

This Agreement and any properly adopted Addenda shall constitute the entire

agreement and understanding between the parties and it shall be interpreted

under the laws of the State of Minnesota. If there are any changes, they must be

in writing and signed by both parties unless otherwise mutually assented to by both

parties to the extent allowed by law. To the extent any disputes arise under this

Agreement or in its interpretation, or that are related in any way to this Agreement,

including those sounding in tort, DART and CONTRACTOR both agree to submit

such disputes to final and binding arbitration under the commercial rules of the

Transportation ADR Council, Inc., of Lenexa, Kansas at a point agreed upon or

Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary

contained or referred to herein, the parties agree that no class arbitrations shall be

conducted. . . . Both parties agree to be fully and finally bound by the arbitration

award, and, where allowed by law, a judgment may be entered on the award in any

court having jurisdiction thereof.

(Doc. No. 20-2 at 7 (emphasis in original).) Directly above Plaintiff’s signature, the Dart BOA

also provided that “THIS CONTRACT CONTAINS A BINDING ARBITRATION

PROVISION (Paragraph 17) THAT MAY BE ENFORCED BY THE PARTIES.”1 (Id. at 9

(bold and caps in original).)

Plaintiff signed various addenda to the Dart BOA that also included mandatory arbitration

provisions. (See id. at 17, 20-21, 23-24.) One of those addenda, the “Advantage® Fuel Network

and Advances Contract,” included a provision stating that “[a]ny question about whether Claims

are subject to arbitration shall be resolved by interpreting this arbitration provision in the broadest

way the law will allow it to be enforced. This arbitration provision is governed by the Federal

Arbitration Act (the ‘FAA’).” (Id. at 21.)

In or around June 2017, Plaintiff left Dart to provide similar trucking services for

Defendant Mainstream Transportation, Inc. (“Mainstream”), a Minnesota-based affiliate company

of Dart that provides transportation services at many of Dart’s intermodal ramps. (See Doc. No. 1

¶ 17; Doc. No. 27 at 10.) Plaintiff also signed a Business Operating Agreement with Mainstream

1 The arbitration provision appears in paragraph 18, rather than paragraph 17. (Doc. No. 20-2 at 7.)

(“Mainstream BOA”),2 which contained the same arbitration provision as the Dart BOA and the

same arbitration disclaimer above Plaintiff’s signature. (Doc. No. 20-3 at 7, 10.) Plaintiff stopped

working for Mainstream in or around August 2017.

Notwithstanding the arbitration provisions in the Dart and Mainstream BOAs (collectively,

“BOAs”), Plaintiff filed suit in this Court against Dart and Mainstream (collectively “Defendants”)

for alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (“FLSA”) minimum wage provisions, 29

U.S.C. § 206(a), breach of contract, and unjust enrichment, and purports to seek relief “on behalf

of herself and all other similarly situated individuals” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23

and the FLSA’s collective action provision, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Defendants now move to transfer

venue to the District of Minnesota or, alternatively to stay proceedings and compel arbitration.

II. DISCUSSION

When a trial court is presented concurrently with a motion to transfer venue and a motion

to compel arbitration, it is more efficient to consider the motion to compel arbitration first. See

Doe #1 v. Déjà Vu Consulting, Inc., No. 3:17-cv-00040, 2017 WL 3837730, at *8 (M.D. Tenn.

Sept. 1, 2017) (“based on strong federal policy favoring arbitration, . . . a motion to compel

arbitration must take precedence over virtually any other pending motion”). “[I]f the court compels

arbitration, . . . [it] need not address the alternative motion to transfer venue.” Educ. Mgmt. Servs.,

LLC. v. Ahrens, No. SA-14-CA-116-OLG, 2014 WL 12586407, at *6 (W.D. Tex. May 23, 2014)

(citing Hinnant v. American Ingenuity, LLC, 554 F. Supp. 2d 576, 588 n. 10 (E.D. Pa. 2008)),

report and recommendation adopted, 2004 WL 12586778 (W.D. Tex. June 6, 2014). Accordingly,

the Court will first address Defendants’ motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration.

