The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
TASHAWN HUNTER, et al.,
Plaintiffs, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:22-CV-01023
v. (MEHALCHICK, M.J.)
ERIC WILLIAMS, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
Presently before the Court is a motion to appoint counsel and two amended
complaints filed by pro se prisoner-Plaintiff Tashawn Hunter (“Hunter”), a prisoner
incarcerated in the Monroe County Jail in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. (Doc. 7; Doc. 9; Doc.
10). Plaintiffs Tashawn Hunter and Madenah C. Morillo (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) initiated
this civil rights action by filing a complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 against Defendants
Lehigh Valley Mount Pocono Hospital, Doctor Sunny M. Kar, Security Kellie A. Lemley,
and RN Katherine A. Kumi-Atiemo (collectively, “Medical Defendants”) on June 30, 2022,
asserting claims of medical negligence. (Doc. 1). Plaintiff Hunter filed two motions for leave
to proceed in forma pauperis on June 30, 2022, and August 26, 2022, respectively.1 (Doc. 2;
Doc. 8). On August 26, 2022, Hunter filed a motion to appoint counsel and two amended
complaints.2 (Doc. 7; Doc. 9; Doc 10).
1 The Court shall address the motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis in a separate
Order. (Doc. 2; Doc. 8).
2 Liberally construing the amended complaints, it appears that these pro se filings
attempt to reallege claims brought in the original complaint and to bring new claims against
new Defendants East Stroudsburg police officers Ralphie Ortega, Christopher Washo, Robert
Eberle, Charles Brown, Steven Cohen, and Ralph Overpeck (collectively, “Police Officer
Defendants”). (Doc. 9, at 1-3). As such, the Court will address these amended complaints
The Court has conducted its statutorily-mandated screening of the amended
complaints in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). For the reasons
provided herein, the Court finds that the amended complaints fail to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted and grants Plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint. (Doc. 9;
Doc. 10). In addition, the motion to appoint counsel shall be denied. (Doc. 7).
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs, proceeding pro se, initiated the instant action on June 30, 2022, by filing the
original complaint against Medical Defendants. (Doc. 1). On the same day, Plaintiff Hunter
filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, which was not accompanied by a copy
of his Prisoner Trust Fund Account statement. (Doc. 2). The original complaint alleges “[o]n
May 18, 2021, Plaintiffs were given medications intoxicating them with a lack of consent from
Plaintiffs,” and were “stripped of their belong[ings] without consent or being returned, also
denied parental rights and violated Plaintiffs’ right to privacy.” (Doc. 1, at 2-3). In addition,
the complaint contends “Plaintiffs were injured due to the carelessness and negligence in
mis[s] diagnosing patient’s defect/illness. Same day was also false[ly] imprisoned due to
Hospital Staff calling police and having Tashawn K. Hunter arrested.” (Doc. 1, at 3). Plaintiffs
do not request any specific relief, instead alleging they “suffered a loss, and it seems fair that
the careless tortfeasors whose negligence caused the harm should bear the burden of that
loss.” (Doc. 1, at 3). On August 5, 2022, the Court issued a thirty (30) day Administrative
Order, requiring each Plaintiff to file a completed and signed application to proceed in forma
pauperis, or pay the full filing fee of $402.00, on or before September 6, 2022. (Doc. 6). On
collectively pursuant to its statutorily-mandated screening function in accordance with 28
U.S.C. § 1915A and 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
August 26, 2022, Plaintiff Hunter filed a renewed certified motion for leave to proceed in
forma pauperis, as well as an uncertified copy of his Prisoner Trust Fund Account Statement.
(Doc. 8; Doc. 11). On the same day, Plaintiffs filed a motion to appoint counsel and two
amended complaints. (Doc. 7; Doc. 9; Doc. 10).
