Dukes v. Brittain

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

JAMES DUKES, No. 1:21-CV-00037

Plaintiff, (Chief Judge Brann)

v.

SUPERINTENDENT BRITTAIN, et

al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

MAY 3, 2022

Plaintiff James Dukes filed this pro se Section 19831 action, asserting

constitutional tort claims against numerous prison officials at the State

Correctional Institution in Frackville, Pennsylvania (SCI Frackville). Presently

pending is Defendants’ motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 56. For following reasons, the Court will grant Defendants’ Rule

56 motion in its entirety.

1 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983 creates a private cause of action to redress constitutional

wrongs committed by state officials. The statute is not a source of substantive rights; it serves

as a mechanism for vindicating rights otherwise protected by federal law. See Gonzaga Univ.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND2

The facts underlying the claims in this case are largely undisputed. At all

relevant times, Dukes was incarcerated at SCI Frackville and housed in either the

Restricted Housing Unit (RHU) or a Psychiatric Observational Cell (POC).3

Dukes previously filed a different Section 1983 lawsuit in this Court for an

unrelated 2019 incident involving a fall from a bunk at SCI Frackville.4 That suit

was filed against six SCI Frackville prison officials—none of whom are named in

the instant lawsuit—and is still ongoing.5

The claims in the instant case involve events that occurred at SCI Frackville

from May 26 to May 28, 2020.6 Around 3:00 p.m. on May 26, 2020, Dukes

covered the door to his RHU cell and refused to respond to orders given by

2 Local Rule of Court 56.1 requires that a motion for summary judgment be supported “by a

separate, short, and concise statement of the material facts, in numbered paragraphs, as to

which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue to be tried.” LOCAL RULE OF COURT

56.1. A party opposing a motion for summary judgment must file a separate statement of

material facts, responding to the numbered paragraphs set forth in the moving party’s statement

and identifying genuine issues to be tried. Id. Defendants filed their statement of material

facts, Doc. 50, but instead of responding to that statement, Dukes filed his own independent

statement of material facts, see Doc. 55. Dukes’ filing is not permitted by Local Rule 56.1.

See Barber v. Subway, 131 F. Supp. 3d 321, 322 n.1 (M.D. Pa. 2015) (explaining that separate,

nonresponsive statement of facts by nonmovant is “neither contemplated nor permitted by the

Local Rules”). Accordingly, Defendants’ statement of material facts, Doc. 50, will be

considered admitted unless clearly contradicted by the record. See LOCAL RULE OF COURT

56.1.

3 Doc. 50 ¶ 5.

4 Id. ¶¶ 2-3; Dukes v. Mohl, No. 1:20-CV-315, Doc. 1 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 24, 2020).

5 See Doc. 50 ¶¶ 2, 4, 39. In his amended complaint in Dukes v. Mohl, Dukes names SCI

Frackville correctional officers Brian Mohl, David Kraynack, Christopher Lyons, and Jeffrey

Tedesco. Dukes v. Mohl, No. 1:20-CV-315, Doc. 38 ¶¶ 2-6 (M.D. Pa. July 13, 2020). Dukes

then filed a second amended complaint, adding SCI Frackville correctional officers “Testen”

and “Captain Albert.” Dukes v. Mohl, 1:20-CV-315, Doc. 77 ¶¶ 2-3.

correctional staff to uncover his door.7 Dukes was forcibly removed from his RHU

cell but several hours later was returned to the same cell, where he informed staff

that he was suicidal and—using his inmate jumpsuit as a makeshift noose—

threatened to hang himself.8 Dukes was again removed from his RHU cell and this

time was taken to the Behavioral Management Unit (BMU).9

Because Dukes had expressed suicidal ideations and exhibited intent to

commit self-harm, he was placed in an intermediate restraint system inside of a

POC cell.10 Dukes spent the night of May 26 in the POC cell with a bedding-

materials restriction in place.11 The following day, correctional staff removed the

restraint system and returned Dukes to his RHU cell.12 However, due to the events

of the previous day, the bedding-materials restriction that had been implemented

by prison officials remained in place.13

The crux of the parties’ factual dispute involves the events of May 27, 2020.