2 Plaintiff claims she signed the Mainstream BOA in Memphis, Tennessee (Doc. No. 27 at 10), but the agreement

indicates it was executed in Buford, Georgia (Doc. No. 20-3 at 10). This factual dispute is immaterial to the Court’s

analysis.

A. Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings

Defendants move to stay this action in favor of arbitration based on the BOAs. In response,

Plaintiff does not dispute that she signed separate BOAs with Dart and Mainstream, both of which

include arbitration provisions. She instead argues against the BOAs’ enforceability generally,

claiming that the Court cannot compel arbitration under any applicable law in this case, and even

if it could, the arbitration provisions in the BOAs are invalid and unconscionable.

1. The Federal Arbitration Act Does Not Apply to the BOAs

Generally, “where a litigant establishes the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate the

dispute at issue,” the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) requires “the district court [to] grant the

litigant’s motion to compel arbitration and stay or dismiss proceedings until the completion of

arbitration.” Amos v. Lincoln Property Co., No. 3:17-cv-37, 2017 WL 2628820, at *4 (M.D. Tenn.

June 19, 2017) (citing Glazer v. Lehman Bros., Inc., 394 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir. 2005)); 9 U.S.C.

§§ 3-4. Earlier this year, however, the Supreme Court held that section 1 of the FAA excludes

from the Act’s coverage contracts between an interstate trucking company and its driver,

regardless of the driver’s status as an employee or independent contractor. New Prime Inc. v.

Oliveira, 139 S.Ct. 532, 543-44 (2019). Thus, New Prime makes clear that the Court has no

authority under the FAA to compel arbitration in this case.

2. Choice of Law

In New Prime, “the Supreme Court left open the possibility that a truck driver working for

an interstate trucking company suing under the FLSA who had signed an arbitration

agreement could still be compelled to arbitration,” just not under the FAA. See Merrill v. Pathway

Leasing LLC, No. 16-cv-02242-KLM, 2019 WL 1915597, at *2 (D. Col. Apr. 29, 2019) (emphasis

in original) (citing New Prime, 139 S.Ct. at 537). That is because “[s]ection 1 [of the FAA] does

not . . . in any way address the enforceability of employment contracts exempt from the FAA. It

simply excludes these contracts from FAA coverage entirely.” Valdes v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc.,

292 F. Supp. 2d 524, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“State arbitration law governs [arbitrability], however,

if the FAA does not apply.”); Palcko v. Airborne Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588 (3d Cir. 2004)

(enforcing FAA-exempt arbitration agreement under Washington state law). In other words, “the

fact that the [FAA] doesn’t apply only means that its enforcement mechanisms aren’t available,

not that the whole dispute can’t be arbitrated by enforcing the contract through another vehicle

(like state law).” Atwood v. Rent-A-Center East, Inc., No. 15-cv-1023-MJR-SCW, 2016 WL

2766656, at *3 (S.D. Ill May 13, 2016); Cole v. Burns Int’l Sec. Servs., 105 F.3d 1465, 1472 (D.C.

Cir. 1997) (“[W]e have little doubt that, even if an arbitration agreement is outside the FAA, the

agreement still may be enforced. . . .”). “That’s true even when the contract says that the [FAA]

applies and mentions no other law—if the federal act doesn’t apply, the agreement to arbitrate

remains viable, and the only question becomes what state’s law applies to the contract to arbitrate.”

Atwood at *3.

Plaintiff argues that the BOAs’ arbitration provisions cannot be enforced under state law

because the parties intended that the FAA was the only law that applied to those agreements. (Doc.

No. 27 at 10-13.) Specifically, she contends that because the Advantage® Fuel Network and

Advances Contract addenda to the Dart BOA states that the FAA applies to the arbitration

provision in that addendum, the parties have no valid agreement to arbitrate under any other law.

(Id.) The BOAs, however, explicitly state that the entire “Agreement and any properly adopted

Addenda . . . shall be interpreted under the laws of the State of Minnesota,” and “any disputes

aris[ing] under this Agreement or in its interpretation, or that are related in any way to this

Agreement” shall be submitted “to final and binding arbitration. . . .” (Doc. No. 20-2 at 7; Doc.

