The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
LOUIS S. MCKNIGHT,
Plaintiff 7 CIVIL ACTION
Vv. :
No. 18-5487
OFFICER MOHAMAN, et al., :
Defendants :
MEMORANDUM
PRATTER, J. SEPTEMBER £2/ , 2020
Louis McKnight, proceeding pro se, filed this action alleging violations of the First and
Fourteenth Amendments by various correctional officers allegedly employed by the Philadelphia
Department of Prisons while he was incarcerated at Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility
(CFCF).'! Mr. McKnight was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Doc. No. 8. Pending
before the Court is Mr. McKnight’s motion for appointment of counsel. For the reasons that
follow, the Court denies the motion and dismisses the complaint with leave to amend.
I. Sua Sponte Screening
Prior to addressing the pending motion, the Court is obligated to conduct a screening of a
pro se complaint seeking redress against government officials. Section 1915 requires the Court to
dismiss the case at any time if the Court determines that the action is frivolous, malicious, or fails
Mr. McKnight is currently incarcerated at the State Correctional Institution in Dallas, Pennsylvania.
He brings this action against five named individual Defendants and the City of Philadelphia. The Court
previously mooted the City’s motion and directed the Clerk of Court to add the City for purposes of service
only. Doc. No. 22. In its motion to dismiss, the City noted that Mr. McKnight’s summons to all the
individuals were returned unexecuted on April 2, 2019. Doc. No. 15. The summons to Lieutenant Gang
Jimmy, Officer Mohaman, and Lieutenant Vargus were returned unexecuted “because no person with any
of those last names is employed by PDP.” The summons to Officer Brown and Sergeant Robinson were
returned unexecuted because multiple people at PDP share those last names and it was not possible to
identify whom Plaintiff intended to sue. To date, none of the individual Defendants have been served.
to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). A complaint is
frivolous if it “lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.” Grant v. Cent. Intel. Agency, No.
19-CV-5607, 2020 WL 247531, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2020) (citing Neitzke v. Williams, 490
U.S. 319, 325 (1989)).
The legal standard for dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim under Section
1915 is the same as that for dismissing under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Schreane
v. Seana, 506 F. App’x 120 (3d Cir. 2012). The Third Circuit instructs the reviewing court to
conduct a two-part analysis. First, any legal conclusions are separated from the well-pleaded
factual allegations and disregarded. Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210-11 (3d Cir.
2009). Second, the court determines whether the facts alleged establish a plausible claim for relief.
Id. 211. Ifthe court can only infer “the mere possibility of misconduct,” the complaint has failed
to show an entitlement to relief. Jd. (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009)). As
Mr. McKnight is proceeding pro se, the Court construes his complaint liberally: Higgs v. Att’y
Gen., 655 F.3d 333, 339 (3d Cir. 2011).
Mr. McKnight filed a Section 1983 claim for violations of his rights under the First and
Fourteenth Amendments. “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the violation of
a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged
deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S.
42, 48 (1988). The First Amendment, applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment,
provides, in part, that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof...” U.S. Const., amend. I.
Accepting facts as true and construing his complaint liberally, Mr. McKnight alleges that
he was denied access to the CFCF prison chapel, that Christians were discriminated against, and
,
that he was retaliated against for filing a grievance against certain officers. Mr. McKnight
contends officers on the second shift delayed opening his cell so that, by the time he arrived at
chapel, officers were no longer issuing passes to enter. To the extent Mr. McKnight brings a First
Amendment Free Exercise challenge, he fails to state a plausible claim. In order to state a plausible
claim, Mr. McKnight must allege a “substantial burden” on the exercise. Thomas v. Rev. Bd., 450
U.S. 707, 718 (1981). Prisoners’ free exercise rights, however, are lessened by virtue of
incarceration. Legitimate penological interests must be factored when evaluating the
constitutionality of government conduct. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987); Oliver v. GD
Corr. Food Serv., LLC., No. CV 19-5084, 2019 WL 6455211, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 27, 2019).
Construing Mr. McKnight’s allegations liberally, the complaint fails to show a substantial
burden to his free exercise right. Church service at CFCF is offered daily from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30
a.m. and from 8:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. Doc No. 2 (Compl.) at 16. Mr. McKnight admits that he
attended church “all the time; [and] in the morning and evening [ ] would attend Bible Study,” and
he “never ever ha[d] a problem going to Church” during the first shift. Jd. at 16. Despite his
admitted daily attendance at services, Mr. McKnight alleges Officers Mohaman? and Brown, who
worked the second shift, were slow to unlock his cell when evening Church services were
announced over the loudspeaker. Jd. at 17. As a result, he was not one of the first five inmates to
sign the Church list and receive entry. /d. He also acknowledges that he was once denied entry
after Lieutenant Gang Jimmy asked him whether he had already attended church that day; when
Mr. McKnight replied yes, the officer told him to “give someone else a chance.” /d. at 17. The
complaint does not allege any details regarding Sergeant Robinson and Lieutenant Vargus’
Officer Mohaman’s name is spelled differently throughout the complaint. And despite Officer
Mohaman playing a central role in the events Mr. McKnight details, the City has been unable to locate any
officer by that name.
involvement. Collectively, these admissions suggest Mr. McKnight’s exercise of religious
freedom was minimally burdened. Rather, as the complaint details, officers issued a limited
number of passes per chapel poion and gave priority to prisoners who had not yet attended that
day. Accordingly, Mr. McKnight has failed to plead a substantial burden on his ability to practice
his religion. See Gannaway v. Berks Cty. Prison, 439 F. App’x 86, 90 (3d Cir. 2011).
Nor does the present version of the complaint state an equal protection claim.