According to Dukes, when he was returned to his RHU cell that afternoon, there

was no mattress on his bunk.14 Dukes attests that he repeatedly summoned

defendant correctional officers Storm, Morris, and Kimmel to his cell and asked

7 Id. ¶ 6.

8 Id. ¶¶ 7-9.

9 Id. ¶¶ 9-10.

10 Id. ¶ 12.

11 Id. ¶¶ 15-16.

12 Doc. 50 ¶ 19.

13 Id. ¶¶ 16, 20.

them for a mattress, but that his requests were either ignored or denied.15 Later

that evening, he again asked Morris for a mattress and, shortly after 9:00 p.m.,

Morris and defendant Lieutenant Simpson came to his cell.16 Dukes avers that

Simpson gave him a “smock blanket” and told him “this is all you get.”17 Dukes

maintains that he refused the smock blanket and told Simpson that he wanted a

mattress, which request was again denied.18 Defendants contend that, contrary to

Dukes’ claims, he was offered a mattress “several times” on May 27 and refused

those offers.19

Nevertheless, it is undisputed that Dukes spent the night of May 27 without

a mattress and slept on a bare metal bunk.20 The following day, Dukes spoke with

defendants Superintendent Kathy Brittain, Deputy Michael Gourley, Deputy

Nathan Wynder, Unit Manager Styka, Lieutenant Connolly, and Psychological

Services Specialist Smith21 during their weekly RHU rounds about not having a

mattress the previous night and also showed them his empty bunk.22

He further attests that he spoke with Simpson, Kimmel, Morris, and

defendant Sergeant Taylor on May 28 and repeatedly requested a mattress but was

15 Id. at 3-4 ¶¶ 9-11.

16 Id. at 3-4 ¶¶ 10-11.

17 Id. at 4 ¶ 11.

18 Id.

19 Doc. 50 ¶ 22 (citing Doc. 50-1 at 197-213).

20 Id. ¶ 23; Doc. 54-1 at 4 ¶ 12.

21 See Doc. 50-1, Exhibit A pp. 1-83, 8/27/21 Dukes Deposition 8:2-6 [hereinafter “Dukes Dep.”]

(providing Defendants’ names).

22 Doc. 50 ¶¶ 24-25; Doc. 54-1 at 4-5 ¶ 16(a). Two of Dukes’ paragraphs in his declaration are

ignored.23 Around 10:00 p.m. that evening, Dukes claims that Taylor informed

him that they were going to give him a mattress, T-shirt, and blanket, but later

returned and told him that Simpson had ordered Taylor not to “give [Dukes]

anything.”24 According to Dukes, when faced with the likelihood of spending

another night on a bare metal bunk, he decided to voice suicidal ideations so that

he could be moved to a different cell.25 He also asserts that he forced correctional

officers to “suit” up and use pepper spray so that he could get the condition of his

RHU cell documented on video.26

Dukes filed suit in January 2021, alleging retaliation in violation of the First

Amendment, unconstitutional conditions of confinement in contravention of the

Eighth Amendment, and a claim invoking the Americans with Disabilities Act

(ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.27 Dukes names as defendants eleven different

prison officials at SCI Frackville: Brittain, Gourley, Wynder, Simpson, Taylor,

Morris, Kimmel, Storm, Smith, Connolly, and Styka.28 Defendants move for

23 Doc. 54-1 at 5 ¶ 17.

24 Id. ¶¶ 18-19.

25 Id. ¶ 20; Doc. 50 ¶ 27.

26 Doc. 54-1 at 5-6 ¶ 21.

27 Doc. 1 ¶¶ 39-41. Although Dukes describes his Eighth Amendment claim as both (1) cruel

and unusual punishment for denying him “a basic human need” and (2) “failing to protect” him

from “the violation of [his] constitutional rights,” id. ¶ 39, Dukes’ Eighth Amendment

allegations regarding lack of a mattress sound in conditions of confinement, not failure to

protect. This interpretation is confirmed by Dukes’ summary judgment briefing, where he

discusses only a conditions-of-confinement claim and related case law. See Doc. 55 at 6-8.

summary judgment on all claims against them.29 Their Rule 56 motion is fully

briefed and ripe for disposition.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“One of the principal purposes of the summary judgment rule is to isolate

and dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses.”30 Summary judgment is

appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”31 Material

facts are those “that could alter the outcome” of the litigation, and “disputes are

‘genuine’ if evidence exists from which a rational person could conclude that the

position of the person with the burden of proof on the disputed issue is correct.”32

At the Rule 56 stage, the Court’s function is not to “weigh the evidence and

determine the truth of the matter” but rather “to determine whether there is a

genuine issue for trial.”33 The Court must view the facts and evidence presented

“in the light most favorable to the non-moving party” and must “draw all

reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.”34 This evidence, however, must be

adequate—as a matter of law—to sustain a judgment in favor of the nonmoving

29 Doc. 49.

30 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986).