No. 20-3 at 7.) The addenda to the Dart BOA, including the Advantage® Fuel Network and

Advances Contract, also state that they should be interpreted under the laws of the State of

Minnesota. (See Doc. No. 20-2 at 17, 20-21, 24.) Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, this is not a

situation like Rittmann v. Amazon.com where “the FAA is inapplicable and the contract clearly

indicates that state law is also inapplicable.” See 383 F. Supp. 3d 1196, 1203 (W.D. Wash. 2019)

(because the “parties explicitly indicated that Washington law is not applicable to the Arbitration

Provision” the court could not compel arbitration under Washington law). Thus, the inapplicability

of the FAA does not nullify the parties’ agreement to arbitrate.

Given this background, the Court must determine which state’s law applies to the

enforceability of the arbitration provisions in this case. “In federal question cases, a District Court

entertaining pendent state claims should follow the choice of law rules of the forum

state.” Glennon v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 83 F.3d 132, 136 (6th Cir.1996). Because

Tennessee is the forum state, the Court will apply Tennessee choice-of-law rules.

Tennessee’s conflict of law doctrine applicable to contractual claims provides that “when

the dispute involves questions concerning rights and obligations under a contract, the court applies

the law of the state where the contract was made, absent a contrary intent.” Ohio Cas. Ins. Co. v.

Travelers Indem. Co., 493 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tenn. 1973) (emphasis added). “If the parties

manifest an intent to instead apply the laws of another jurisdiction, then that intent will be honored

provided certain requirements are met.” Williams v. Smith, 465 S.W. 3d 150, 153 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2014). “For the intent to be honored, the choice-of-law provision must be executed in good faith;

the chosen jurisdiction must bear a material relationship to the transaction; the basis of the choice

must be reasonable; and finally, the parties choice must not subvert the policy of a state having a

materially greater interest and whose law would otherwise govern.” Invisible Fence, Inc. v. Fido’s

Fences, Inc., 687 F. Supp. 2d 726, 742 (E.D. Tenn. 2009) (citing Messer Griesheim Indus. v.

Cryotech of Kingsport, Inc., 131 S.W.3d 457, 475 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)).

The BOAs’ choice-of-law clause is valid and enforceable under these criteria. The BOAs

and accompanying addenda, including the Advantage® Fuel Network and Advances Contract,

explicitly state that they “shall be interpreted under the laws of the State of Minnesota.” (Doc. No.

20-2 at 7, 17, 20-21, 24; Doc. No. 20-3 at 7.) The Court does not find that these clear choice-of-

law clauses were executed in bad faith. In addition, “[Minnesota] bears a material relationship to

the transaction and the basis of the choice was reasonable, as [Defendants are] incorporated under

[Minnesota] law and [their] principal place of business is in [Minnesota]. Invisible Fence, 687 F.

Supp. 2d at 743. Moreover, it does not appear that the interests of Tennessee, Texas, Kansas, or

any other state is materially greater, nor does it appear that any interests would be subverted by

the application of Minnesota law in this case.3

Accordingly, the Court will apply Minnesota law. Under Minnesota law, “agreements to

arbitrate entered into . . . on or after August 1, 2011” are governed by the Minnesota Uniform

Arbitration Act (“MUAA”), Minn. Stat. §§ 572B.01-.31.4 (Id. § 572B.03(a)(1).)

3 The Court would likely apply Minnesota law even in the absence of a valid choice of law provision. In federal

question cases where the FAA does not apply, and the arbitration agreement contains no choice of law provision,

federal common law choice of law rules apply. See Corporacion Venezolana de Fomento v. Vintero Sales

Corp., 629 F.2d 786, 794-95 (2d Cir. 1980). The federal common law choice of law rule dictates applying the law of

the jurisdiction having the “greatest interest in the litigation.” In re Koreag, Controle et Revision S.A., 961 F.2d 341,

350 (2d Cir. 1992). Because Minnesota appears to have the greatest interest in the litigation, the validity of the

BOAs’ choice-of-law provisions bears little impact on the Court’s conclusion to apply Minnesota law.

