GBOTOE v. LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

HILARY CALEB GBOTOE, :

:

Plaintiff : Case No. 20-cv-0890-JMY

:

v. :

:

LANCASTER COUNTY, PA, ET AL., :

:

Defendants :

MEMORANDUM

YOUNGE, J. AUGUST 18, 2021

Pro se Plaintiff, Hilary Caleb Gbotoe, brings the above-captioned action against

Defendants Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Lancaster County Prison Board, Warden Cheryl

Steberger, and Corrections Officer Ryan McLeod (hereinafter, “Defendants”), alleging that he

was subjected to force which was excessive and not constitutionally permissible while housed as

an inmate at Lancaster County Prison. Now before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for

Summary Judgment. (“MSJ,” ECF No. 35.) The Court has considered the submissions made in

support of the pending motion and finds this matter appropriate for resolution without oral

argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; L.R. 7.1(f). For the reasons that follow, Defendants’ Motion will

be granted.

I. BACKGROUND1

A. Factual Background2

1 When applicable, the Court adopts the pagination supplied by the CM/ECF docketing system,

which does not always match the document’s internal pagination.

2 Unless indicated otherwise or where attributed to one party or another, the facts recited herein

are undisputed. To the extent any of the facts are disputed, the Court concludes they are not material to

“On August 5, 2019, at approximately 7:30 a.m., a fight occurred between two inmates in

the unit Plaintiff was housed [i]n, leading to a ‘code yellow’ being called and all inmates being

ordered to . . . immediately return to their cells.” (“Def. SUMF,” ECF No. 36 ¶ 6.) During his

deposition Plaintiff stated that he was aware that “when there is a fight in the cell block and a

code is called [Lancaster County Prison’s] rules require all inmates to return to their cells[.]” (Id.

¶ 8.) Plaintiff also indicated during his deposition that when the code was called that morning he

“was moving slowly because of the bullet in his hip and because he was ‘still eating his food.’”

(Id. ¶ 9.)3 Plaintiff asserts that “as he was walking, [Defendant Correctional Officer] McLeod

‘attacked’ him pushing him three times . . . [and] that the first two times he was pushed into the

wall, causing him to strike his hip and backside.” (Id. ¶ 10.) Defendant McLeod “does not deny

that he pushed Plaintiff three times, but [asserts] it was only due to Plaintiff’s non-compliance

with verbal commands to move to his cell[.]” (Id. ¶ 11.) “The first and second time McLeod

pushed Plaintiff it was just hard enough to push him in the direction towards his cell, and

Plaintiff’s body did not hit the wall either time.” (Id. ¶ 12.) “The third time McLeod pushed

Plaintiff [it] was with less force, as it was simply to push Plaintiff into his cell and out of the

doorway to his cell so that McLeod could shut the cell door.” (Id. ¶ 13.) During his deposition,

Plaintiff testified “that due to his injuries he is unable to exercise or help lift groceries around the

house, and that he has to occasionally use a cane to walk around.” (Id. ¶ 17.) However, Plaintiff

also “testified that two weeks after the incident . . . he was able to ‘shoot hoops’ without any

the disposition of the pending motion. Further, to the extent the Court relies on evidence to which the

parties have objected, the Court has considered and overruled those objections—unless discussed herein.

As to any remaining objections, the Court finds it unnecessary to rule on them because the Court does not

rely on any disputed evidence.

3 Prior to his incarceration, specifically on October 16, 2018, Plaintiff was shot. (Id. ¶ 4.) “Plaintiff

claims that the bullet remains lodged in his hip, and [that] he continues to suffer from swelling, pain, and

mobility issues since the shooting.” (Id. ¶ 5.)

issue.” (Id. ¶ 20.) Further, a fellow inmate stated during his deposition that following the

incident he observed that “Plaintiff had no trouble participating in physical activities, i.e.,

working out, doing burpees, pull ups, and dips.” (Id. ¶ 19.) Defendants assert that “Plaintiff has

produced no medical records concerning his purported injuries related to his interaction with

McLeod[, and that other] than receiving Tylenol and other over-the-counter pain medicines,

Plaintiff testified that he did not receive any medical treatment either in [Lancaster County

Prison] or since his release for his hip.” (Id. ¶¶ 24-25.)