31 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).

32 EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Sys., Inc., 618 F.3d 253, 262 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Clark v. Modern

Grp. Ltd., 9 F.3d 321, 326 (3d Cir. 1993)).

33 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986).

party on the claim or claims at issue.35 A “scintilla of evidence” supporting the

nonmovant’s position is insufficient; “there must be evidence on which the jury

could reasonably find for the [nonmovant].”36 Succinctly stated, summary

judgment is “put up or shut up time” for the nonmoving party.37

III. DISCUSSION

Dukes alleges First and Eighth Amendment infringements. He also attempts

to raise a claim under the ADA. Careful examination of Dukes’ claims and the

record in this case establishes that none of those claims can survive Rule 56

scrutiny.

A. First Amendment Retaliation

Although a prisoner’s constitutional rights are necessarily circumscribed, an

inmate still retains First Amendment protections when they are “not inconsistent”

with prisoner status or with the “legitimate penological objectives of the

corrections system.”38 To establish a First Amendment retaliation claim, a prisoner

must show that (1) “he was engaged in constitutionally protected conduct,” (2) he

suffered an “adverse action” by prison officials sufficient to deter a person of

35 Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 250-57; Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475

U.S. 574, 587-89 (1986).

36 Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 192 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Liberty Lobby, 477

U.S. at 252) (alteration in original).

37 Daubert v. NRA Grp., LLC, 861 F.3d 382, 391 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Berkeley Inv. Grp.

v. Colkitt, 455 F.3d 195, 201 (3d Cir. 2006)).

38 Wisniewski v. Fisher, 857 F.3d 152, 156 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Newman v. Beard, 617 F.3d

ordinary firmness from exercising his First Amendment rights, and (3) the inmate’s

protected conduct was a “substantial or motivating factor” in the prison officials’

decision to take the adverse action.39

Defendants challenge only the third element—causation. There are a variety

of ways to prove causation for a First Amendment retaliation claim. One method

is to show “unusually suggestive” timing between the protected conduct and the

adverse action.40 When a plaintiff relies solely on circumstantial evidence of

temporal proximity at summary judgment, the time between the protected conduct

and the adverse action is often measured in days rather than weeks or months.41

However, there is no “bright line rule limiting the length of time that may pass

between a plaintiff’s protected speech and an actionable retaliatory act by a

defendant.”42 Another approach is to demonstrate “a pattern of antagonism

coupled with timing.”43 Finally, causation can be inferred “from the evidence

gleaned from the record as a whole.”44

The Court agrees with Defendants that Dukes has failed to proffer evidence

of causation for his prima facie retaliation claim. Here, temporal proximity alone

39 Id. (quoting Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333 (3d Cir. 2001)); Mitchell v. Horn, 318 F.3d

523, 530 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Rauser, 241 F.3d at 333).

40 See Lauren W. ex rel. Jean W. v. DeFlaminis, 480 F.3d 259, 267 (3d Cir. 2007).

41 See Conard v. Pa. State Police, 902 F.3d 178, 184 (3d Cir. 2018).

42 Id.

43 DeFlaminis, 480 F.3d at 267.

44 Watson v. Rozum, 834 F.3d 417, 424 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co.,

does not establish a causal connection. Dukes filed his earlier lawsuit in February

2020, and the alleged adverse action—denial of a mattress—occurred three months

later in May 2020. Without any other evidence of retaliation or antagonism, a

three-month delay between the protected conduct and the adverse action is not so

“unusually suggestive” that it would create a genuine dispute of material fact

regarding causation.45

Additionally, Dukes has not offered competent evidence that any Defendant

in this action was aware of his prior lawsuit. A plaintiff asserting retaliation “will

have to show . . . that the decision maker had knowledge of the protected

activity[.]”46 As noted above, there is no overlap of named defendants in the two

lawsuits, so none of the instant Defendants would have been served with a copy of

the February 2020 complaint. Dukes’ summary judgment filings, moreover, are

devoid of attestation or evidence that Defendants knew of his prior lawsuit.