4 “In 2010, the [Minnesota] legislature repealed Minn. Stat. §§ 572.08-.30, effective August 1, 2012, and recodified

the Uniform Arbitration Act at Minn. Stat. §§ 572B.01-.31.” Seagate Tech. v. Western Digital Corp., 834 N.W. 2d

555, 559 n.3 (Minn. App. 2013).

3. Validity of Arbitration Agreement

When a party moves to compel arbitration, Minn. Stat. § 572B.06(b) requires a court to

determine two gateway issues: (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, and (2) whether

the particular dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement. See City of Rochester v.

Kottschade, 896 N.W. 2d 541, 548 (Minn. 2017). Regarding the second gateway issue, the parties

do not dispute that Plaintiff’s claims would fall within the scope of the arbitration agreements, if

found to be valid, and the Court will resolve “any doubts regarding the scope of arbitrable issues”

in favor of arbitration. See Churchill Envtl. & Indus. Equity Partners, L.P. v. Ernst & Young,

L.L.P., 643 N.W.2d 333, 336 (Minn. App. 2002). Thus, the Court must determine only whether a

valid arbitration agreement exists (the first gateway issue).

In determining whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, “courts generally apply state

law principles that govern contract formation, to ascertain the parties’ intent.” Churchill, 643

N.W.2d at 337 (citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)).

“Minnesota follows the objective theory of contract formation, under which an outward

manifestation of assent is determinative, rather than a party’s subjective intent.” TNT Props., Ltd.

v. Tri-Star Developers LLC, 677 N.W. 2d 94, 102 (Minn. App. 2004); Am. Fed. of State, Cty. and

Mun. Emps., Council No. 14 v. City of St. Paul, 533 N.W. 2d 623, 627 (Minn. App. 1995).

Moreover, an arbitration agreement is presumptively “valid, enforceable, and irrevocable except

upon a ground that exists at law or in equity for the revocation of the contract.” Minn. Stat. §

572B.06; see also Cmty. Partners Designs, Inc. v. City of Lonsdale, 697 N.W. 2d 629, 632 (Minn.

App. 2005). This presumption is in harmony with the Minnesota Supreme Court’s “dedication to

a public policy strongly favoring arbitration.” Schmidt v. Midwest Family Mut. Ins. Co., 426

N.W.2d 870, 873 (Minn. 1988); see also Walker v. Ryan’s Family Steak Houses, Inc., 400 F.3d

370, 377 (6th Cir. 2005) (“The federal policy favoring arbitration, however, is taken into

consideration even in applying ordinary state law.”).

There is no dispute that Plaintiff signed contracts with both Defendants, and those contracts

refer to arbitration. Indeed, even if the Court reviewed only the pages Plaintiff signed, it would be

impossible to avoid the conclusion that she objectively agreed to arbitration. As the Court noted at

the outset, directly above Plaintiff’s signature is the following statement, bolded and in all capital

letters: “THIS CONTRACT CONTAINS A BINDING ARBITRATION PROVISION

(Paragraph 17) THAT MAY BE ENFORCED BY THE PARTIES.” (Doc. No. 20-2 at 9; Doc.

No. 20-3 at 10.) This clause is unambiguous. Plaintiff acknowledged by her signature that she was

subject to a binding arbitration provision, and this clause (distinct from the arbitration clause itself)

suggests that disputes would be subject to arbitration. See Janiga v. Questar Capital Corp., 615

F.3d 735, 744 (7th Cir. 2010). The overall agreements are also supported by adequate

consideration, as Plaintiff would receive payment for her services. See C & D Invs. v. Beaudoin,

364 N.W. 2d 850, 853 (Minn. App. 1985). Accordingly, the BOAs’ arbitration provisions are

presumed to be valid. Minn Stat. § 572B.06.

