"[D]istrict courts within the [Third] Circuit—and a majority of courts outside it—have held that there can be no claim for contribution for §1983 violations.”
How later courts described this case
- "[D]istrict courts within the [Third] Circuit—and a majority of courts outside it—have held that there can be no claim for contribution for §1983 violations.”
- “[C]ontribution and indemnification are distinct causes of action and should be analyzed separately.”
- explaining that judges should give some review to every report and recommendation
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
LISA LOUGHNEY, :
Plaintiff : CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:19-1101
v. : (JUDGE MANNION)
CORRECTIONAL CARE, INC., et :
al.,
:
Defendants/Third
Party Plaintiffs :
v. :
LACKAWANNA COUNTY, et al., :
Third Party :
Defendants
MEMORANDUM
Pending before the court is the report of Judge Arbuckle, (Doc. 110),
recommending the court grant Lackawanna County and its employees’
(“County Defendants”), third-party defendants, motion to dismiss, (Doc. 102),
Correctional Care, Inc., and its employees’ (“CCI Defendants”), third-party
plaintiffs, Third Party Complaint, (Doc. 94). This case arises from Ryan
Lynady’s, the decedent, suicide in Lackawanna County Prison, and is
brought by Plaintiff Lisa Loughney, as administrator of the decedent’s estate,
against CCI Defendants and County Defendants alleging multiple civil rights
and state law claims. County Defendants settled with Plaintiff, and CCI
Defendants subsequently filed a third-party complaint against County
Defendants seeking indemnification and contribution. County Defendants
seek dismissal of the third-party complaint, and Judge Arbuckle
recommends this court grant dismissal.1
Based on the court’s review of the record, the court will ADOPT in part
and NOT ADOPT in part Judge Arbuckle’s Report and Recommendation
(R&R) for the reasons that follow. The court will GRANT in part and DENY
in part County Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Third Party Complaint as
explained below.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When objections are timely filed to the report and recommendation of
a magistrate judge, the district court must review de novo those portions of
the report to which objections are made. 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1); Brown v.
Astrue, 649 F.3d 193, 195 (3d Cir. 2011). Although the standard is de novo,
the extent of review is committed to the sound discretion of the district judge,
1 Third-Party Defendant Mallik has not sought dismissal of any claim
asserted against him in the third-party complaint. As such, the claims in the
third-party complaint will proceed against Defendant Mallik at this stage.
and the court may rely on the recommendations of the magistrate judge to
the extent it deems proper. Rieder v. Apfel, 115 F.Supp.2d 496, 499 (M.D.
Pa. 2000) (citing United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 676 (1980)).
For those sections of the report and recommendation to which no
objection is made, the court should, as a matter of good practice, "satisfy
itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record in order to accept
the recommendation." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), advisory committee notes; see
also Univac Dental Co. v. Dentsply Intern., Inc., 702 F.Supp.2d 465, 469
(M.D. Pa. 2010) (citing Henderson v. Carlson, 812 F.2d 874, 878 (3d Cir.
1987) (explaining that judges should give some review to every report and
recommendation)). Nevertheless, whether timely objections are made or not,
the district court may accept, not accept, or modify, in whole or in part, the
findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge. 28 U.S.C.
§636(b)(1); Local Rule 72.31. “[A] Report and Recommendation does not
have force of law unless and until the district court enters an order accepting
or [not accepting] it.” Garceran v. Morris County Prosecutors Office, No. 14–
2135 (CCC-MF), 2015 WL 858106, at *1 (D.N.J. Feb. 27, 2015) (citing United
Steelworkers of Am. v. N.J. Zinc Co., Inc., 828 F.2d 1001, 1005 (3d Cir.
1987)).
Since Judge Arbuckle states the appropriate standards for motions to
dismiss and for third-party complaints under Rule 14 of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, the court will not fully repeat them herein. (See Doc. 110).
II. DISCUSSION2
Judge Arbuckle’s report organized the issues presented by County
Defendants’ motion to dismiss accordingly: (1) whether CCI Defendants
have stated indemnification and contribution claims against County
Defendants related to Plaintiff’s civil rights claims; (2) whether CCI
Defendants have stated an indemnification claim against Lackawanna
County related to Plaintiff’s negligence claims; and (3) whether CCI
Defendants have stated a contribution claim against County Defendants
related to Plaintiff’s negligence claims. The court will address Judge
Arbuckle’s findings with respect to each issue and objections thereto in turn.