The matter is now before the Court pursuant to its statutory obligation under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915A and 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) to screen the amended complaints and dismiss them if
they fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the Court is obligated, prior to service of process, to screen
a civil amended complaint in which a prisoner seeks redress from a governmental entity or
officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a); James v. Pa. Dep't of Corr.,
230 Fed. App’x 195, 197 (3d Cir. 2007) (not precedential). The Court must dismiss the
amended complaint if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 28 U.S.C. §
1915A(b)(1); Mitchell v. Dodrill, 696 F. Supp. 2d 454, 471 (M.D. Pa. 2010). The Court has a
similar obligation with respect to actions brought in forma pauperis. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
In this case, because Hunter is a prisoner suing a governmental employee and brings his suit in
forma pauperis, both provisions apply. In performing this mandatory screening function, a
district court applies the same standard applied to motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Mitchell, 696 F. Supp. 2d at 471; Banks v. Cty. of
Allegheny, 568 F. Supp. 2d 579, 588 (W.D. Pa. 2008).
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes a defendant to move
to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). To assess the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must first
take note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim, then identify mere conclusions
which are not entitled to the assumption of truth, and finally determine whether the
complaint’s factual allegations, taken as true, could plausibly satisfy the elements of the legal
claim. Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 221 (3d Cir. 2011). In deciding a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, the court may consider the facts alleged on the face of the amended
complaint, as well as “documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters
of which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S.
308, 322 (2007).
After recognizing the required elements which make up the legal claim, a court should
“begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not
entitled to the assumption of truth.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). The plaintiff
must provide some factual ground for relief, which “requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell
Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). “[T]hreadbare recitals of the elements of
a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678. Thus, courts “need not credit a complaint’s ‘bald assertions’ or ‘legal
conclusions’ . . . .” Morse v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 132 F.3d 902, 906 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting
In re Burlington Coat Factory Securities Litigation, 114 F.3d 1410, 1429-30 (3d Cir. 1997)). Nor
need the court assume that a plaintiff can prove facts that the plaintiff has not
alleged. Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal. v. California State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519,
526 (1983).
A court must then determine whether the well-pleaded factual allegations give rise to
a plausible claim for relief. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Palakovic v. Wetzel, 854 F.3d 209, 219-20 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Sheridan v. NGK Metals
Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 262 n.27 (3d Cir. 2010). The court must accept as true all allegations in
the amended complaint, and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom are to be
construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O’Brien &
Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1261 (3d Cir. 1994). This “presumption of truth attaches only to those
allegations for which there is sufficient factual matter to render them plausible on their face.”
Schuchardt v. President of the United States, 839 F.3d 336, 347 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation
and citation omitted). The plausibility determination is context-specific and does not impose
a heightened pleading requirement. Schuchardt, 839 F.3d at 347.
Additionally, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Thus, a well-pleaded
complaint must recite factual allegations sufficient to raise the plaintiff’s claimed right to relief
beyond the level of mere speculation, set forth in a “short and plain” statement of a cause of
action. There is no requirement that the pleading be specific or probable. Schuchardt, 839 F.3d
at 347 (citing Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d at 224, 233-234 (3d Cir. 2008). Rule 8(a)
requires a “showing that ‘the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair
notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. Pardus, 551
U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)); see also Phillips, 515 F.3d at 233 (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545).
With the aforementioned standards in mind, a document filed pro se is “to be liberally
construed.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). A pro se complaint, “however inartfully
pleaded,” must be held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”
and can only be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it appears beyond doubt that the
plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to
relief. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21 (1972). Further, the Third Circuit has instructed
that if a complaint is vulnerable to dismissal for failure to state a claim, the district court must
permit a curative amendment, unless an amendment would be inequitable or futile. Grayson
v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002).
III. DISCUSSION
A. AMENDED COMPLAINTS
At the onset, Plaintiffs do not allege facts which can be reasonably inferred that the
Court has subject-matter jurisdiction. “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.”
Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). “[T]hey have only the
power that is authorized by Article III of the Constitution and the statutes enacted by
Congress pursuant thereto.” Bender v. Williamsport Area School Dist., 475 U.S. 534, 541 (1986).
“Subject-matter jurisdiction can never be waived or forfeited.” Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S.