During his deposition, Dukes made conclusory statements to the effect that the

instant Defendants “knew” about the prior lawsuit because they were on the RHU

at SCI Frackville frequently,47 but such conclusory speculation does not create a

45 LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr. Ass’n, 503 F.3d 217, 233 (3d Cir. 2007) (“Although

there is no bright line rule as to what constitutes unduly suggestive temporal proximity, a gap

of three months between the protected activity and the adverse action, without more, cannot

create an inference of causation to defeat summary judgment.”).

46 Moore v. City of Philadelphia, 461 F.3d 331, 351 (3d Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).

47 See Dukes Dep. 7:15-24, 10:18-11:5. However, Dukes also conceded that it was possible that

genuine dispute of material fact regarding knowledge of the protected conduct.48

For both of the foregoing reasons, the Court must grant Defendants’ motion for

summary judgment on Dukes’ First Amendment retaliation claim.

B. Eighth Amendment Conditions of Confinement

“[T]he Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, and prisons . . .

which house persons convicted of serious crimes[] cannot be free of discomfort.”49

Nevertheless, the state cannot subject an inmate to cruel and unusual punishment

or “inhumane treatment,” such as deprivation of “identifiable human need[s]” like

“food, warmth, or exercise.”50 To prevail on an Eighth Amendment conditions-of-

confinement claim, a plaintiff must show both objective and subjective elements.51

Objectively, the prisoner must demonstrate that “the prison official deprived the

prisoner of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities,” often referred to as

a “sufficiently serious” deprivation.52 Subjectively, the prisoner must show that

“the prison official acted with deliberate indifference” to the prisoner’s “health or

safety.”53 Deliberate indifference means that the defendant “acted or failed to act

despite having knowledge that her actions or inaction, as the case may be, would

48 See El v. SEPTA, 479 F.3d 232, 238 (3d Cir. 2007) (“The non-moving party cannot rest on

mere pleadings or allegations; rather it must point to actual evidence in the record on which a

jury could decide an issue of fact its way.”).

49 Thomas v. Tice, 948 F.3d 133, 139 (3d Cir. 2020) (second alteration in original) (quoting

Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 349 (1981)).

50 See Chavarriaga v. N.J. Dep’t of Corr., 806 F.3d 210, 226 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Wilson v.

Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 304 (1991)).

51 See id.

52 Id. (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 843 (1994); Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297).

subject the inmate to a substantial risk of serious harm.”54

Defendants’ primary argument is that, assuming Dukes was denied a

mattress for one night, such a condition does not rise to the level of an Eighth

Amendment violation. The Court is constrained to agree. Numerous district

courts and courts of appeals have held that temporary denial of a mattress, even for

multiple days and in combination with other deprivations, does not amount to a

cognizable Eighth Amendment violation.55 And Dukes does not cite a single case

to the contrary. Moreover, the duration of the deprivation is a critical factor in the

conditions-of-confinement analysis,56 and here a single night without a mattress

further undercuts Dukes’ claim that prison officials violated his Eighth

Amendment rights.

54 Id. at 227 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842).

55 See Freeman v. Miller, 615 F. App’x 72, 77-78 (3d Cir. 2015) (nonprecedential) (seven days

without mattress, shower, soap, recreation, or toilet paper due to suicide risk not

unconstitutional); Adderly v. Ferrier, 419 F. App’x 135, 139 (3d Cir. 2011) (nonprecedential)

(seven days without clothing, toiletries, mattress, and shower was harsh but not a deprivation

of life’s necessities); Stephens v. Cottey, 145 F. App’x 179, 181 (7th Cir. 2005)

(nonprecedential) (three days without a mattress and having to sleep on a metal bedframe did

not violate Eighth Amendment); Williams v. Delo, 49 F.3d 442, 444 (8th Cir. 1995) (four days

without clothing, mattress, or bedding not Eighth Amendment violation); Maldanado v. Dep’t

of Corr., No. 1:13-CV-2249, 2017 WL 3034768, at *3 (M.D. Pa. July 18, 2017) (four or five

days without mattress not a cognizable conditions-of-confinement claim); Milhouse v. Gee,

No. 1:09-CV-2134, 2011 WL 3627414, at *12 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 17, 2011) (two weeks without

a mattress did not violate Eighth Amendment); see also Coleman v. Hodges, No. 18-CV-1152,

2018 WL 6618459, at *6-7 (W.D. Pa. Nov. 30, 2018) (collecting cases regarding constitutional

rights of pretrial detainees and denial of mattress).

