COYLE v. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

PETER P, COYLE, :

Plaintiff : CIVIL ACTION

v.

COMMONWEALTH OF :

PENNSYLVANIA et al., : No. 23-1618

Defendants :

MEMORANDUM

PRATTER, J. MAY BA. 2023

Peter P. Coyle, a pro se plaintiff, filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and a

preliminary injunction against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; Mike Edwards, in his official

capacity as Assistant District Attorney for Lehigh County, Pennsylvania; the Upper Saucon Police

Department, in its official capacity as a subsidiary of Upper Saucon Township, Pennsylvania; and

APS Associates, LLC. Mr, Coyle seeks to enjoin ali of the defendants from executing a judgment

embodied in a Pennsylvania state court order on March 31, 2022, and from enforcing a condition

of Mr, Coyle’s bail in a pending criminal action in Pennsylvania state court. For the following

reasons, the Court denies Mr. Coyle’s motion.

BACKGROUND

Mr. Coyle leased a property owned by APS Associates, LLC in the Fairmount Village

Shopping Center beginning in February 2018 (the “leased property”). Mr. Coyle operated his

business out of the leased property. The lease was most recently amended and extended in April

2019. It names APS Associates, LLC as the landlord and Peter P, Coyle as the tenant.

The manager of the leased property had worked with the Pennsylvania State Constable to

evict Mr. Coyle, and the order evicting Mr. Coyle from the leased property was signed by the

Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County (the “Court of Common Pleas”) judge on

March 31, 2022 (the “March 31, 2022 Order”). Just over a month and a half later, on May 16,

2022, Mr. Coyle was officially evicted from the leased property,

On the same day, Mr. Coyle was arrested by the Upper Saucon Police Department for

trespassing on the leased property. Mr, Coyle alleges that he was arrested at the request of APS

Associates. Mr. Coyle was subsequently charged with, and held in custody for, violating 18 Pa.

Cons. Stat. § 3503(a)(1)(ii).!

Mr. Coyle, however, was not individually named as a defendant in civil action No. 2021-

C-2438, the action in which the March 31, 2022 Order was entered. Rather, the complaint filed by

APS Associates named “Peter P. Coyle—Tanning Services Pennsylvania, LLC” as the defendant.

It did not name “Peter P. Coyle” and “Tanning Services Pennsylvania, LLC” as separate patties.

Thus, Mr. Coyle argues that any execution of judgment against him, including the May 16, 2022

eviction from the leased property, is not in accordance with the March 31, 2022 Order. In further

support of this, Mr. Coyle points to a memorandum opinion issued by the Court of Common Pleas

in civil action No, 2021-C-2438 on November 15, 2022, which provides that the judgment set forth

in the Match 31, 2022 Order may only be executed against “Peter P. Coyle—Tanning Services

Pennsylvania, LLC” and not “Peter P. Coyle.”

On June 29, 2022, a bail modification hearing in Mr, Coyle’s pending criminal case in the

Court of Common Pleas was held. The court released Mr, Coyle on bail, contingent upon Mr,

Coyle refraining from (1) entering the leased property from which he was evicted, and (2) entering

anywhere on the Fairmount Village Shopping Center grounds. This bail condition was based in

part on Mr. Coyle’s eviction from the leased property pursuant to the March 31, 2022 Order.

The docket identification number for Mr. Coyle’s state criminal case is CR-23 76-2022.

Despite his contention that the March 31, 2022 Order could not be executed against him, Mr. Coyle

agreed to the bail condition.

After a preliminary hearing in Mr. Coyle’s criminal case, the Lehigh County Sheriff's

Department served Mr. Coyle with a writ of execution related to the pending civil action against

him, The writ directed the Sheriff’s Department to levy property from Mr. Coyle’s former place

of business and to use Mr, Coyle’s banking information for garnishment. Mr. Coyle requested an

exemption from the writ, and on October 3, 2022, a hearing was held to consider the requested

exemption. During this hearing, APS Associates attempted to argue that “Peter P. Coyle” was a

properly named defendant in civil action No. 2021-C-2438 and that the writ of execution against

Mr, Coyle was issued in accordance with the March 31, 2022 Order. According to Mr. Coyle, the

Court of Common Pleas judge concluded that the complaint was filed against “Peter P. Coyle—

Tanning Services Pennsylvania, LLC,” and, thus, any execution of judgment against Mr. Coyle is

not in accordance with the March 31, 2022 Order. However, an order to this effect was not issued.