134, 141 (2012). The court has an obligation to satisfy itself that it has subject-matter
jurisdiction and the court may raise the issue sua sponte. Nesbit v. Gears Unlimited, Inc., 347 F.3d
72, 77–78 (3d Cir. 2003). “If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
Plaintiffs appear to have filed the original complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
(Doc. 1, at 1). The Court has federal question jurisdiction over “civil actions arising under the
Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. However, as noted
supra, Plaintiffs did not plead any facts from which it can reasonably be inferred that they are
raising a claim under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. (Doc. 1, at 1-3).
Therefore, the Court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ original
complaint. (Doc. 1, at 1-3).
In the amended complaints, Plaintiffs assert claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
(Doc. 9; Doc. 10). “Section 1983 imposes civil liability upon any person who, acting under
the color of state law, deprives another individual of any rights, privileges, or immunities
secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States.” Shuman v. Penn Manor School Dist.,
422 F.3d 141, 146 (3d Cir. 2005). Section 1983 “does not create any new substantive rights
but instead provides a remedy for the violation of a federal constitutional or statutory right.”
Shuman, 422 F.3d at 146. Section 1983 requires “‘both a deprivation of a federally protected
right and that this deprivation was committed by one acting under color of state law.’”
Woloszyn v. County of Lawrence, 396 F.3d 314, 319 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Lake v. Arnold, 112
F.3d 682, 689 (3d Cir. 1997)).
In the first amended complaint, Plaintiffs assert new claims against Police Officer
Defendants, simply stating:
On May 18th 2021[, Police Officer Defendants] assaulted plaintiff by the assist
of excessive use of force to effectuate and unlawful arrest/false imprisonment
by arresting plaintiff for criminal trespassing at Lehigh Valley Pocono Hospital
on May 18th 2021 around 1:00am after bring told to leave Hospital by
defendants. Plaintiff told defendants “fuck you” and attempted to walk around
defendants causing injury to plaintiff from the force used in retaliation of speech
and to arrest unlawfully.
(Doc. 9, at 3-4).
As relief, Plaintiffs request an award of five million dollars. (Doc. 9, at 4). While Plaintiffs do
not allege that Police Officer Defendants were acting under color of state law, it may
reasonably be inferred that Police Officer Defendants were acting under color of law.
However, Plaintiffs do not state whether the claims are being brought pursuant to the
Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. (Doc. 9, at 1-4). Therefore, the Court may
have subject-matter jurisdiction over the first amended complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983, though it does not claim which rights Plaintiffs are seeking to protect. (Doc. 9).
In the second amended complaint, Plaintiffs reallege claims against Medical
Defendants, stating:
On May 18th 2021 at Lehigh Valley Hospital-Pocono[,] Nurse Katherine Kumi
Atiemo injected plaintiff with pain killer medication around 12:30am without
consent and refused to tell me the location of my daughter when asked. Her
and defendant Michelle Benati called security around 1:00am and told them
I’m being aggressive and that they was in fear for other patients safety. Doctor
Sunny M. Kar was the admission provider with a lack of consent to treatment.
Security was called as a result of this I was arrested for criminal trespass and
further injured from force used to arrest.
(Doc. 10, at 3).
For relief, Plaintiffs again request an award of five million dollars. (Doc. 10, at 3). Plaintiffs
have not alleged any facts from which it can be reasonably inferred that Medical Defendants
were acting under color of law, nor have Plaintiffs plead any facts from which it can
reasonably be inferred that they are raising a claim under the Constitution, laws, or treaties
of the United States. (Doc. 10, at 1-3). Accordingly, the Court does not have jurisdiction over
the second amended complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. 10).
Nevertheless, the amended complaints fail to comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure. As discussed supra, Rule 8(a)(2) requires that a complaint contain “a short
and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 8(a)(2). Here, even when liberally construed as is necessary for pro se complaints, Plaintiffs
fail to simply, concisely, and directly allege what his claims are and do not provide fair notice
of the grounds on which his intended claims rest. See Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93. In the amended
complaints, there is no allegation of how Medical Defendants’ or Police Officer Defendants’
actions violated each Plaintiffs’ individual rights or which rights Defendants specifically
violated. (Doc. 21, at 1-2; Doc. 22, at 1-2; Doc. 23, at 1-2). Additionally, Plaintiffs only allege
facts involving Defendants Kumi-Atiemo, Benati, and Kar. (Doc. 10, at 3). Plaintiffs do not
allege facts involving any other Defendant, nor do the amended complaints state how each
Defendant is personally involved in the alleged wrongdoings. (Doc. 9, at 1-4; Doc. 10, at 1-
3).