Notwithstanding this objective evidence of her assent to arbitration, Plaintiff contends that

the arbitration agreements she signed are invalid and unenforceable because (1) the potential

arbitrator pool and arbitration rules are biased in favor of Defendants; and (2) the arbitration

agreements are unconscionable. The Court finds that these arguments are mainly aimed at the

enforceability of the arbitration provisions, rather than the BOAs as a whole. Thus, the court, and

not the arbitrator, must decide whether the parties have an enforceable agreement to arbitrate. See

Davies v. Waterstone Capital Mgmt., L.P., 856 N.W. 2d 711, 717 (Minn. App. 2014) (“[A]

challenge to the validity of the arbitration agreement . . . is an issue for the court to decide.”). “In

evaluating whether the parties agreed to arbitrate the present dispute,” the Court “should resolve

any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues in favor of arbitration, ‘whether the problem

at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like

defense to arbitrability.’” Johnson v. Piper Jaffray, Inc., 530 N.W.2d 790, 795 (Minn.1995)

(quoting Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983)).

a. Alleged Bias of Arbitration Procedures

Plaintiff argues that the arbitration provisions are unenforceable because they require

disputes to be submitted to “final and binding arbitration under the commercial rules of the

Transportation ADR Council, Inc” (“TAC”), which are biased in favor of Defendants. Although

Plaintiff’s bias argument is not a “contract-based defense to the enforceability of an arbitration

agreement,” a party may avoid the agreed-upon arbitration process when “the arbitrator-selection

process itself is fundamentally unfair.” Walker v. Ryan’s Family Steak Houses, Inc., 400 F.3d 370,

385 (6th Cir. 2005).

Plaintiff argues that the TAC’s arbitrator-selection process is unfairly biased in

Defendants’ favor because all potential TAC arbitrators are required to be members of the

Transportation Lawyers Association (“TLA”), an independent bar organization whose members

“must actively represent companies in the transportation industry” and cannot “affiliat[e] with a

firm that represents plaintiffs against the transportation industry.” (Doc. No. 27 at 2-3.) She further

notes that some of Defendants’ own lawyers are either current or former TLA members. (Id. at 4.)

As a result, Plaintiff claims the entire TAC arbitrator pool lacks the minimum level of impartiality

required for arbitration, and thus there is no valid agreement to arbitrate.

Plaintiff premises her argument on Walker v. Ryan’s Family Steak Houses, Inc., 400 F.3d

370 (6th Cir. 2005). In Walker, the Sixth Circuit refused to enforce an arbitration agreement

because, among other things, (1) the defendant’s financial relationship with the arbitration firm

was fundamentally unfair, particularly because the defendant provided over 42% of the firm’s

income, (2) the defendant “effectively determined the three pools of arbitrators” from which the

arbitration panel would be drawn, and (3) the pertinent arbitration rules did not require minimum

educational or experience requirements, nor an “explicit requirement that [the arbitrators] be

unbiased.” (Id. at 385-87.)

Here, unlike the arbitration procedures in Walker, the TAC’s arbitration rules5 provide

satisfactory protections against biased arbitrators. For example, the rules require that “[n]o person

shall serve as an Arbitrator who has a financial or personal interest in the outcome of the arbitration

or who has acquired prior detailed knowledge of the matter in dispute.” (TAC Rule 4.2 (emphasis

added).) Each potential TAC arbitrator is also required to “disclose to the parties any information

that might cause the person’s impartiality or independence to be questioned,” and Plaintiff is then

free to challenge the appointment of any arbitrator who exhibits undue bias. (TAC Rules 4.3.1,

4.4) “This is not a situation where an unwanted arbiter or mediator is forced on an unwilling party,”

particularly because “[b]oth parties have [the] opportunity to evaluate and screen potential arbiters.

. . .” Gilbert v. Big Sandy Furniture, Inc., No. 2:07-cv-0087, 2007 WL 2668137, at *5 (S.D. Ohio

Sept. 6, 2007), report and recommendation adopted, 2007 WL 2983089 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 10, 2007).

Moreover, each arbitrator must “have been engaged in the practice of transportation law for a

minimum of ten (10) years,” and is required to “faithfully hear and examine the matter in

controversy and make a just Award.” (TAC Rule 2.4(B), Appendix A.)

