McKnight v. Warden, Pickaway Correctional Institution

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION AT COLUMBUS

DEMITRIOUS MCKNIGHT, : Case No. 2:23-cv-426

:

Petitioner, : District Judge Sarah D. Morrison

: Magistrate Judge Peter B. Silvain, Jr.

vs. :

:

WARDEN, PICKAWAY

:

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION,

:

:

Respondent.

:

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION1

Petitioner, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. This matter has been referred to the undersigned pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 636(b) and this Court’s Amended General Order 22–05. Pending before the Court are

the Petition (ECF No. 4); Respondent’s Return of Writ (ECF No. 9); and the state court record

(ECF No. 8). Petitioner did not file a Reply. For the reasons that follow, the undersigned

RECOMMENDS that the Petition be DENIED, and this action be DISMISSED.

I. Procedural History

The record shows the relevant procedural history. See ECF No. 8. The Ohio Court of

Appeals, Tenth Appellate District provided the following factual summary:

{¶ 2} A jury convicted defendant-appellant Demitrious D. McKnight of the first-

degree felony of aggravated burglary under R.C. 2911.11, with a gun specification,

and of felony murder under R.C. 2903.02, also with a gun specification. It acquitted

him of aggravated robbery, and counts for aggravated murder and murder charged

in another fashion were dropped at the prosecution’s request without the jury

having reached a verdict. The trial court sentenced Mr. McKnight to 15 years to

life in prison for the murder, consecutive to 3 additional years on the gun

1 Attached is a NOTICE to the parties regarding objections to this Report and Recommendation.

specification to that count and consecutive, also, to a 4-year prison term for the

aggravated burglary and 3 additional years for the gun specification attached to that

count. His total sentence therefore was 25 years to life, with 7 of those years

attributable to the aggravated burglary count and specification. Oct. 1, 2020

Judgment Entry.

{¶ 3} The verdicts came after the jury heard from witnesses including Ms. A.C.

She lived in a first-floor unit at the Berwick Arms apartment complex, and her

“grandbaby was staying there,” too. Tr. at 191. She told the jury that a “close

friend” of hers, a “nice gentleman, respectable,” by the name of “New York” (and

with the given name, it developed, of [Martin] Harris), helped defray her bills in

exchange for her permitting him on occasion to deal drugs out of her apartment. Id.

at 193, 196 (“I would let him sell a little crack, if he paid my bills and stuff, and he

did”). That is what he was doing, she said, on the afternoon of May 24, 2018. Id.

at 193, 198.

{¶ 4} Sales were winding down and Ms. A.C.’s granddaughter had returned to the

apartment and gone to her room for a nap when Ms. A.C., who herself had partaken

of some crack, heard a knock at the apartment door. Id. at 199-200. She “looked

out the peak hole,” but someone had covered it with his finger, she testified. Id. at

201. She demanded that the person move away from the peephole, and did not

recognize him, but Mr. Harris instructed her to admit him: “New York said, Ms.

[A.C.], open the door so I can sell this stuff and * * * get out of here.” Id. at 202.

Things happened quickly, she recounted. “So when I went to open the door, it was,

like, boom; and he was, like, I want it all. I want it all. * * * * I was just so scared

because my granddaughter was in the back, and then they point the gun at me, and

I’m, like, I ain’t got nothing.” Id. at 202.

{¶ 5} Two men had burst in, she said, and “I didn’t even get the door all the way

open before they bust through, knocking me in behind the door.” Id. at 205.

“[W]hen they came in, when they pushed the door in, I slammed in against the wall

and the door came to me.” Id. at 207. The “dark-skinned guy,” whom she

subsequently identified as defendant McKnight, “bust through with a gun.” Id. at

205, 206-07 (identification of defendant, who “had a nine” [millimeter firearm]).

She screamed, and they told her: “We want the money. Shut the fuck up --.” Id. at

209. Both men approached Mr. Harris, who remained calm, while Ms. A.C.’s

thoughts turned to rescuing her granddaughter. Id. at 202. “So * * * they went to

New York and was, like, MF, give me the money, give me the shit. Give me the

shit. Give me the shit. Give me the money. Give me the shit. Just give me it all.

Give me it all.” Id. at 203; see also id. at 209.

{¶ 6} Ms. A.C. testified that she then ran out of the apartment, intending to circle

around and get her granddaughter out through a window. Id. at 203, 210, 212. She

turned around and saw the second intruder (“light skinned with dreadlocks” and

wearing a red hoodie, id. at 204) coming past her out of the apartment; she put up

her hands and started screaming again. Id. at 212. At this point, she said, she had

not heard any gunshots. Id. at 212. “[T]hen he just ran past * * *, he was just trying

to get away. * * * * So then that’s when the shots said, Pop, pop, pop, pop, pop,

pop. They just start. I said, Oh, Momma. My granddaughter over in there.” Id. at

213. But then her granddaughter appeared, running away from the apartment. Id.

at 214.

{¶ 7} After hugging her granddaughter, Ms. A.C. approached the building and saw

Mr. McKnight emerging from her window. Id. at 215 (“the defendant was hanging

out my window * * * *; and I heard him say, Help. Help.”). A building security

guard arrived, gun drawn, and Ms. A.C. followed him back toward her apartment

to check on the status of Mr. Harris “and all of this stuff.” Id. at 216. Ms. A.C.

further testified that she later picked Mr. McKnight out of a photo array and

identified him as having “had a gun and entered the apartment”; she did not see his

compatriot in the red hoodie to have a gun, she said, and her recollection of these

events was “[n]ot at all” impaired by her having smoked crack that day. Id. at 218-

19.

{¶ 8} Called to the witness stand, security guard Eric Baker told the jury that he had

been flagged down by a woman “saying someone just shot up her apartment.” Id.

at 270. Upon arriving at the scene, he “noticed a male trying to come out of a

window.” Id. That man turned out to be Mr. McKnight, who had been shot in the

face. “[O]nce we got him out -- fully out of the window and onto the ground, we

were informed that there was someone else still inside.” Id. at 271-72.

{¶ 9} Mr. Baker entered the building and discovered Mr. Harris lying in the entry

to the apartment, with his torso extending into the hallway. Id. at 276. “He had

been shot,” but was “still alive” and asking for help. Id. at 272. Mr. Baker “asked

him did he know who shot him, and he kind of just pointed like towards the window,

or outside, but he wasn’t able to say who it was or the description or anything of

that nature. He just kept pointing as [if] to say they were outside.” Id. at 273. Mr.

Baker confirmed that the window at which he thought Mr. Harris was pointing was

the same window from which Mr. McKnight had emerged. Id.; see also id. at 277

(from his prone position, Mr. Harris was pointing back through the apartment

“towards the window”).

{¶ 10} A police officer who responded to the scene testified to have observed Mr.

McKnight lying in front of the building with “an apparent gunshot wound to his

face.” Id. at 68 (Officer Lucci). Inside the apartment, the officer found Mr. Harris

in “[v]ery bad” condition with gunshot wounds and “unable to speak.” Id. at 74.

The officer searched Mr. Harris and found “a large sum of money” and “a large

[amount of] suspected crack cocaine in his pants’ pockets.” Id. at 75. He also

found two guns in the apartment, one a “MAC-9” [sic], the other a revolver. Id. at

77; see also Ex. B (Crime Scene Search Unit report with two “Recovered Firearm”

forms, one for the Cobray MAC-11 9 mm weapon, the other for a Sturm Ruger .357

revolver), Ex. E (Firearms Report).

{¶ 11} The Coroner’s evidence indicated that Mr. Harris died that day from two

gunshot wounds to the trunk of his body. Id. at 179, 181-82, and Ex. D. Both

bullets passed through the body without leaving fragments. Id. at 171. Each bullet

had at least a slightly downward trajectory, one piercing his liver and the other his

colon. Id. at 178, 180.

{¶ 12} The state also adduced evidence that three spent casings from the scene had

come from the 9 mm Cobray semi-automatic pistol and that five spent cartridge

casings were in the .357 Magnum. Id. at 318, 321, and Ex. E. Other expert

testimony revealed that a bullet recovered at the scene with Mr. Harris’s blood on

it was capable of having been fired from the Cobray 9 mm but not from the .357

Magnum. See Id. at 431 (blood DNA testimony); 320-22 (firearms expert). Mr.

Harris was not a major contributor of DNA to either gun; Mr. McKnight in all

overwhelming probability was a major contributor of DNA to both, including to

DNA (from blood) on the trigger and handle of the Cobray MAC-11. Id. at 418,

419, 425-27 (testimony of forensic DNA [analyst] Miranda Smith). And the DNA

analyst testified that Mr. McKnight’s DNA was found on fingernail scrapings from

Mr. Harris’s left hand, as well as on the apartment’s doorjamb. Id. at 428-29.

{¶ 13} The state also presented testimony of a jailhouse informant, S.A. He testified

to having been housed with Mr. McKnight for “a month or two” (a time period that

grew considerably shorter under cross-examination) while Mr. McKnight was

awaiting trial in this case. Id. at 331, 361-62. According to S.A., Mr. McKnight

confessed that he and an unnamed colleague had “forced their way into” an

apartment after having gone there under the “guise that they were * * * to sell or

purchase a weapon.” Id. at 333, 335. After having “had to get up in there,” the

story ran, Mr. McKnight and the “victim * * * got to arguing and, like, talking

strongly back and forth to each other. He said that he pulled out his phone, just

looking around to see, like, what was inside the apartment, whatever, and a few

minutes later he heard a gunshot, and he responded to the gunshot, and next thing

you know he was shot, and he said he was stumbling back and fell * * * out the

window.” Id. at 336. S.A.’s account continued that Mr. McKnight “said that the

person pretty much got what [h]e deserved, and he said it was funny how he got

shot in the face and survived and that person didn’t, and he died; and so he had said

everything that he got he deserved.” Id. at 339-40 (with the transcript perhaps not

entirely clear as to whether that last “he” connotes Mr. Harris or Mr. McKnight).

S.A. also testified that Mr. McKnight had said that he was tipped off to the hold-up

prospect by a female neighbor. Id. at 340; see also id. at 387.

{¶ 14} S.A. acknowledged that he received significant consideration for providing

his account. His potential sentence on a pending robbery charge was reduced from

22 to 12 years (not counting a potential year and a half for post-release control

violation) when the state agreed on his plea of guilty to dismiss a repeat violent

offender specification that had been based on an earlier robbery, and the state

further agreed to recommend that he receive a sentence of five years in prison. Id.

at 344 (reciting cooperation agreement), 357. The case detective acknowledged

that various witness reports and other details involving the events in question would

have been in the state’s discovery provided Mr. McKnight (and potentially

available, the defense suggested, in his jail pod). Id. at 472-73 (Detective Mall),

364 (S.A. concedes that reading someone’s discovery packet in a prison pod is a

theoretical possibility).

{¶ 15} The state also called the detective, Aaron Mall. Detective Mall was

permitted to testify, among other things, as to his understanding that Mr. Harris had

been under federal investigation for illegal weapons dealing at the time of his death.

Id. at 469. He testified, too, that Ms. A.C. had described Mr. McKnight as having

had a gun in his hand, and that her description of the gun matched the Cobray MAC-

11 found inside the apartment, id. at 493. He characterized Ms. A.C. as having

“seemed lucid” and cogent when he spoke with her on the evening of the shooting.

Id. at 497.

{¶ 16} Detective Mall interviewed Mr. McKnight on July 16, 2018, some 54 days

after the event. Id. at 503. The jury heard a tape-recording of that discussion. Id.

at 511-31 (trial commentary by Detective Mall about the tape; the record contains

no transcript of the interview), Ex. J (CD recording). Mr. McKnight told the

detective that he had gone to the apartment to try to sell a gun “[i]n exchange for

an eight ball of powder [cocaine].” Id. at 518 (Detective’s summary). “[T]hey got

to arguing” over the price of the gun, and “[t]he deceased tried to grab Mr.