A. Indemnification and contribution for civil rights claims
Judge Arbuckle found CCI Defendants’ claims for indemnification and
contribution against County Defendants for Plaintiff’s §1983 civil rights
claims failed since “[CCI] Defendants agree that no claim of contribution or
2Since Judge Arbuckle states the relevant factual background of this
case in his report, it will not be fully repeated herein.
indemnification can be brought based on [the §1983 counts in] Plaintiff’s
amended complaint.” (Doc. 110 at 11). CCI Defendants object to this finding,
arguing that, while they admittedly agreed they could not obtain contribution
or indemnification for their own alleged violations of the decedent’s
constitutional rights, they clarified in their opposition to the motion to dismiss
that they were not seeking contribution or indemnification for their own
alleged violation of the decedent’s constitutional rights, “rather they were
seeking contribution or indemnification to the extent they are held liable for
County Defendants’ alleged violation of Decedent’s rights.” (Doc. 111 at 13)
(emphasis added).
As CCI Defendants acknowledge, this court has held that “a separate
third-party action seeking indemnification or contribution is not permitted
under §1983.” Rocuba v. Mackrell, No. CIV.A. 3:10-1465, 2011 WL 5869787,
at *3 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 22, 2011). Indeed, “[a] majority of courts to address the
issue have found that there exists no claim for indemnity or contribution for
§1983 actions.” Id. (collecting cases). The court agrees with the weight of
persuasive authority holding there is no right to contribution for §1983
violations. See Bank v. City of Philadelphia, 991 F. Supp. 2d 523, 538 n.26
(E.D. Pa. 2014) ("[D]istrict courts within the [Third] Circuit—and a majority of
courts outside it—have held that there can be no claim for contribution for
§1983 violations.”) (citing Rocuba). However, the court will sustain CCI
Defendants’ objection with regard to its indemnity claim for Plaintiff’s civil
rights counts since it agrees with CCI Defendants that, contrary to Judge
Arbuckle’s report, they did not concede failure of their indemnity claim, and
the court agrees that Rocuba is distinguishable from a case like this one
involving contractual indemnity.
First, this case is distinguishable from Rocuba because here we have
an express contractual indemnity provision between County Defendants and
CCI Defendants—the validity of which the court must accept at the motion to
dismiss stage—while the third-party plaintiff in Rocuba was pursuing a
common law right to indemnification for §1983 violations.3 County
Defendants pin their argument for dismissal of the third-party complaint with
respect to civil rights indemnification on Rocuba: “The County Defendants
submit that Judge Mannion’s view [in Rocuba] that there exists no right to
contribution or indemnity for [] §1983 claims is correct and dictates the
3 Multiple courts in the decade following Rocuba have noted that while
the court in Rocuba found there is no right to contribution or indemnity for
§1983 actions, it relied on cases finding only that there is no right to
contribution under §1983. See, e.g., Bank v. City of Philadelphia, 991 F.
Supp. 2d 523, 532 (E.D. Pa. 2014) (“[C]ontribution and indemnification are
distinct causes of action and should be analyzed separately.”); Simonson v.
Borough of Taylor, No. 18-CV-2445, 2019 WL 6715789, at *5 (M.D. Pa. Dec.
10, 2019) (analyzing contribution and indemnification for §1983 claims
separately).
dismissal of the TPC.” (Doc. 103 at 14); (see also Doc. 116) (repeating same
argument in response to R&R). While the court agrees with Rocuba that
there exists no claim for contribution for §1983 violations, Rocuba says
nothing about contractual indemnity.
The issue, then, is whether a third-party claim for contractual indemnity
is permitted for constitutional violations under §1983. The parties have not
supplied adequate briefing on this issue, and, admittedly, “federal law
appears to be deficient on the right to indemnity in §1983 actions.” Simonson,
2019 WL 6715789, at *6 (citing Bank, 991 F.Supp.2d at 532). Federal law
emanating deficient on this issue, the court would have to turn to
Pennsylvania law to determine whether it would supply a right to contractual
indemnity in this case and, if so, whether allowing such a claim on these facts
would be “consistent with the Constitution and federal law.” Bank, 991
F.Supp.2d at 533 (citation omitted). The parties do not address either of
these nontrivial issues.4 At bottom, County Defendants, as the moving
parties, have not supplied adequate grounds for dismissal of CCI’s claim.