Plaintiffs also run afoul of Rule 8(a)(2)’s basic tenant that the “‘plain statement’ [must]
possess enough heft to ‘sho[w] that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at
545; see also Cooper v. Link, No. 18-CV-4481, 2018 WL 6528170, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 12, 2018)
(“[Plaintiff] cannot move forward on his complaint as pled because it is not clear what each
Defendant did to violate his rights.”). Thus, in its current form, the amended complaints
would not provide any meaningful opportunity for Medical Defendants or Police Officer
Defendants to decipher or answer the vague allegations levied against them. See Twombly, 550
U.S. at 555. As such, Plaintiffs’ amended complaints are subject to dismissal in their entirety
for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (Doc. 9; Doc. 10).
B. MOTION TO APPOINT COUNSEL
Although prisoners have no constitutional or statutory right to appointment of counsel
in a civil case, the Court has the discretion to request “an attorney to represent any person
unable to afford counsel.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); see Parham v. Johnson, 126 F.3d 454, 456-57
(3d Cir. 1997); see also Montgomery v. Pinchak, 294 F.3d 492, 499 (3d Cir. 2002); Tabron v. Grace,
6 F.3d 147, 153 (3d Cir. 1993). Under § 1915(e)(1), the “court may request an attorney to
represent any person unable to employ counsel.” The district court's appointment of counsel
is discretionary and must be made on a case-by-case basis. Tabron, 6 F.3d at 157-58.
Appointment of counsel for an indigent litigant should be made when circumstances
indicate “the likelihood of substantial prejudice to him resulting, for example, from his
probable inability without such assistance to present the facts and legal issues to the court in
a complex but arguably meritorious case.” Smith-Bey v. Petsock, 741 F.2d 22, 26 (3d Cir. 1984).
The initial determination to be made by the court in evaluating the expenditure of the
“precious commodity” of volunteer counsel is whether the plaintiff’s case has some arguable
merit in fact and law. Montgomery, 294 F.3d at 499. If a plaintiff overcomes this threshold
hurdle, other factors to be examined are:
(1) the plaintiff’s ability to present his or her own case; (2) the difficulty of the
particular legal issues; (3) the degree to which factual investigation will be
necessary and the ability of the claimant to pursue investigation; (4) the
plaintiff’s capacity to retain counsel on his or her own behalf; (5) the extent to
which the case is likely to turn on credibility determinations; and (6) whether
the case will require testimony from expert witnesses.
Montgomery, 294 F.3d at 499 (citing Tabron, 6 F.3d at 155-57).
Additionally, another practical consideration must be taken into account when considering a
motion for appointment of counsel. As the Third Circuit has observed:
[W]e must take note of the significant practical restraints on the district courts’
ability to appoint counsel: the ever-growing number of prisoner civil rights
actions filed each year in the federal courts; the lack of funding to pay appointed
counsel; and the limited supply of competent lawyers who are willing to
undertake such representation without compensation. We have no doubt that
there are many cases in which district courts seek to appoint counsel but there
is simply none willing to accept appointment. It is difficult to fault a district
court that denies a request for appointment under such circumstances.
Tabron, 6 F.3d at 157.
Here, Plaintiff Hunter asserts that appointment of counsel is necessary because: (1) he
is unable to afford counsel; (2) his imprisonment will greatly limit his ability to litigate as the
issues involved in this case are complex and will require significant research and investigation;
(3) he does not have meaningful access to the Monroe County Jail’s law library; and (4) he
has not been able to retain counsel despite contacting three separate attorneys. (Doc. 7, at 1).
On the record presently before the Court, application of the Tabron factors weighs in favor of
denying Hunter’s application for appointment of counsel at this time.