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff commenced this action on February 14, 2020. (“Compl.,” ECF No. 1.) The

Complaint sets forth four causes of action: (1) “42 U.S.C. § 1983—Excessive Use of Force[;]”

(2) “42 U.S.C. § 1983—Policy, Custom, Pattern and Practice [Monell Claim;]” (3) “State Law

Claim—Assault and Battery[;]” and (4) “State Law Claim—Intentional Infliction of Emotional

Distress[.]” (Id. ¶¶ 21-39.) On April 16, 2020, Defendants filed their Answer denying all

liability. (ECF No. 9.)

On September 25, 2020, Plaintiff’s counsel filed a Motion to Withdraw as Attorney,

which the Court granted after holding a hearing on October 26, 2020. (See ECF Nos. 20, 27, 28.)

Plaintiff was advised during the hearing of the Court’s guidelines for appearing pro se, and a

copy of the Court’s “Notice of Guidelines for Representing Yourself in Civil Cases” was mailed

to him that same day. (See ECF No. 29.)

On April 19, 2021, Defendants filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. (See MSJ.)

After the deadline to file an opposition passed, the Court entered an order directing Plaintiff to

file a brief in opposition on or before June 25, 2021. (See “30-Day Extension Order,” ECF No.

38.) In that same Order, the Court reminded Plaintiff of his pro se obligations to conform with

the requirements of Civil Local Rules 7.1 and 5.1(b). To date, Plaintiff has failed to file an

opposition brief.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 56(a), a party is entitled to summary judgment

where the movant shows that there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact”. Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(c). “Facts that could alter the outcome are ‘material,’ and disputes are ‘genuine’ if

evidence exists from which a rational person could conclude that the position of the person with

the burden of proof on the disputed issue is correct.” Ideal Dairy Farms, Inc. v. John Labatt,

Ltd., 90 F.3d 737, 743 (3d Cir. 1996). The burden of proof rests originally with the movant to

show the lack of dispute as to a material fact and must do so by citing to specific portions of the

record which demonstrate the movant’s entitlement to judgment under Rule 56. Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). To determine whether a movant has demonstrated that there

are no genuine issues of material fact, a court must first consider the evidence presented by the

moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

For claims or defenses where the movant bears the burden of proof at trial, a movant

“must show that it has produced enough evidence to support the findings of fact necessary to

win.” El v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 479 F.3d 232, 237 (3d Cir. 2007); see also Hernandez v.

Borough of Palisades Park Police Dep’t, 58 F. App’x 909, 912 (3d Cir. 2003) (“[I]t is proper for

a district court to grant summary judgment when a plaintiff fails to produce any evidence on a

necessary element of [his] claim.”). For claims or defenses that the non-movant bears the burden

of proof at trial, a movant can simply point out “that there is an absence of evidence to support

the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. Once the movant has met its burden of

proof under summary judgment, the opposing party “must point to actual evidence in the record

on which a jury could decide an issue of fact its way.” El, 479 F.3d at 238.

In order to survive summary judgment, the party opposing summary judgment must raise

“more than a mere scintilla of evidence in its favor.” Williams v. Borough of W. Chester, 891

F.2d 458, 460 (3d Cir. 1989). The party opposing summary judgment must cite specific

evidence in the record and may not “rest solely on assertions made in the pleadings, legal

memoranda, or oral argument.” Berckeley Inv. Group, Ltd. v. Colkitt, 455 F.3d 195, 201 (3d Cir.

2006) (describing this phase of summary judgment as “put up or shut up time for the non-moving

party”). Accordingly, “it is proper for a district court to grant summary judgment when a

plaintiff fails to produce any evidence on a necessary element of [his] claim.” Hernandez v.