4 Dismissal may have been appropriate at this stage if it were clear
Pennsylvania provided no such right to indemnity; however, it appears that
“[u]nder Pennsylvania law, indemnity is available [] (1) where there is an
express contract to indemnify, or (2) where the party seeking indemnity is
vicariously or secondarily liable for the indemnitor's acts.” Bank, 991
F.Supp.2d at 537 (citation omitted). Thus, it is not clear at this stage whether
CCI Defendants have failed to state a claim for contractual indemnity.
Thus, from a legal standpoint, dismissal as a matter of law would be
inappropriate at this stage of the proceedings.5
And thus, the court will adopt Judge Arbuckle’s finding with regard to
the failure of CCI Defendants’ contribution claim for Plaintiffs §1983 claims,
but the court will not adopt the report with regard to contractual
indemnification for Plaintiff’s §1983 claims. The court will deny County
Defendants’ motion to dismiss CCI’s contractual indemnification claim, at this
stage of the proceedings, to the extent CCI Defendants seek indemnification
for the County Defendants’ alleged civil rights violations pursuant to a
contractual indemnity provision.
B. Contractual indemnification for negligence barred by PSTCA
Next, Judge Arbuckle found that the Pennsylvania Political Subdivision
Tort Claims Act (PSTCA) bars CCI Defendants’ claim for indemnification
against Lackawanna County for Plaintiff’s negligence claims. That act
5 Further factual development—unfit for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss—is also necessary if County Defendants would have this court
dismiss CCI Defendants’ contractual indemnity claim as a matter of law. At
the very least, the precise nature and operation of the indemnity agreement
between CCI and the County (i.e., what exactly did the County agree to
indemnify CCI for and how would that indemnification apply, or not, in this
context?) needs to be further developed to address the issue of whether,
assuming indemnification is allowed for §1983 claims, a right to
indemnification in this case would be inconsistent with the Constitution or
federal law.
provides immunity from tort liability for government bodies and their
employees unless their actions fall within certain enumerated categories of
negligence not relevant here. See 42 Pa.C.S. §8541, et seq. In finding for
the County, Judge Arbuckle relied on Cromo v. SSC Caraopolic Operating
Company, LP, which held that a Pennsylvania local agency could not waive
its local immunity to tort liability under the PSTCA by means of a contractual
indemnity provision. Cromo v. SSC Coraopolis Operating Co., LP, No. CV
17-1625, 2018 WL 4403522, at *4 (W.D. Pa. Apr. 17, 2018), report and
recommendation adopted, No. CV 17-1625, 2018 WL 4376808 (W.D. Pa.
Sept. 13, 2018). Accordingly, Judge Arbuckle found Lackawanna County
was likewise shielded from tort liability notwithstanding an indemnity
provision in its contract with CCI Defendants. CCI Defendants object to this
finding, arguing Cromo is factually distinguishable, non-binding authority that
cites to exclusively non-binding authority. (Doc. 111 at 16–17).
The court finds no error in Judge Arbuckle’s reliance on Cromo as
persuasive authority. Cromo is factually similar to this case, and Judge
Arbuckle did not err in adopting the reasoning therein. As Judge Arbuckle
explained:
In Cromo, a Community College of Beaver County nursing
student was placed at West Hills Nursing Home pursuant to an
Educational Training Program agreement between West Hills
and the Community College. While working at West Hills, the
student tripped over a bed alarm cord and sustained numerous
injuries. The student sued West Hills. West Hills attempted to
assert a contribution claim against the Community College by
filing a third party complaint. Like in this case, the Community
College argued the third party complaint should be dismissed
because it was immune under the PSTCA. Also like this case,
West Hills sought indemnification based on the Community
College’s breach of a contractual agreement and not for its
actions in tort.
(Doc. 110 at 14). Moreover, the court in Cromo faced the same issue
presented here: “whether a local agency can be held liable, pursuant to an
indemnity agreement with another party, when that party is sued by a plaintiff
for a claim arising in tort,” Cromo, 2018 WL 4376808, at *4; and pursuant to
the PSTCA, the Cromo court found it could not. The court detects no error in
Judge Arbuckle’s reliance on Cromo as persuasive authority nor in his
deciding the substantially similar issue in this case in accordance therewith;
thus, the court will overrule CCI Defendants’ objection and adopt this section
of the report.6
6 CCI Defendants mistakenly assert there is “a key factual difference”
between Cromo and this case—namely, the contract in Cromo did not
contain an “express indemnity provision, but rather the contract merely
stated that “West Hills will not be responsible for injuries sustained by a
nursing student of CCBS.” (Doc. 111 at 17). However, the Cromo contract
did contain an indemnity provision. (See Doc. 110 at 14 n.19) (citing Cromo,
2018 WL 4403522, at *1) (Under the Educational Training Program
Agreement between West Hills and the Community College, “West Hills will
not be responsible for any damages claimed by any nursing students at
CCBC and that the parties agree to indemnify each other against any claims,
(footnote continued on next page)
C. Contribution against county employees barred by PSTCA
Lastly, Judge Arbuckle found the PSTCA barred CCI Defendants’
claim for contribution against the Lackawanna County employees who enjoy
the same immunity under the PSTCA as Lackawanna County unless their
conduct rises to the level of “willful misconduct” or “actual malice.” Judge
Arbuckle explained, “The CCI Defendants do not suggest that the conduct
complained of was willful or amounts to actual malice,” (Doc. 110 at 18), and
thus recommended dismissal. CCI Defendants object to this finding, arguing
Judge Arbuckle failed to consider Plaintiff’s allegations relating to actual
malice or willful misconduct against the county employees which CCI
Defendants incorporated by reference into their third-party complaint. (Doc.
111).
The court again detects no error in Judge Arbuckle’s analysis. Judge
Arbuckle correctly noted that “CCI Defendants seek contribution for the
remaining negligence claims” (Doc. 110 at 18) (emphasis added)—i.e., since
the only remaining claims against CCI Defendants sound in negligence, and
costs, actions, suits, judgments, damages, liabilities, losses or expenses
incurred as a consequence of any act or omission by the party from whom
indemnification is sought.”).
since the Third Circuit has explained “‘[w]illful misconduct’ in [the PSTCA]
context has the same meaning as the term ‘intentional tort[,]’” Bright v.
Westmoreland Cnty., 443 F.3d 276, 287 (3d Cir. 2006) (citation omitted), CCI
Defendants’ contribution claims against the county employees are barred by
the PSTCA. As pleaded in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint, the conduct upon
which Plaintiff’s negligence claim in Counts IV rests is the “medical
negligence” of CCI Defendants. (Doc. 35). Moreover, the paragraphs of
Plaintiff’s complaint cited by CCI Defendants—construed with the whole of
Plaintiff’s complaint and CCI Defendants’ third-party complaint—do not
plausibly allege “willful misconduct,” which, according to the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court, “is a demanding level of fault” defined as “conduct whereby
the actor desired to bring about the result that followed or at least was aware
that it was substantially certain to follow, so that such desire can be implied.”
Sanford v. Stiles, 456 F.3d 298, 315 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting Renk v. City of
Pittsburgh, 537 Pa. 68, 641 A.2d 289, 293 (1994)).
Therefore, the court agrees with Judge Arbuckle’s finding that CCI
Defendants’ attempt to circumvent the PSTCA and hold the county
employees liable for negligence via contribution fails, and the court will adopt
this section of the report.
III. CONCLUSION
The court has reviewed the entirety of Judge Arbuckle’s report
recommending the court grant County Defendants’ motion to dismiss. As
explained above, the court agrees with the sound reasoning of Judge
Arbuckle that led him to his conclusions in the report, except with regard to
his recommendation of dismissal of CCI Defendants’ claim for contractual
indemnity for Plaintiff’s civil rights claims. The court will thus ADOPT in part
and NOT ADOPT in part the report, and GRANT in part and DENY in part
County Defendants’ motion to dismiss. An appropriate order will issue.
S/ Malachy E. Mannion
MALACHY E. MANNION
United States District Judge
DATE: March 29, 2023
19-1101-02