In evaluating this first factor, courts should consider “the plaintiff's education, literacy,
prior work experience, and prior litigation experience . . . plaintiff's ability to understand
English . . . or, if the plaintiff is a prisoner, the restraints placed upon him or her by
confinement.” Tabron, 6 F.3d at 156. Hunter has thus far demonstrated an ability to
adequately litigate this case, as he filed the complaint, two motions for leave to proceed in
forma pauperis, the motion to appoint counsel, and two amended complaints. (Doc. 1; Doc. 2
Doc. 7; Doc. 8; Doc. 9; Doc. 10); see Montgomery, 294 F.3d at 499. Hunter “has shown he
sufficiently understands court procedure” and has the apparent ability to comprehend the
legal issues and litigate this action thus far. Daughtry v. Kauffman, et al., No. 3:17-CV-0442,
2019 WL 118600, at *4 (M.D. PA. Jan. 7, 2019). However, Hunter’s limited law library access
slightly tips the balance in his favor for the first Tabron factor. See 6 F.3d at 156. In addition,
the fourth Tabron factor, Hunter’s ability to retain counsel on his own, also weighs in favor of
granting the motion because Hunter’s in forma pauperis status demonstrates that he is unable
to afford an attorney. (Doc. 4); see Tabron, 6 F.3d at 156.
However, the remaining Tabron factors weigh against appointing counsel. There is no
indication that Hunter is unable to present his case and the legal issues do not appear to be
particularly difficult or complex. (Doc. 1; Doc. 9; Doc. 10). Because “most of” the Tabron
factors have not been met at this time, coupled with this Court’s duty to construe pro se
pleadings liberally, Hunter’s claims weigh against the appointment of counsel. See Haines v.
Kerner, 404 U.S. 519 (1972); see also Daughtry, 2019 WL 118600, at *5 (citation omitted)
(denied motion to appoint counsel where plaintiff successfully presented arguments, obtained
relevant records to support his claims, and independently attempted to obtain counsel without
success). Accordingly, Hunter’s motion to appoint counsel is denied. (Doc. 7).
C. LEAVE TO AMEND
The Court recognizes that pro se plaintiffs often should be afforded an opportunity to
amend a complaint before the complaint is dismissed with prejudice, unless granting further
leave to amend would be futile or result in undue delay. Alston v. Parker, 363 F.3d 229, 235-
36 (3d Cir. 2004); see Fletcher–Harlee Corp. v. Pote Concrete Contractors, Inc., 482 F.3d 247, 253
(3d Cir. 2007). As the amended complaints in their current form do not clearly set forth any
claims against Medical Defendants or Police Officer Defendants, dismissal is warranted.
However, so as to preserve Plaintiffs’ rights as pro se litigants, the Court will allow them to file
a final, unified, legible second amended complaint setting forth their factual allegations and
legal claims in a manner that can be reviewed by the Court and, if necessary, answered by
Defendants.
Plaintiffs are advised that the second amended complaint must be a pleading that
stands by itself without reference to the original or amended complaints. Young v. Keohane,
809 F. Supp. 1185, 1198 (M.D. Pa. 1992) (emphasis added). The second amended complaint
must also establish the existence of specific actions taken by Defendants which have resulted
in identifiable constitutional violations, to the extent Plaintiffs intend to bring a civil rights
action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Further, Plaintiffs are cautioned that they must comply with
Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and establish at least a modicum of factual
specificity regarding the claims they intend to assert and the factual grounds upon which they
rest. The second amended complaint should also be limited to those claims that arise out of
the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences as averred in the
original complaint. Failure to file a second amended complaint in accordance with the
aforementioned requirements may result in the dismissal of this action in its entirety.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing reasons, Hunter’s motion to appoint counsel is DENIED
without prejudice. (Doc. 7). In addition, Plaintiffs’ amended complaints are DISMISSED
without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and § 1915A(b)(1). (Doc. 9; Doc.
10). The Court grants Plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint within thirty (30)
days from the date of the Order filed concurrently with this Memorandum Opinion, on or
before Wednesday, October 12, 2022.
An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
Dated: September 12, 2022 s/ Karoline Mehalchick
KAROLINE MEHALCHICK
Chief United States Magistrate Judge