Borough of Palisades Park Police Dep’t, 58 F. App’x 909, 912 (3d Cir. 2003).

IV. DISCUSSION

Defendants aver that “Plaintiff has failed to produce evidence to support the elements of

his various claims, [and therefore] submit that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that

they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” (MSJ at 14.) The Court will discuss each

claim in turn.

A. Count I—Excessive Use of Force

The Eighth Amendment prohibits prison officials from unnecessarily and wantonly

inflicting pain on an inmate. See Wilkins v. Gaddy, 559 U.S. 34, 34-35 (2010); see also Hudson

v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992). However, because Plaintiff was incarcerated at Lancaster

County Prison as a pretrial detainee at the time of the alleged use of force (see MSJ at 14), the

Court will therefore analyze Plaintiff’s excessive use of force claim under the Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Wharton v. Danberg, 854 F.3d 234, 247 (3d Cir.

2017) (citing Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 551 (1979) (“Our precedent is clear that while the

detention of sentenced inmates is governed by the Eighth Amendment, the treatment of pretrial

detainees is governed by the Due Process Clause[.]”)); see also Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576

U.S. 389, 426-27 (2015) (pretrial detainee protected from the “use of excessive force that

amounts to punishment”). Under the Fourteenth Amendment, a pretrial detainee must prove that

law enforcement had an express intent to punish the detainee and must not have had an

“alternative purpose” for the force or restriction, or that the force or restriction “appears

excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned[.]” Bell, 441 U.S. at 538 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). Whether the use of force rises to an unconstitutional level

is determined by “whether the force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore

discipline or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Hudson, 503

U.S. at 6 (citing Whitley v. Albers, 474 U.S. 312, 320-21 (1986)).

In light of Hudson, it is clear to the Court that the actions complained of were a

constitutionally permissible use of force. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 6-7. Specifically, the Court

finds that Plaintiff’s excessive force claim fails as a matter of law because Plaintiff has produced

no evidence demonstrating that the actions of Defendant McLeod were done to punish Plaintiff

and because the force used by Defendant McLeod was based on a good faith effort to achieve

Plaintiff’s compliance with the officer’s commands and to secure Plaintiff in his cell during an

active “code yellow” emergency situation at Lancaster County Prison. For example, Defendant

McLeod testified during his deposition that the only reason he pushed the Plaintiff towards his

cell was to gain Plaintiff’s compliance only after Plaintiff had ignored several verbal commands

to “lock up,” and Defendant McLeod, as a correctional officer was responsible for the safety of

the prison, including the inmates and the correctional officers who were outnumbered by the

inmates at that time. (See “McLeod Dep.,” ECF No. 36-4 at 44-45.) Plaintiff also testified

during his deposition that Defendant McLeod was the only correctional officer in the immediate

area and that there were numerous inmates out of their cells at the time that the “code yellow”

was called. (See “Plf. Dep.,” ECF No. 36-2 at 109.) Thus, Plaintiff has failed to show that

Defendant McLeod’s actions were meant to punish and not for an “alternative purpose”—

namely, to get Plaintiff into his cell in an effort to maintain or restore discipline during an active

inmate-fight situation. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 6-7; see also Bell, 441 U.S. at 538.

Moreover, our Third Circuit Court of Appeals has previously examined a “prisoner push”

claim similar to the instant action. See Carson v. Mulvihill, 488 F. App’x 554, 562 (3d Cir.

2012). In Carson, an inmate, who was confined to a wheelchair, alleged that excessive force was

used by a corrections officer when the officer “grabbed his wheelchair, swung it around, and

launched Carson forward from the cell door directly into the steel bed.” Id. at 557 (internal

quotation marks omitted). In that situation the corrections officer was also attempting to have

the plaintiff return to his cell. Id. In finding that the District Court did not err in granting

summary judgment in favor of the defendant officer, the Third Circuit held:

The facts Carson alleges simply do not show that the prison guard

lacked a legitimate nonpunitive purpose for his actions, or that the

force was excessive. At most, Carson has alleged that in an attempt

to force him into his cell, the prison guard pushed Carson’s

wheelchair rapidly and harshly through his cell door, causing him to

fall sharply onto his bed inside the door. But not . . . every

malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of

action, and not every push or shove, even if it may later seem

unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s chambers, violates a prisoner’s

constitutional rights.