Even assuming arguendo that all of the TAC arbitrators have a lengthy background in

transportation employer defense work, “a party cannot avoid the arbitration process simply by

5 Transportation Lawyers Association, Arbitration Rules for the Transportation ADR Council, (Oct. 13, 2017),

https://www.translaw.org/Documents/ADR/Administrative%20Rules%20for%20Arbitration.pdf [hereinafter, “TAC

Rules”].

alleging that the arbitration panel will be biased.” Walker, 400 F.3d at 385. The Court “decline[s]

to indulge the presumption that the parties and arbitral body conducting a proceeding will be

unable or unwilling to retain competent, conscientious, and impartial arbitrators.” Mitsubishi

Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 634 (1985). Accordingly, the Court

does not find the TAC arbitrator-selection process to be so fundamentally unfair to warrant

invalidating the parties’ arbitration agreements.

Plaintiff also raises a host of challenges to the neutrality of the TAC Arbitration Rules,

claiming they will make securing discovery from Defendants “virtually impossible,” will

inappropriately impose costs and arbitration fees on Plaintiff, will not result in a reasoned opinion,

and will not afford Plaintiff a hearing. (Doc. No. 27 at 5-6.) With respect to Plaintiff’s argument

that it will be “virtually impossible” to obtain discovery, TAC Rule 5.1 provides that a claimant

may demand discovery after sufficiently documenting a claim. See also Minn. Stat. § 572B.17 (c)

(“An arbitrator may permit such discovery as the arbitrator decides is appropriate in the

circumstances . . .”). “Although those procedures might not be as extensive as in the federal courts,

by agreeing to arbitrate, a party ‘trades the procedures and opportunity for review of the courtroom

for the simplicity, informality, and expedition of arbitration.’” Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane

Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 31 (1991) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors, 473 U.S. at 628). Given Defendants’

indication that they are willing to pay Plaintiff’s share of arbitration fees and costs (Doc. No. 33

at 7), Plaintiff’s arguments about inappropriate costs are similarly speculative and potentially

moot. Further, Plaintiff admits that the arbitrator could issue a reasoned opinion if there was an

agreement to do so, (Doc. No. 33 at 7), and there is no absolute rule “that arbitrators should write

opinions in every case or even in most cases.” See Halligan v. Piper Jaffray, Inc., 148 F.3d 197,

204 (2d Cir. 1998).

The Court does, however, agree that the TAC arbitration rules may not entitle Plaintiff to

a hearing. Specifically, TAC Rule 7.1 states that “[i]f the amount in controversy . . . is less than

Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00), the dispute shall be heard on the submission of

documents alone.” If the Court interprets this rule to mean that no hearing could ever be provided

in relatively small disputes like this one, the parties’ future arbitration could hypothetically run

afoul of Minnesota’s requirement for arbitrators to conduct a hearing. Minn. Stat. § 572B.15; see

also Volkmann v. Volkmann, 688 N.W. 2d 347, 348-49 (Minn. App. 2004). Nevertheless, the

Court does not find sufficient bias inherent in TAC Rule 7.1 to invalidate the parties’ otherwise

enforceable arbitration agreements in this case. The Court will not substitute its interpretation for

that of the TAC arbitrators, who are “comparatively more expert about the meaning of their own

rule, [and] are comparatively better able to interpret and to apply it.” See Howsam v. Dean Witter

Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 85 (2002).

b. Unconscionability

Plaintiff also presents numerous arguments about why the arbitration agreements are

unconscionable. “A contract is unconscionable if it is ‘such as no man in his senses and not under

delusion would make on the one hand, and as no honest and fair man would accept on the other.’”

In re Estate of Hoffbeck, 415 N.W.2d 447, 449 (Minn. App. 1987) (quoting Hume v. United

States, 132 U.S. 406, 415 (1889)). “If a court determines that a contract contains an unconscionable

clause, it may refuse to enforce the contract, enforce it without the offending language, or limit

application of the unconscionable clause ‘to avoid any unconscionable result.’” Kauffman Stewart,

Inc., 589 N.W. 2d 499, 502 (Minn. App. 1999) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208

(1981)). The Court will address each of Plaintiff’s unconscionability arguments in turn.

First, Plaintiff argues that the arbitration agreements are unconscionable contracts of

adhesion presented on a “take it or leave it basis.” (Doc. No. 27 at 20.) By definition, a “contract

of adhesion is one ‘drafted unilaterally by the business enterprise and forced upon an unwilling

and often unknowing public for services that cannot readily be obtained elsewhere.’” Vierkant by

Johnson v. AMCO Ins. Co., 543 N.W. 2d 117, 120 (Minn. App. 1996) (quoting Schlobohm v. Spa

Petite, Inc., 326 N.W. 2d 920, 924 (Minn. 1982)). Accordingly, “[t]he two factors for determining

whether a contract is one of adhesion are: (1) was the contract the result of the superior bargaining

power of one of the parties? and (2) was the service involved a public necessity?” Osgood v.

Medical, Inc., 415 N.W. 2d 896, 899 n. 1 (Minn. App. 1987) (citing Schlobohm, 326 N.W. 2d at

923).

The record before the Court fails to support a finding that the arbitration agreements are

unenforceable contracts of adhesion. Plaintiff contends she was in desperate financial need of a

job and feared not having enough money to return home from her on-boarding orientation, but “the

degree of ‘economic compulsion’ that Plaintiff asserts is no different from that of any unemployed

individual who is looking for a job and cannot possibly suffice to support the revocation of an

otherwise legal and valid contract.” Seme v. Gibbons, P.C., No. 19-857, 2019 WL 2615751, at *5

(E.D. Pa. June 26, 2019). Plaintiff voluntarily signed the agreements as a condition of employment,

and “[m]ere inequality in bargaining power is an insufficient basis to invalidate an arbitration

agreement.” Ottman v. Fadden, 575 N.W. 2d 593, 597 (Minn. App. 1998) (citing Gilmer, 500 U.S.

at 33). Most importantly, Plaintiff has neither shown that Defendants provide services of public

necessity, nor that she was unable to obtain employment with another company providing similar

services. Schlobohm, 326 N.W. 2d at 925 (no adhesion contract where “no showing that [a party’s]

services were necessary or that the services could not have been obtained elsewhere”). Thus, the

arbitration provisions in this case were not contracts of adhesion.

Plaintiff next argues that the arbitration provisions are unconscionable because she “was

not provided the rules of the arbitration process.” (Doc. No. 27 at 21.) The Court does not find this

argument persuasive. The TAC rules are readily available online, and Plaintiff has not

demonstrated that she either asked for the rules or that Defendants denied her access to them. See

Yufan Zhang v. UnitedHealth Group, 367 F. Supp. 3d 910, 917 (D. Minn. 2019). The “mere failure

to provide Plaintiff a copy of the [TAC] Rules does not render the [arbitration] agreement[s]”

unconscionable. (Id.)

Similar to her argument about why the TAC rules are unfairly biased, Plaintiff further

argues that the arbitration agreements are unconscionable because she was not told how much she

might have to pay in arbitrator’s fees, and those potential costs would “deter” her from vindicating

her rights in arbitration. (Doc. No. 27 at 21.) The Supreme Court has rejected this exact argument,

albeit in the context of the FAA, reasoning that the “risk” Plaintiff “will be saddled with prohibitive

costs is too speculative to justify the invalidation of an arbitration agreement.” Green Tree Fin.

Corp. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 90-92 (2000). Moreover, Plaintiff has not shown any likelihood

that she would incur prohibitively expensive costs, and the Court will not invalidate the arbitration

agreements on these grounds. (Id.)

The Court similarly rejects Plaintiff’s other unconscionability arguments. Plaintiff argues

that she does not remember signing the arbitration agreements, (Doc. No. 27 at 21), yet courts have

consistently refused to invalidate contracts merely because of a plaintiff’s inability to remember

signing them. E.g., Castillo Flores v. Harbor Shipping and Trading Co., S.A., No. Civ. A. 01-0738,

2001 WL 740509, at *3 (E.D. La. June 29, 2001) (collecting cases). She further argues that the

arbitration agreements were not conspicuous in the large amount of paperwork she received, (Doc.

No. 27 at 21-22), yet the arbitration disclaimer was bolded and in all capital letters directly above

her signature. See Valdes v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc., 292 F. Supp. 2d 524, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)

(“allegations fail to support a finding of unconscionability . . . in light of the fact that the

[arbitration] clause appears in a section directly above the signature line”). Plaintiff also claims

she was not given any effective right to consult an attorney before signing the agreement, (Doc.

No. 27 at 9), but admits to not having funds to hire an attorney either. (Id.) Plaintiff further contends

she “did not knowingly and voluntarily waive her rights to litigate or have a trial by jury,” (Doc.

No. 27 at 21), but she signed directly below the arbitration disclaimer and the “loss of the right to

jury trial is a necessary and fairly obvious consequence of an agreement to arbitrate.”6 Aufderhar

v. Data Dispatch, Inc., 452 N.W. 2d 648, 653 (Minn. 1990) (quoting Pierson v. Dean, Witter,

Reynolds, Inc., 742 F.2d 334, 339 (7th Cir. 1984)); see also Cooper v. MRM Inv. Co., 367 F.3d

493, 506 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting decisions that have “flatly rejected the claim that an arbitration

agreement must contain a provision expressly waiving the employee’s right to a jury trial”).

For the foregoing reasons, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s unconscionability

arguments and concludes that the parties entered into a valid and enforceable agreement to

arbitrate.

4. Compelling Arbitration and Staying Proceedings

The parties’ agreement to arbitrate in Minnesota is enforceable under the MUAA. Unlike

the FAA, the MUAA provides that “[i]f a proceeding involving a claim referable to arbitration

under an alleged agreement to arbitrate is pending in court, a motion under this section must be

filed in that court.” Minn. Stat. § 572B.07 (emphasis added); cf. Mgmt. Recruiters Int’l, Inc. v.

6 The Court is aware of one Title VII case from this district declining to enforce an arbitration agreement because

the plaintiff had not knowingly and voluntarily waived her right to a jury trial. Hudson v. BAH Shoney’s Corp., 263

F. Supp. 3d 661, 671 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 11, 2017). However, until the Sixth Circuit adopts the fact-specific holding

in Hudson, the Court is more inclined to follow binding Sixth Circuit precedent and other federal decisions holding

that an arbitration agreement need not contain an express jury trial waiver to be enforceable.

Bloor, 129 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 1997) (holding that a court cannot compel arbitration outside

of its own district under the FAA without rendering meaningless “the clause of [9 U.S.C. § 4]

mandating that the arbitration and the order to compel issue from the same district”). Not only

were Defendants required to file their motion to compel arbitration in this Court, this is the only

court in which they could have done so. Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendants’ motion to

the extent it seeks to compel arbitration under the MUAA.

“If the court orders arbitration,” the MUAA provides that “the court shall on just terms stay

any judicial proceeding that involves a claim subject to the arbitration.” Minn. Stat. § 572B.07(f).

“The mandatory nature of this directive (‘shall’) confirms that the Legislature did not contemplate

that a district court would dismiss or enter judgment on, rather than stay, an underlying action

when it orders parties to arbitrate.” City of Rochester v. Kottschade, 896 N.W. 2d 541, 548-49

(Minn. 2017). Thus, the Court will also stay the underlying action pending the completion of

arbitration.

The Court sees very little left for it to do in this case, at least until arbitration is completed.

Accordingly, the Court will administratively close the case. If either party wishes to re-open it,

that party may do so by way of a motion setting forth the status of the arbitration proceeding and

explaining the ground for seeking administrative re-opening.

III. Motion to Transfer Venue

“When a matter is stayed pending arbitration, it is appropriate for the court to deny other

pending motions, without prejudice.” Telos Holdings, Inc. v. Cascade, GmbH, No. 3:09-0380,

2009 WL 3415157, at *7 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 19, 2009). Thus, given the stay ordered herein,

Defendants’ motion to transfer venue is denied without prejudice to it being re-filed if the stay is

lifted and the case is administratively re-opened.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Transfer Venue or, Alternatively, to Stay

Proceedings and Compel Arbitration (Doc. No. 19) will be GRANTED IN PART. Plaintiff will be

ORDERED to submit to arbitration, and this case will be STAYED pending resolution of the

arbitration. Defendants’ motion to transfer venue will be DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. The

case will be ADMINISTRATIVELY CLOSED and may be reopened for cause on the motion of

either party.

The Court will issue an appropriate Order.

Wael Cnsho\

WAVERLY D. CRENSHAW, JR.

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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