During another pretrial hearing in Mr. Coyle’s criminal case held on October 18, 2022, Mr.

Coyle requested a modification to his bail conditions to allow him to access his personal property

that remained at the Fairmount Village Shopping Center. Mr. Coyle contends that Assistant

District Attorney Mike Edwards falsely claimed that the March 31, 2022 Order could be executed

against Mr. Coyle and that if this bail condition were modified to allow him to access the shopping

center, Mr. Coyle would interfere with the execution of the judgment in his state civil case. The

Court of Common Pleas denied the bail modification. Therefore, if Mr. Coyle enters either the

leased property or the Fairmount Viilage Shopping Center, he could be arrested for violating this

bail condition.

On November 21, 2022, Mr. Coyle filed a property claim with the Lehigh County Sheriff's

Office which included a property form listing the levied property, proof of ownership documents,

and a request that the Sheriff’s Office cease and desist entering the leased property and levying

any property inside. The Sheriff's Office mailed its determination of Mr. Coyle’s property claim

to all parties involved and granted Mr, Coyle’s cease and desist request. APS Associates lodged

an objection to the determination, which was denied during a hearing in his state civil case on

February 1, 2023.

On April 11, 2023, Mr. Coyle was informed by APS Associates that Mr. Coyle’s personal

property was to be removed from the leased property and would be placed in a garage located at

the Fairmount Village Shopping Center, Mr. Coyle had 30 days to retrieve the property from the

garage before a Petition for Abandonment would be filed. However, Mr. Coyle claims he is not

able to retrieve his property because of the bail condition restricting his access to the shopping

center,

Mr. Coyle filed a complaint here alleging four causes of action: violations of the Fourteenth

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section I of the Pennsylvania Constitution

(Counts I, III, and IV); and violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the US.

Constitution and Article I, Section I and Section XIII of the Pennsylvania Constitution (Count ID).

Mr, Coyle then filed the present motion, seeking to enjoin the defendants from (1) taking action to

execute the judgment set forth in the March 31, 2022 Order; (2) restricting Mr. Coyle from

accessing the leased property, i.e., enforcing the batl condition imposed in Mr. Coyle’s currently

pending criminal case; and (3) moving Mr. Coyle’s personal property located at the Fairmount

Village Shopping Center without Mr. Coyle’s permission.

LEGAL STANDARD

“A temporary restraining order is a ‘stay put,’ equitable remedy that has its essential

purpose the preservation of the status quo while the merits of the cause are explored through

litigation.” 0. ex rel. C.O. v. Orange Twp. Bd. of Educ., 287 F.3d 267, 274 (3d Cir. 2002)

(quoting Foreman vy, Dall. Cnty., 193 F.3d 314, 323 (Sth Cir. 1991)). The standard for determining

whether a movant is entitled to a temporary restraining order is the same as that used for a

preliminary injunction: the movant must demonstrate “(1) a likelihood of success on the merits;

(2) he or she will suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is denied; (3) granting relief will not

result in even greater harm to the nonmoving party; and (4) the public interest favors such relief.”

Bimbo Bakers USA, Inc. v. Botticella, 613 F.3d 102, 109 (3d Cir, 2010); see also EXL Lab’ies,

LLC y. Egolf, No. 10-cv-6282, 2010 WL 5000835, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 7, 2010) (“The standard

for granting a temporary restraining order under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 is the same as

that for issuing a preliminary injunction,”). “The failure to establish any of these elements,

however, renders the issuance of an injunction inappropriate.” Bradley v. Amazon.com, Inc., No.

17-cv-1587, 2021 WL 5631754, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 1, 2021). “Preliminary injunctive relief is an

extraordinary remedy and should be granted only in limited circumstances.” Kos Pharm., Ine. □□

Andrx Corp., 369 F.3d 700, 708 (3d Cir. 2004) Gnternal quotation marks omitted). Movants face

“heavy burden,” Lane v. New Jersey, 753 F. App’x 129, 131 Gd Cir. 2018), and “must establish

entitlement to [injunctive] relief by clear evidence.” Doe ex rel. Doe v. Boyertown Area Sch. Dist.,

897 F.3d 518, 526 (3d Cir. 2018).

DISCUSSION

Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin the defendants from (1) executing the judgment set forth in the

Court of Common Pleas’ March 31, 2022 Order; (2) enforcing the bail condition imposed on Mr,

Coyle by the Court of Common Pleas, which restricts Mr. Coyle from accessing the leased property

and the Fairmount Village Shopping Center; and (3) moving Mr. Coyle’s personal property, which

is currently at the shopping center, without his permission. The removal of Mr. Coyle’s property

was first ordered in the writ of execution issued to the Lehigh County Sheriff's Office on July 5,

2022. Upon consideration of Mr, Coyle’s claim for exemption and following a hearing, the Court

of Common Pleas granted the claim for exemption in part and excluded a short list of items from

the Sheriffs levy. The other items listed on the writ of execution remain subject to the Sheriff's

levy.

Because the actions Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin involve pending state criminal and civil

actions, the Court must consider whether abstention is necessary before it can address the merits

of Mr. Coyle’s motion.

“A federal court has an obligation to address a question of subject matter jurisdiction sua

sponte.” Meritcare, Inc. v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 166 F.3d 214, 217 Gd Cir. 1999), abrogated

on other grounds by Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Alapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546 (2005); see also

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter

jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.”); Liberty Mut, Ins. Co. v. Ward Trucking Corp.,

48 F.3d 742, 750 Gd Cir. 1995) (“[Flederal courts have an ever-present obligation to satisfy

themselves of their subject matter jurisdiction and to decide the issue sua sponte ....”). Therefore,

it is proper for the Court to consider sua sponte whether the abstention principles announced in

Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), apply because they bear on the Court’s obligation to

exercise subject matter jurisdiction over the present action.? See Grode v. Mut. Fire, Marine &

Inland Ins. Co., 8 F.3d 953, 958 (3d Cir, 1993) (quoting Colo. River Water Conservation Dist. v.

2 As of the date of this memorandum opinion, none of the defendants have entered an appearance

nor have they filed a response to Mr. Coyle’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary

Injunction.

United States, 424 U.S, 800, 817 (1976)) (“Unless one of the established abstention doctrines

applies, federal courts have a ‘virtually unflagging obligation’ to exercise their properly invoked

jurisdiction.”); Diamond “D” Constr. Corp. y, MeGowan, 282 F.3d 191, 197 (2d Cir, 2002) (citing

Colo. River, 424 U.S. at 816 n.22) (““[W]hen Younger applies, abstention is mandatory and its

application deprives the federal court of jurisdiction in the matter.”).

“Under the Younger abstention doctrine, federal courts must refrain from interfering with

three types of state proceedings: (1) state criminal prosecutions, (2) civil enforcement proceedings,

and (3) civil proceedings involving certain orders . . . uniquely in furtherance of the state courts

ability to perform their judicial functions.” Altice USA, Inc. vy. Bd. of Pub. Utils., 26 F.4th 571,

576 (3d Cir, 2022) (quoting Sprint Comme’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 73 (2013)) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

In Sprint, the Supreme Court narrowed the scope of Younger abstention, limiting its

application to only these three “exceptional” categories of proceedings. Sprint, 571 U.S. at 73.

Before Sprint, Courts applied the three factors set forth by the Supreme Court in Middlesex County

Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Association, 457 U.S. 423 (1982): “(1) there are ongoing

state proceedings that are judicial in nature; (2) the state proceedings implicate important state

interests; and (3) the state proceedings afford an adequate opportunity to raise federal claims.”

Schall y. Joyce, 885 F.2d 101, 106 Gd Cir. 1989) (citing Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 432). The Third

Circuit Court of Appeals has “stressed several times since [Sprint narrowed Younger’s domain]

that the three Middlesex conditions are no longer the test for Younger abstention.” Malhan v. Sec’y

U.S. Dep’t of State, 938 F.3d 453, 462 (3d Cir, 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted); see e.g.,

Hamilton v. Bromley, 862 F.3d 329, 337 (3d Cir. 2017) (concluding that the district court’s reliance

on the Middlesex factors was an error in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Sprint that the

Middlesex factors are not dispositive).

Younger abstention is also only appropriate where criminal and civil proceedings are

“pending.” See Ankenbrandt y. Richards, 504 U.S. 689, 705 (1992) (“Absent any pending

proceeding in state tribunals... application ... of Younger abstention [i]s clearly erroneous.”’).

“State proceedings are pending only if they are initiated before any proceedings of substance on

the merits have taken place in the federal court.” Mathan, 938 F.3d at 464 (internal quotation marks

omitted). A proceeding that is “merely threatened” is not pending. /d.; see also Wooley v. Maynard,

430 U.S, 705, 711 (1977) (concluding that Younger did not bar federal jurisdiction where the relief

sought was prospective in an effort to preclude further prosecution under a statute that allegedly

violated the plaintiff's constitutional rights).

J. State Criminal Proceedings

One of the justifications for Younger abstention is “the basic doctrine of equity

jurisprudence that courts of equity should not act, and particularly should not act to restrain a

criminal prosecution, when the moving party has an adequate remedy at state law and will not

suffer irreparable injury if denied equitable relief.” Younger, 401 U.S. at 43-44 (emphasis added),

Thus, where a plaintiff seeks a federal injunction restraining a pending criminal prosecution in

state court, the federal court should abstain.

Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin the enforcement of a bail condition imposed by the Court of

Common Pleas upon his release in a currently pending criminal prosecution for trespassing and

criminal mischief. Specifically, Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin the enforcement of this bail condition

to allow him to enter the Fairmount Village Shopping Center so that he can retrieve his personal

items before a petition for abandonment is filed. But Mr. Coyle cannot enter the shopping center

grounds to retrieve his property because he could be arrested for violating the conditions of his

bail.

Mr. Coyle’s criminal prosecution for trespass is “pending” so Younger abstention is

appropriate. See Ankenbrandt, 504 U.S. at 705. Mr. Coyle was arrested for trespassing on the

leased property from which he was evicted pursuant to the March 31, 2022 Order issued by the

Court of Common Pleas. In releasing Mr. Coyle on bail, the Court of Common Pleas imposed a

bail condition which restricts Mr. Coyle from entering the leased property and the Fairmount

Village Shopping Center grounds. Both the criminal charges and the bail condition were initiated

before Mr. Coyle filed the present federal action. See Malhan, 938 F.3d at 464. Although Mr.

Coyle has not been prosecuted for violating the bail condition, the relief that Mr. Coyle seeks

cannot be considered “wholly prospective” because it is related to a currently pending prosecution

against him, Wooley, 430 U.S. at 711.

In Wooley, the plaintiff-appellees had been prosecuted by New Hampshire three times for

obscuring the state’s motto on his license plates. /d. at 707-08. After his third conviction but before

a fourth prosecution, he and his wife sought and received a federal injunction against future

prosecutions for this same offense. /d. at 709. The Supreme Court concluded that Younger

abstention was not appropriate because the appellees faced “a genuine threat of prosecution” and

because “the suit [wa]s in no way designed to annul the results of a state trial since the relief sought

[wa]s wholly prospective, to preclude further prosecution under a statute alleged to violate

appellees’ constitutional rights.” /d. at 710-11 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the relief Mr. Coyle seeks is not strictly speaking, prospective because it is designed

to interfere with the judgment of a state court by modifying the decision of the Court of Common

Pleas with respect to the enforcement of Pennsylvania’s criminal laws. See id. at 711. “[T]he

GO

State’s interest in the enforcement of its criminal laws” is of significant import, and this mterest is

one of the justifications supporting the application of Younger. Juidice, 430 U.S. at 335. As the

Supreme Court stated in Younger,

[the] underlying reason for restraining courts of equity from interfering with

criminal prosecutions is reinforced by an even more vital consideration, the notion

of ‘comity,’ that is, a proper respect for state functions, a recognition of the fact that

the entire country is made up of a Union of separate state governments, and a

continuance of the belief that the National Government will fare best if the States

and their institutions are left free to perform their separate functions in their separate

ways.

401 U.S. at 44,

The imposition of a bail condition in a pending criminal prosecution falls within the ambit

of the State’s interest in enforcing its criminal laws, thus this decision is best left to the State, free

from federal court interference, See id; see also Daves v. Dall. Cnty. Tex., 64 F.4th 616, 620,

626-31 (5th Cir. 2023) (“We hold that a string of consistent Supreme Court authority commencing

with Younger v. Harris requires federal courts to abstain from revising state bail bond procedures

on behalf of those being criminally prosecuted, when state procedures allow the accused adequate

opportunities fo raise their federal claims.”) (internal citations omitted); Cipollini v. Hilburt, No.

22-cv-558, 2022 WL 2313153, at *5—*6 (MLD. Pa. Apr. 19, 2022) (abstaining under Younger from

issuing injunctive relief affecting the bail order in plaintiff's ongoing state criminal trial); Vinci v.

Thurmond, No. 22-cv-P 19-GNS, 2022 WL 901506, at *1, *4 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 28, 2022) (abstaining

from interfering with the state court’s imposition of a bail condition on the plaintiff because the

“[pllaintiff's criminal prosecution was ostensibly pending in [state court] at the time he initiated

th[e] action” and “a proceeding concerning the setting of bail restrictions unquestionably

implicates important state interests”).

For these reasons, the Court will abstain from ruling on Mr. Coyle’s motion to the extent

he seeks to enjoin a pending criminal prosecution.

Ww

II. State Civil Proceedings

A. Abstention

Younger abstention has been extended to “civil proceedings . . . that implicate a State’s

interest in enforcing the orders and judgments of its courts,” Sprint, 571 U.S. at 72-73 (citing

Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1 (1987)), and “civil proceedings involving certain orders

that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform their judicial function.” fd.

at 73 (emphasis added) (citing New Orleans Pub. Serv., inc. v. Council of the City of New Orleans,

491 U.S. 350, 367-68 (1989)). Orders regarding bonds pending appeal, civil contempt orders, and

entries of confessed judgments have been found to be uniquely in furtherance of judicial functions

for purposes of Younger abstention. See, e.g, Pennzoil, 481 U.S. at 13 (bond pending appeal);

Juidice, 430 US. at 336 & n.12 (civil contempt order); Schall, 885 F.2d at 103 (entry of confessed

judgments), Further, the Supreme Court has held that a state proceeding implicates a state interest

“if the State’s interests in the proceeding are so important that exercise of the federal judicial power

would disregard the comity between the States and the National Government.” Pennzoil, 481 □□□

at 11.

Two of Mr. Coyle’s sought-after injunctions relate to his pending’ civil proceeding: (1)

that the defendants be enjoined from taking action to execute the judgment set forth in the March

31, 2022 Order, and (2) that the defendants not move Mr. Coyle’s personal property pursuant to

3 As a threshold matter, Mr. Coyle’s civil proceeding is “pending” because the proceedings which

Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin were initiated prior to him filing the present action in federal court. The order

evicting Mr. Coyle from the leased property was entered on March 31, 2022. The writ of execution to

enforce the judgment was entered on July 14, 2022, and the Court of Common pleas granted Mr, Coyle’s

claim for exemption part on November 15, 2022, Mr. Coyle was notified by APS Associates that his

personal property, which was still subject to the writ of execution, was to be relocated on April 11, 2023.

Mr. Coyle did not file his complaint in federal court until April 27, 2023, affer the state civil proceedings

he seeks to enjoin had been initiated, Further, the execution of the judgment set forth in the March 31, 2022

Order is not “merely threatened” because according to Mr. Coyle, his property may have already been

moved. Malhan, 938 F.3d at 464.

+4

the writ of execution. Here, the Court will not abstain from ruling on Mr. Coyle’s motion to the

extent he seeks to enjoin the defendants from taking actions to enforce the March 31, 2022

judgment. In Parr v. Colantonio, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that abstention

under Younger was not proper because “the parallel state proceeding—an ordinary eviction action

in the Court of Common Pleas—does not fit into any of the three categories identified in Sprint,”

including the third category--a “civil proceeding[] involving certain orders uniquely in

furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform [its] judicial functions.” 844 F. App’x 476, 479