Mr. McKnight’s allegation of religious discrimination is plead in conclusory terms without any
supporting facts: Mr. McKnight alleges that he was denied access to the chapel because Officer
Mohaman, who allegedly is Muslim, and Officer Brown “play favorite[] to the Muslims.” Compl.
at 7,17. “Generally, prison officials cannot discriminate against inmates of different religions.”
Marshall v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 2015 WL 1224708, at *14 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 17, 2015), aff'd, 690 F.
App’x 91 (3d Cir. 2017). “To state a claim for race- or religion-based discrimination, [a prisoner]
need[s] to show specifically that he received different treatment from that received by other
similarly situated inmates.” Farug v. McCollum, 545 F. App’x 84, 87 (3d Cir. 2013). Standing
alone, the allegation that a prison official may be of a different faith is insufficient to state a claim
against Officer Mohaman, let alone the other Defendants—if any—against whom Mr. McKnight
also brings this claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Nor does Mr. McKnight offer any facts to
demonstrate a significant disparity in treatment between religious groups. Jd.
Finally, Mr. McKnight alleges the individual Defendants retaliated against him for his
filing of a grievance. A prisoner litigating a retaliation claim must show (1) that he was engaged
in constitutionally protected conduct, (2) that he “suffered some adverse action at the hands of the
prison officials” sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his constitutional
rights; and (3) that the protected activity was “a substantial or motivating factor” in the prison
officials’ decision to take the adverse action.” Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333-34 Gd Cir.
2001). Mr. McKnight alleges he filed a grievance related to Officers Mohaman and Brown’s
alleged preferential treatment to Muslim inmates and “unprofessional” behavior. Compl. at 17.
Mr. McKnight’s allegations satisfy the first element: filing a grievance against prison officials is
conduct protected by the First Amendment. See Jones v. Davidson, 666 F. App’x 143 (3d Cir.
2016).
To satisfy the second element, Mr. McKnight must show he suffered some “adverse action”
by the prison officials. Two days after filing his grievance, while Officer Mohaman was on duty,
Sergeant Robinson handcuffed Mr. McKnight and his cellmate, their cell was searched, and they
were ultimately transferred to a different cell within the prison. Compl. at 17. Mr. McKnight
claims he was later fired from his position as Chapel aide and that his commissary went missing
but does not allege that any of the named Defendants were involved. /d. at 18. Finally,
Mr. McKnight alleges he later learned from other prison officials that Officer Mohaman had
accused him of plotting to “jump” her at the chapel. Jd. at 9, 18.
A false misconduct charge because a prisoner filed a grievance may be sufficient to state a
retaliation claim. Thomas v. McCoy, 467 F. App’x 94, 96 (3d Cir.2012) (“[F]alse misconduct
reports may constitute a constitutional violation ‘when they are instituted for the sole purpose
of retaliating against an inmate for his...exercise of a constitutional right’”); Mitchell v. Horn, 318
F.3d 523 (3d Cir. 2003). However, the Court notes that Mr. McKnight does not allege that Officer
Mohaman—or any Defendant—filed a false misconduct report. Mr. McKnight does not allege
that any proceedings were initiated against him. Nor does he claim Officer Mohaman ordered the
search, searched his cell, or directed the transfer. And, the complaint acknowledges that his
cellmate, who did not file a grievance, was subjected to the same search and transfer, and that other
cells were “randomly searched” that evening. Compl. at 17. In its present version, the complaint
fails to state a retaliation claim against Officer Mohaman.
As to the remaining Defendants: Mr. McKnight alleges Sergeant Robinson searched his
cell but does not provide any facts establishing his grievance was a “substantial or motivating
factor” in the action taken by Sergeant Robinson. Indeed, Mr. McKnight acknowledges that other
cells were “randomly searched” that evening. Jd. The complaint also fails to allege any adverse
action by Lieutenants Gang Jimmy and Vargus sufficient to state a claim of retaliation:
Mr. McKnight alleges only that “Lieutenant Gang Jimmy and Lieutenant Vargos was [sic]
standing there” when Mr. McKnight learned of the plot to assault Officer Muhanam [sic]. Jd. at
18. Mr. McKnight does not specify who informed him of the accusation, or any other facts to
otherwise involve these two Defendants in the alleged retaliation. He does not allege they searched
his cell or were involved in his move to a new cell. Last, Mr. McKnight fails to allege Officer
Brown’s personal involvement at all. Because Mr. McKnight does not causally link these
Defendants to the alleged adverse action, this Complaint does not sufficiently plead a retaliation
claim against them. Accordingly, the Court will dismiss the retaliation claims against these
Defendants. See Medina v. Kuykendall, No. CV 16-6404, 2017 WL 2791173, at *3 (E.D. Pa. June
27, 2017).
Nonetheless, the Court is mindful that Mr. McKnight, given his pro se status, should be
granted an opportunity to amend his complaint. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d
103, 113-14 (3d Cir. 2002). Accordingly, the Court dismisses the complaint without prejudice and
grants Mr. McKnight 45 days to file an amended complaint to cure the defects outlined here. An
order consistent with the memorandum follows.
II. Motion for Appointment of Counsel
Before exercising its discretion to appoint counsel to civil litigants, the Court must
determine whether the Plaintiff’s claim has “some merit in fact and law.” 7 abron v. Grace, 6 F.3d
147, 155 (3d Cir. 1992). For the reasons stated above, the Court denies Mr. McKnight’s motion
for appointment of counsel. Should Mr. McKnight choose to amend his complaint to cure the
defects identified here, the Court is willing to re-consider the motion and may appoint counsel
later, if warranted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d); Tabron, 6 F.3d at 153.
BY THE/COURT:
SZ
GENE E.K. ni
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE