The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
JAMES E. NOTTINGHAM,
Petitioner, CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:18-CV-02002
v. (BRANN, J.)
(MEHALCHICK, M.J.)
RICHARD A. GRAY, et. al.,
Respondents.
JAMES E. NOTTINGHAM,
Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:18-CV-02003
v. (BRANN, J.)
(MEHALCHICK, M.J.)
NANCY BUTTS, et. al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 16, 2018, James E. Nottingham (“Nottingham”) filed two causes of action
which involve a common question of law or fact. First, he filed the above-captioned petition
for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Nottingham v. Gray, et. al., No. 4:18-
CV-02002 (M.D. Pa. filed Oct. 16, 2018). He then filed the above captioned complaint alleging
civil rights violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.1 Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003
(M.D. Pa. filed Oct. 16, 2018). Nottingham was confined at the State Correctional Institution
1 Nottingham was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis in both actions.
Nottingham v. Gray, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02002 (Doc. 38); Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-
CV-02003 (Doc. 13).
at Camp Hill (“SCI – Camp Hill”) at the time of both filings. Nottingham v. Gray, et. al., No.
4:18-CV-02002 (Doc. 1); Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (Doc. 13).
On March 13, 2019, the Court determined that Nottingham’s statement for relief
contained within his civil rights action was inadequate, as it sought to enjoin the proceedings
against him and have him released from custody, a request which generally “falls under the
habeas corpus umbrella.” The Court granted Nottingham thirty days to amend his complaint
to sufficiently allege a § 1983 claim.2 Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (Doc. 14,
at 14-18); (Doc. 20).
On June 28, 2019, Nottingham filed his amended complaint. Nottingham v. Butts, et.
al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (Doc. 28). The underlying facts of the amended complaint stem from
the same incident which underlies Nottingham’s habeas corpus petition. According to the
Affidavit of Probable Cause attached to Nottingham’s amended complaint, police responded
to a 911 call at Nottingham’s residence on July 13, 2015, and found Nottingham walking
down his driveway. Police proceeded to his residence, where they found Nottingham’s
girlfriend, his girlfriend’s daughter, and his girlfriend’s two cousins. These witnesses stated
that Nottingham returned from the bar intoxicated and became involved in an argument with
his girlfriend. After shoving his girlfriend and punching her cousin in the head, Nottingham
allegedly grabbed a nearby rifle and shot it into the floor and into the wall near to where his
girlfriend was located. Police proceeded to place Nottingham under arrest and acquired a
2 The Court also ordered that the following claims be dismissed with prejudice: all
claims for damages brought against Judge Butts and Judge Gray in their official capacity; all
claims brought against Attorneys Linhardt, Martin, and Warner; all claims brought against
Janet Smith, Stephanie Smith, Brandon Renner, and Tom Markly; and any claim asserted
against non-Federal actors under the Fifth Amendment. Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-
CV-02003 (Doc. 14); (Doc. 20).
warrant to search his residence. Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (Doc. 28, at
15-16).
Nottingham alleges a litany of procedural errors leading to his conviction, including a
search warrant which lacked probable cause, denial of his opportunity to be involved with
pre-trial hearings, searches and seizures conducted without the requisite warrants, removal of
DNA evidence during the course of his trials, and ineffective assistance of counsel.
Nottingham also alleges a Brady violation. Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003
(Doc. 28, at 3-5, 9).
In his habeas corpus petition, Nottingham challenges the legality of certain evidence
obtained during his search and seizure. Specifically, Nottingham submits that the state
exceeded the scope of its search warrant when it seized several items. Nottingham also raises
a sufficiency of the evidence claim, as he alleges no forensic testing took place, the witnesses
rendered inconsistent testimony, and a Brady violation occurred. Further, Nottingham seeks
habeas relief on the grounds of perjury. He also briefly mentions ineffective assistance of
counsel. Nottingham v. Gray, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02002 (Doc. 1, at 6-7, 9, 12, 17). These
allegations stem from the same prosecution as that underlying Nottingham’s § 1983 claim.
See Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (Doc. 28, at 3-5, 9, 15-16).
Nottingham’s amended complaint is now before the court. For the reasons stated
herewith, the Court orders that Nottingham’s actions be consolidated into his habeas corpus
action pursuant to Rule 42(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.3
3 Nottingham has an additional § 1983 action before the Court, Nottingham v. Cooley,
et al., No. 4:19-CV-0595 (M.D. Pa. filed Apr. 5, 2019). This action alleges the use of excessive
force during the course of his arrest on July 13, 2015, and presents facts and questions of law
which are not presented in either of the actions at hand. Importantly, though it arises from
the same incident and arrest, Nottingham’s additional action does not question the validity
II. DISCUSSION
A. NOTTINGHAM’S CLAIMS ARE MORE APPROPRIATELY BROUGHT IN A
HABEAS CORPUS PETITION
When deciding whether a § 1983 claim is appropriate, the Court must examine the
conduct of which the plaintiff complains. That conduct must not have bearing on the validity
of the plaintiff’s conviction or sentence. If it does, and a judgment for the plaintiff “would
necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,” then the Court must dismiss
the complaint. The only federal remedy in that case is a writ of habeas corpus.4 Heck v.
Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994). This law holds true when the plaintiff looks to recover
damages for an alleged unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment. Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87
(emphasis added).The Third Circuit has explained that “where a pro se complaint requests
habeas relief, a district court generally should construe the complaint as a habeas petition.”
Brown v. City of Philadelphia, 339 Fed. App’x 143, 147 (3d Cir. 2009).
If Nottingham were to prevail on the allegations in his civil rights complaint – if the
search warrant is deemed inadequate, if police are deemed to have exceeded the scope of the
search warrant, if the evidence is deemed insufficient, if counsel is found ineffective, if it is
determined that a Brady violation was committed – it would implicitly invalidate the
legitimacy of his conviction. Therefore, Nottingham’s § 1983 claim is improper and his only
recourse is through his petition for habeas corpus. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 487; Nottingham v.
Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 16, 2018) (Doc. 28, at 3-5, 9).
of the prosecutorial investigation, as the instant actions do, and therefore is not barred by Heck
v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994).
4 The Court recognizes that a § 1983 claim may be appropriate when the conviction or
sentence has already been overturned through direct appeal, executive order, state tribunal,
or a writ of habeas corpus. Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87.
B. NOTTINGHAM’S CAUSES OF ACTION CALL FOR CONSOLIDATION
Rule 42(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides:
(a) Consolidation. If actions before the court involve a common question of
law or fact, the court may:
(1) join for hearing or trial any or all matters at issue in the actions;
(2) consolidate the actions; or
(3) issue any other orders to avoid unnecessary cost or delay.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(a).
“Rule 42(a) . . . confers upon a district court broad power, whether at the request of a
party or upon its own initiative, to consolidate [cases] as may facilitate the administration of
justice.” Ellerman Lines, Ltd. v. Atl. & Gulf Stevedores, Inc., 339 F.2d 673, 675 (3d Cir. 1964); see
alsoSmithkline Beecham Corp. v. Geneva Pharm., Inc., No. 00-CV-1393, 2001 WL 1249694, at *5
(E.D. Pa. Sept. 26, 2001) (“Consolidation may by ordered on the motion of a party or sua
sponte and in spite of the parties' opposition.” Moreover, consolidation of these actions will
avoid unnecessary costs or delay, and will in no way prejudice the parties. See Walton v. Eaton
Corp., 563 F.2d 66, 70 (3d Cir. 1977).5
Nottingham’s actions contain common questions of law and fact. As detailed supra, the causes
of action he asserts in his § 1983 claim are duplicative of the causes of action he asserts in his
habeas corpus claim. Further, these causes of action result from the same questions of fact:
the investigation and prosecution of the events of July 13, 2015. Nottingham v. Gray, et. al., No.
4:18-CV-02002 (Doc. 1, at 6-7, 9, 12, 17, 28-31); Nottingham v. Butts, et. al., No. 4:18-CV-02003
(Doc. 28, at 3-5, 9, 15). Rule 42(a)(2) allows the Court, in the interests of expediency and
5 Consolidation is non-dispositive, and thus the undersigned United States Magistrate
Judge has authority to rule on it pursuant to the Magistrate Judges Act, 28 U.S.C. §
636(b)(1)(A). See Carcaise v. Cemex, Inc., 217 F. Supp. 2d 603, 604 n.1 (W.D. Pa. 2002).
efficiency, to consolidate actions which involve a common question of law or fact as
Nottingham’s actions do. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(a)(2).
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1. The Clerk of Court is directed to CONSOLIDATE Nottingham v. Butts, et
al., Case No. 4:18-CV-02003 into Nottingham v. Gray, et al., Case No. 4:18-
CV-02002, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 42(a).
2. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE the case of Nottingham v. Butts, et
al., Case No. 4:18-CV-02003.
3. In light of this Order, Petitioner is granted 30 days, or until November 16,
2019, to file an amended petition in accordance with this Order and the
Court’s Order of April 3, 2019 (Doc. 17). That amended petition should
bring any claims for habeas relief Petitioner intended to bring in either 4:18-
CV-2002 and 4:18-CV-2003. If Petitioner does not timely file an amended
petition, the Court will proceed on the original petition as filed.6 Petitioner
is reminded that the proper respondent to a habeas petition is “the person
who has custody over [the petitioner].” 28 U.S.C. § 2242; see also § 2243
(“The writ, or order to show cause shall be directed to the person having
custody of the person detained”); Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 434, 124
S. Ct. 2711, 2717, 159 L. Ed. 2d 513 (2004)7
Dated: October 17, 2019 s/ Karoline Mehalchick
KAROLINE MEHALCHICK
United States Magistrate Judge
6 If Petitioner files an amended petition, the Court will strike Respondents’ motion to
dismiss as moot, without prejudice to raising those issues in response to any amended
petition. If Petitioner does not intend to file an amended petition, he is reminded that his brief
in opposition to the pending motion to dismiss must be filed in accordance with the deadlines
and limitations set forth in the Local Rules.
7 To the extent the petition or any amended petition continues to seek relief under §
1983, the district court will “stay the damage action until the habeas claim has been
exhausted.” Brown v. City of Philadelphia, 339 F. App'x 143, 147 (3d Cir. 2009); Tedford v.
Hepting, 990 F.2d 745, 749 (3d Cir.1993).