Id. at 562 (citing Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9).

Accordingly, the Court finds that the alleged use of force in the instant case—three

pushes to get Plaintiff in the direction of and into his cell block—constitutes no Due Process

violation. Plaintiff’s excessive use of force claim fails as a matter of law.

B. Count II—Monell

Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts that Defendants—Lancaster County and Warden

Steberger—have “adopted and maintained for many years recognized and accepted policies,

customs, and practices within the prison . . . which knowingly place inmates such as the Plaintiff

in dangerous positions and/or increased the risk of danger to inmates such as the Plaintiff. Said

policies, customs and practices ultimately resulted in Plaintiff’s being injured[.]” (Compl. ¶ 26.)

The liability of a municipality—in this case, Lancaster County—under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

is governed by Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Under Monell, a municipal

entity may be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only “when execution of a government’s policy or

custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those who edicts or acts may fairly be said to

represent official policy” deprives a citizen of constitutional rights.” Id. at 694; see also Reitz v.

Cty. of Bucks, 125 F.3d 139, 144 (3d Cir. 1997). Liability exists when “‘there is a direct causal

link between a municipal policy or custom and the alleged constitutional deprivation.’” Brown v.

Muhlenberg Twp., 269 F.3d 205, 214 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S.

378, 385 (1989)).

First, as a threshold matter, a municipality can only be held liable when one of its

employees is first found to be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Monell, 463 U.S. at 658; see

also City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796 (1986). Accordingly, in order to establish a

derivative Monell claim against Defendants County of Lancaster and Warden Steberger, Plaintiff

must first establish that a constitutional violation was committed by Defendant McLeod. See

Heller, 475 U.S. at 799 (no constitutional violation, then no derivative municipal liability claim).

As discussed infra, see Section IV.A., the Court has found that Plaintiff’s excessive use of force

claim fails as a matter of law; accordingly, Plaintiff cannot assert a derivative Monell claim. See

Heller, 475 U.S. at 799. Second, and assuming arguendo that Plaintiff had established an

underlying constitutional violation, the Court would still find that Plaintiff’s Monell claim fails

as a matter of law because Plaintiff has failed to introduce any evidence to support the idea of a

pattern, policy, or custom of excessive force at the Lancaster County Prison. A review of the

Complaint reveals zero examples of similar instances of excessive force or when such behavior

has been facilitated or condoned. (See generally Compl.); see also Butler v. Cty. of

Northampton, Civ. No. 14-3733, 2017 WL 3485878, at *5-7 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 15, 2017)

(dismissing Monell “failure to train” claim when the plaintiff did not present any evidence of

similar constitutional violations). Rather, it appears in the Complaint that Plaintiff asserts that

simply because Defendants Lancaster County, Lancaster County Prison Board, and Warden

Steberger are “in charge” of the prison, they are therefore responsible for Defendant McLeod’s

alleged misconduct. (See Compl. ¶ 2-4.) However, it is well recognized in our Circuit that

municipalities cannot be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 under a theory of respondeat

superior. See Monell, 463 U.S. at 694; see also Johnson v. City of Phila., 975 F.3d 394, 403 (3d

Cir. 2020) (“[A]s is well established, a municipality is not liable for the unconstitutional acts of

its employees just because of their employment, under a respondeat superior theory.”).

Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s Monell claim fails as a matter of law.

C. Count III—Assault and Battery

Plaintiff further claims that the alleged excessive force constitutes assault and battery

under Pennsylvania law. (See Compl. ¶¶ 28-33.) In Pennsylvania, “an assault occurs when one

acts with the intent to place another in reasonable and immediate apprehension of harmful or

offensive contact, and that act does cause such apprehension.” Zimmerman v. Schaeffer, 654 F.

Supp. 3d 226, 255 (M.D. Pa. 2009). “In addition, for an assault to occur, the actor must be in a

position to inflict this contact and take some affirmative action to do so.” Tejada v. Correctional

Officer Dale, Civil No. 14-5604, 2015 WL 5729273, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 30, 2015). Battery, on

the other hand, requires that the actor had the intent to cause harmful or offensive contact with

the person of the plaintiff, and that such contact actually occurred. See id; see also Benjamin v.

Fassnacht, 39 F. Supp. 3d 635, 648 (E.D. Pa. 2014). While corrections officers have the

authority to use necessary force under appropriate circumstances, the reasonableness of this force

in relation to their employment duties determines whether particular conduct is considered an

assault and battery. See Tejada, at *6; see also Picariello v. Fenton, 491 F. Supp. 1026, 1037

(M.D. Pa. 1980) (determining that “necessary touchings by correctional officers of inmates in the

performance of their duties are not batteries, but privileged contacts”).

The Court finds that Plaintiff’s assault and battery claims fail because it is clear that

Defendant McLeod’s actions served a legitimate purpose, to gain Plaintiff’s compliance and

maintain order in the cell block, and stemmed from a need to exert control over Plaintiff during

an active “code yellow” situation. In other words, Defendant McLeod’s actions were reasonable

in relation to his employment duties as a correctional officer. See Tejada, at *6. Accordingly,

the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s assault and battery claims fail as a matter of law.

D. Count IV—Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

Plaintiff asserts that Defendants intentionally caused him to suffer severe emotional

distress. (See Compl. ¶¶ 34-39.) “An action for intentional infliction of emotional distress

(“IIED”) requires a plaintiff to show that (1) the conduct is extreme; (2) the conduct is

intentional or reckless; (3) the conduct caused emotional distress; and (4) the distress is severe.”

Kornegey v. City of Phila., 299 F. Supp. 3d 675, 683 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (citing Arnold v. City of

Phila., 151 F. Supp. 3d 568, 579 (E.D. Pa. 2015)). Furthermore, to state a claim for IIED in

Pennsylvania, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct was “so outrageous in

character and so extreme in degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency and to be

regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized society.” McGreevy v. Stroup, 413

F.3d 359, 371 (3d Cir. 2005); see Reeves v. Middletown Athletic Ass’n, 866 A.2d 1115, 1122 n.5

(Pa. Super. 2004); see also Smith v. Sch. Dist. Phila., 112 F. Supp. 2d 417, 428 (E.D. Pa. 2000)

(noting that outrageousness occurs as a matter of law where a recitation of facts to an average

member of the community would “arouse resentment against the actor,” and lead him to exclaim

“outrageousness”).

The Court finds that Plaintiff’s IIED claim fails as nothing about Defendant McLeod’s

actions—pushing a non-compliant inmate toward his cell during an active “code yellow”

situation in the cell block—is “extreme” or “outrageous.” See Reeves, 866 A.2d at 1122 n.5.

Moreover, the Court notes that under Pennsylvania law “a plaintiff must suffer some type of

resulting physical harm due to the defendant’s outrageous conduct.” See Swisher v. Pitz, 868

A.2d 1228, 2005 (Pa. Super. 2005). Here, Plaintiff has failed to introduce any evidence by way

of medical records or lay or witness testimony which supports his contention of suffering from

physical injury or emotional distress. In summary, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to

submit any facts demonstrating that he has suffered any emotional distress as a result of

Defendant McLeod’s actions—as such, Plaintiff’s IIED claim fails.

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, the Court will grant Defendants’ Motion for Summary

Judgment. An appropriate Order will follow.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ John Milton Younge

Judge John Milton Younge