& 479 n.3 (3d. Cir. 2021) (quoting Sprint, 571 U.S. at 78); see also Shawe v. Bouchard, No. 20-

ev-1770, 2021 WL 1380598, at *16 (D. Del. Apr. 12, 2021) (‘Our Court of Appeals noted a

possession order arising from a commonplace eviction action does not fit within the final Sprint

category.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, Mr. Coyle seeks to enjoin the execution of an eviction order issued by the Court of

Common Pleas, This is factually similar to Parr, in which the plaintiff was the owner of storage

trailers located on property owned by his landlady. Parr v. Colantonio, No. 19-cv-1930, 2019 WL

2589453, at *1 (E.D. Pa. June 21, 2019). The landlady brought an action against the tenant, seeking

back rent and the eviction of his company from the property. Jd. The state magisterial district judge

granted judgment for the landiady and issued an Order for Possession. fd. The tenant then filed a

complaint in federal court arguing that the constable of the state district court “improperly

effectuated the state court Order of Possession.” Jd, at *3. The federal district court concluded that

Younger was applicable to this claim. fd. On appeal, the Third Circuit concluded that abstention

was not proper because (1) the district court relied on the Middlesex factors and failed to first

consider the “three exceptional categories” set forth in Sprint; and (2) the Court of Common Pleas

eviction action did not fit within any of the three Sprint categories. Parr, 844 F. App’x at 479,

14

Therefore, in accordance with the decision of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Parr,

this Court will not abstain under Younger and will consider the merits of Mr. Coyle’s motion for

a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction to the extent they relate to Mr. Coyle’s

state civil proceedings.

B. Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction

To succeed on his claim for a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction, Mr.

Coyle must prove that (1) it is likely that he will succeed on the merits; (2) he will suffer irreparable

harm without the injunction; (3) the nonmoving party will not suffer greater harm with the

imposition of equitable relief; and (4) the public interest favors relief. Bimbo, 613 F.3d at 109.

The Court will first consider the likelihood of success on the merits. “At the preliminary

injunction stage, plaintiffs need only show a reasonable probability that their... claims will

succeed on the merits.” Miller v. Mitchell, 598 F.3d 139, 147 (3d Cir. 2010). Here, Mr. Coyle

alleges two causes of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 relating to his pending civil case: violation of

the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article 1, Section I of the Pennsylvania

Constitution against APS Associates arising out of its attempted execution of the March 31, 2022

Order (Count 1); and violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article

I, Section I of the Pennsylvania Constitution against APS Associates arising out of its disposition

of Mr. Coyle’s property (Count IV).’ To demonstrate the likelihood of his success on these claims,

Mr. Coyle points to the memorandum opinion issued by the Court of Common Pleas on November

15, 2022, which provided that the judgment set forth in the March 31, 2022 Order may only be

executed against “Peter P. Coyle—Tanning Services Pennsylvania, LLC” and not “Peter P.

Coyle.” Ex. F to Compl. Mr. Coyle argues that in light of this opinion, he has established a

4 Mr, Coyle’s two other causes of action relate to his pending criminal case and as set forth above,

the Court will abstain from ruling on Mr. Coyle’s motion to the extent it relates to his criminal case.

12

likelihood of success on both of his claims because the March 31, 2022 Order cannot be executed

against him. Although APS Associates has yet to enter an appearance or file a responsive pleading,

it is likely, given the arguments raised in the Court of Common Pleas, that APS Associates will

argue that the March 31, 2022 Order can be enforced against Mr. Coyle. Thus, they will likely □□

argue that Mr. Coyle cannot succeed on either of his claims because APS Associates was acting in

accordance with the March 31, 2022 Order.

Although Mr. Coyle presents a reasonable basis for finding that the order is not enforceable

against him, this alone is insufficient to establish a likelihood of success on the merits because Mr.

Coyle must also establish that the defendants were acting “under color of state law” to succeed on

his § 1983 claim. Melo v, Hafer, 912 F.2d 628, 638 (3d Cir, 1990); see also 42 U.S.C, § 1983, This

inquiry turns not on “whether the state was involved in some way in the relevant events, but

whether the action taken can be fairly attributed to the state itself.” Groman v. Twp. of Manalapan,

47 F.3d 628, 638 (Gd Cir. 1995). For private parties, such as APS Associates, to qualify as state

actors under § 1983, “the state must significantly contribute to the constitutional deprivation... .”

Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O’Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1266 (3d Cir. 1994). Courts have

concluded that private parties may be liable under § 1983 where they invoke state procedures to

seize property. See id, at 1267 (“We agree and hold that a judgment creditor who uses

Pennsylvania’s procedure for executing on a confessed judgment acts under color of law and

becomes a state actor... .”); Shipp v. Donaher, No. 09-cv-2475, 2010 WL 1257972, at *5 (E.D.

Pa. Mar. 25, 2010) (‘[U|nder Jordan, otherwise-private parties who merely seek and receive

confessed judgments are not state actors, while those who execute on confessed judgments are

state actors.”),

14

Mr. Coyle’s § 1983 claim against APS Associates relates to its attempted execution of the

judgment set forth in the March 31, 2022 Order by notifying Mr, Coyle that it was removing his

personal items from the leased property. Because the cause of action against APS Associates

relates to its execution of the state court judgment, it is at least plausible that APS Associates was

acting under the color of state law such that it may be liable under § 1983.

Because it is conceivable that APS Associates was acting under the color of state law, Mr.

Coyle must next establish that he was deprived of his constitutional rights “without due process of

law” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.? U.S. Const. amend. XIV. “The fundamental

requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful

manner.” Mathews v. Fidridge, 424 U.S, 319, 333 (1976) Gnternal quotation marks omitted). Mr,

challenges APS Associates’ attempted execution of the March 31, 2022 Order and the

removal of his personal items from the leased property as a violation of the Fourteenth

Amendment. However, it is not clear from Mr. Coyle’s compiaint or the instant motion whether

he is intending to assert a substantive due process claim or a procedural due process claim.

To the extent Mr. Coyle is raising a substantive due process claim, he must allege that he

was deprived of a fundamental right, and that the government conduct at issue was “so egregious,

5 Article I, Section J of the Pennsylvania State Constitution provides that “[a]ll men are born equally

free and independent, and have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those... of

acquiring, possessing and protecting property ....” Pa. Const. Art. I, § 1. “Due process protections . .

emanate from [this provision of] the Pennsylvania Constitution.” Germantown Cab Co. v. Phila. Parking

206 A.3d 1030, 1042 (Pa. 2019); Khan v. State Bd. of Auctioneer Exam rs, 842 A.2d 936, 945 (Pa.

2004) (“The guarantee of due process of law, in Pennsylvania jurisprudence, emanates from a number of

provisions of the Declaration of Rights, particularly Article I, Sections 1, 9, and 11 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution.”), Because “Pennsylvania’s ... due process provisions are coextensive with the corresponding

provisions of the United States Constitution,” the Court will proceed with its due process analysis only

under the Fourteenth Amendment. Republican Party of Pa. v. Cortes, 218 F. Supp. 3d 396, 417 (E.D. Pa.

2016); see also Hosp. & Healthsystem Ass'n of Pa. v. Commonwealth, 77 A.3d 587, 600 n.15 (“The state

and federal due process provisions are substantially equivalent in their protective scope.”) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted); Commonwealth, Dep’t of Transp. v. Taylor, 841 A.2d 108, 114 n.6

(Pa. 2004) (noting that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania treats the due process provisions in the

Pennsylvania Constitution coextensively with those in the United States Constitution),

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so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience.” Katcher v. Cnty.

of Bucks, 455 F.3d 418, 425 (3d Cir. 2006). Based on the pleadings and the arguments raised in

Mr. Coyle’s motion, the Court cannot conclude that Mr. Coyle has established a likelihood of

success on a substantive due process claim because he has not alleged that APS Associates’

conduct was “shocking to the conscience.” Rather, it is arguable, based on the pleadings, that APS

Associates thought its conduct was proper because no order was ever issued by the Court of

Common Pleas preventing the execution of the March 31, 2022 judgment despite the Court’s

acknowledgement of the naming deficiencies. Thus, at this stage, Mr. Coyle has not shown a

reasonable probability that this claim will succeed,

To the extent Mr. Coyle is asserting a procedural due process claim, he “must prove that a

person acting under color of state law deprived [him] of a protected property interest, and that the

state procedure for challenging the deprivation does not satisfy the requirements of procedural due

process.” Prosperi y. Twp. of Scott, No. 06-cv-501, 2006 WL 2583754, at *3 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 7,

2006) (citing Parratt vy. Taylor, 451 U.S. 537, 536-37 (1981), overruled on other grounds by

Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 330-31 (1986)). Mr. Coyle also has failed to show a reasonable

probability of success on this claim because: (1) he has not established that he has a protected

property interest in the property APS Associates plans to, or has already, moved because this

property is subject to the Sheriff's levy under the writ of execution and as ordered by the Court of

Common Pleas; and (2) Mr. Coyle has not asserted any claims which go to the state procedure for

challenging this alleged deprivation.

At this preliminary stage in the litigation, and given the deficiencies in Mr. Coyle’s

pleading as it relates to his Fourteenth Amendment claims,° the Court concludes that Mr. Coyle

has failed to demonstrate a reasonable possibility that he is likely to succeed on the merits of his

claims. See Miller, 598 F.3d at 147. Thus, Mr. Coyle failed to demonstrate that he is entitled to the

“extraordinary remedy” of injunctive relief. Kos, 369 F.3d at 708. Although Mr. Coyle’s failure to

establish this element renders the issuance of an injunction inappropriate, Bradley, 2021 WL

5631754, at *2, in anticipation of future issues perhaps, the Court will also address irreparable

harm.

“[T]o show irreparable harm a plaintiff must demonstrate potential harm which cannot be

redressed by a legal or an equitable remedy following a trial.” Acierno v. New Castle Cnty., 40

F.3d 645, 653 (3d Cir. 1994) Gnternal quotation marks omitted). “The risk of irreparable harm

must not be speculative.” Adams v. Freedom Forge Corp., 204 F.3d 475, 488 (Gd Cir. 2000). “[Aln

assertion of irreparable harm must be based on concrete evidence and cannot be sustained on the

basis of bald and conclusory statements.” Bradley, 2021 WL 5631754, at *3 (internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Campbell Soup Co. vy. ConAgra, Inc., 977 F.2d 86, 91 Gd Cir, 1992)

(“[T]he moving party must make a ‘clear showing of immediate irreparable harm.’”). Mr. Coyle

argues that he has already established irreparable harm by alleging that APS Associates has, or

shortly will, remove Mr. Coyle’s personal property from the leased property and place it in a garage

in the Fairmount Village Shopping Center. He alleges that without the injunction, APS Associates

will remove the property, if it has not already done so, and if done, this will likely damage the

property in the process.

6 The Court notes that its finding that Mr, Coyle has not established a likelihood of success on the

merits is in part based on the insufficiency of his pleadings. This conclusion, however, does not foreclose

the possibility that Mr. Coyle could, at a later stage in this litigation, succeed on these claims.

479

Mr. Coyle has failed to make a “showing of immediate irreparable harm.” Campbell Soup,

977 F.2d at 91. Mr. Coyle argues that he was notified by APS Associates that it has or will move

his personal items from the leased property. Mr. Coyle has presented no “concrete evidence” that

his personal items have been moved, or even that APS Associates has definitive or imminent plans

to move the property. Bradley, 2021 WL 5631754, at *3. Thus, because Mr, Coyle has failed to

prove with the requisite evidence that he has suffered harm, the harm he claims as irreparable is

merely speculative. See Adams, 204 F.3d at 488. Given that, the Court need not consider the

remaining elements of the test. See Ferring Pharms., Inc, v. Watson Pharms., Inc., 765 F.3d 205,

219 (3d Cir. 2014) (“Absent a showing of irreparable harm, a plaintiff is not entitled to injunctive

relief, even if the other three elements are found.”); Bennington Foods LLC vy. St. Croix

Renaissance Grp., LLP, 528 F.3d 176, 179 (3d Cir, 2008) (‘As ... there is no possibility of

irreparable harm on the record before us, there is no need to analyze the other prongs of the test.”),

Because Mr. Coyle has failed to establish several necessary elements required for

injunctive relief, the Court will deny Mr. Coyle’s motion for a temporary restraining order and a

preliminary injunction.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Court will abstain in part from resolving Mr. Coyle’s motion for a

temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction and will deny in part Mr. Coyle’s motion.

An appropriate order follows.

BY THE COURT:

Chak ealte

GENTE.K, PRATTER

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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