56 See Thomas v. Tice, 948 F.3d 133, 139 (3d Cir. 2020) (stressing that “duration” of confinement

in a dry cell was crucial consideration in Eighth Amendment conditions-of-confinement

Case law within and outside of this circuit conclusively holds that

deprivation of a mattress for a single night does not rise to the level of an Eighth

Amendment violation. So even taking Dukes’ version of events as true—that he

was denied a mattress on May 27 rather than that he refused a mattress—he cannot

succeed on his conditions-of-confinement claim. Consequently, the Court must

grant summary judgment in Defendants’ favor on Dukes’ Eighth Amendment

claim.

C. Americans with Disabilities Act Claim

Dukes’ ADA claim requires only brief discussion. He attempts to assert

personal civil liability against Defendants for alleged violations of Title II of the

ADA. But whether Dukes is attempting to sue the individual Defendants under the

ADA or through Section 1983, such a litigation tactic is foreclosed as a matter of

law. Title II of the ADA protects against discrimination by a “public entity,” not

individuals.57 Although the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit

has not directly answered the question of whether there can be individual liability

under Title II of the ADA,58 nearly all its decisions regarding personal liability

under the ADA’s various titles point toward the absence of individual liability.59

57 See 42 U.S.C § 12132.

58 See Brown v. Deparlos, 492 F. App’x 211, 215 n.2 (3d Cir. 2012) (nonprecedential) (“This

Court has yet to address individual liability under Title II of the ADA[.]”).

59 See Kokinda v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 779 F. App’x 938, 942 (3d Cir. 2019) (nonprecedential)

(finding that plaintiff’s claims “for individual damages liability under Title II of the ADA fail

for the simple reason that there is no such liability”); see also Williams v. Pa. Human Relations

Additionally, other circuit courts of appeals have directly addressed the issue and

found no individual liability under Title II.60 Dukes has provided no basis in law

or reason to hold otherwise. Consequently, the Court finds that judgment as a

matter of law must be granted in Defendants’ favor on Dukes’ ADA claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court will grant Defendants’ motion (Doc. 49)

for summary judgment in its entirety. An appropriate Order follows.

BY THE COURT:

s/ Matthew W. Brann

Matthew W. Brann

Chief United States District Judge

cannot be brought through a “back door to the federal courthouse” via 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and

noting that Title VII and ADA claims are intended to impose liability on employers, not

individuals); Fasano v. Fed. Reserve Bank of N.Y., 457 F.3d 274, 289 (3d Cir. 2006) (noting

in dicta that “neither the ADA nor 12 U.S.C. § 1831j permit individual damages liability on

the part of employees”); Koslow v. Pennsylvania, 302 F.3d 161, 178 (3d Cir. 2002) (noting in

dicta that “there appears to be no individual liability for damages under Title I of the ADA”);

Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 189 (3d Cir. 2002) (finding that individual defendants

did not own, lease, or operate Thiel College and thus were “not subject to individual liability

under Title III of the ADA”); Boggi v. Med. Review & Accrediting Council, 415 F. App’x 411,

414-15 (3d Cir. 2011) (nonprecedential) (agreeing that plaintiff failed to state ADA claim

against any non-entity defendants sued in their individual capacity) (citing Koslow, 302 F.3d

at 178; Emerson, 296 F.3d at 189); N’Jai v. Floyd, 386 F. App’x 141, 144 (3d Cir. 2010)

(nonprecedential) (noting individual defendant could not be held liable under ADA) (citing

Koslow, 302 F.3d at 178); Wardlaw v. Phila. Street’s Dep’t, 378 F. App’x 222, 225 (3d Cir.

2010) (nonprecedential) (explaining that plaintiff’s ADA claims “were not actionable against

the individual defendants”) (citing Koslow, 302 F.3d at 178).

60 See Garcia v. S.U.N.Y. Health Scis. Ctr. of Brooklyn, 280 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir. 2001); Alsbrook