McKnight’s gun,” according to Mr. McKnight. Id. at 520 (adding “that the

deceased went for his gun and that the deceased then shot Mr. McKnight”). Mr.

McKnight said that he had procured the MAC from “a crackhead,” id. at 523, and

that he did not know the identity of the person who had accompanied him into the

apartment, id. at 529.

State v. McKnight, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-595, 2022-Ohio-591; (ECF No. 8, PageID 207–11).

As noted, the jury found Petitioner guilty of felony murder and aggravated burglary, both

with gun specifications, and not guilty of aggravated robbery. (ECF No. 8, PageID 207). The

prosecution dropped the other two murder charges when the jury was hung on a decision. Id.;

(ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1129, 1143–44). Petitioner was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of

fifteen years to life for felony murder and four years for aggravated burglary, each with an

additional three years for the gun specifications, for a total term of twenty-five years to life to be

served consecutively. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1155–56); (ECF No. 8, PageID 207).

At sentencing on September 24, 2020, the trial judge orally appointed Stephen A. Wolfe

as Petitioner’s appellate counsel. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1157–58). Due to a clerical error, Wolfe

did not receive notice of the appointment until December 21, 2020, after the deadline to appeal

had passed. (ECF No. 8, PageID 149). Petitioner through counsel filed a motion for leave to file

a delayed appeal on December 22, 2020, id. at PageID 148–49, which the state appellate court

granted on March 2, 2021, id. at PageID 150–51. Petitioner then appealed his conviction to the

state appellate court, id. at PageID 159–78, raising the following three assignments of error:

[1] The verdicts were not supported by sufficient evidence and Appellant’s

Crim.R. 29 Motion should have been granted.

[2] The jury’s verdicts were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

[3] The trial court erred when it found that the aggravated burglary and murder

charges did not merge for sentencing purposes.

Id. at PageID 163. On March 1, 2022, the state appellate court overruled Petitioner’s three

assignments of error and affirmed the judgment against Petitioner. Id. at PageID 206–23.

On April 7, 2022, Petitioner, proceeding pro se, filed a Notice of Appeal and a

Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction to the Ohio Supreme Court, id. at PageID 226–40, raising

the following three propositions of law:

First Proposition of Law: The verdicts were not supported by sufficient evidence

and Appellant’s Crim. R. 29 Motion should have been granted.

Second Proposition of Law: The jury’s verdicts were against the Manifest Weight

of the evidence.

Third Proposition of Law: The trial court erred when it found that the aggravated

burglary and murder charges did not merge for sentencing purposes.

Id. at PageID 229, 232–38. On May 24, 2022, the Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept

jurisdiction. Id. at PageID 260.

On June 9, 2022, Petitioner, proceeding pro se, filed an Application for Reopening to the

state appellate court pursuant to Ohio Appellate Rule 26(B). (ECF No. 8, PageID 261–88)

(application to reopen, Petitioner affidavit, and attached exhibits with a time stamp reflecting

“2022 Jun 09 9:21 AM”); id. at PageID 362 (reflecting filing date on state appellate court docket).

In his application to reopen, Petitioner raised the following three grounds for relief:

[1] The trial court plainly erred by not providing a jury instruction on what the “any

criminal offense” element is as it relates to the Aggravated Burglary charge in

violation of McKnight’s right to due process under the 5th and 14th Amendments

to the U.S. Constitution and Article I Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.

[2] The trial court abused its discretion when it denied the Appellant’s motion in

limine to prevent State’s witness from testifying to a prejudicial statement [] an

unrelated act/offense in violation of Appellant’s 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments of

the U.S. Const. and Article I Sec. 10 of the Ohio Const.

[3] McKnight received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the 6th

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I Section 10 of the Ohio

Constitution.

Id. at PageID 263, 265, 267. On September 8, 2022, the state appellate court denied Petitioner’s

request to reopen as untimely and, alternatively, on the merits. Id. at PageID 299–314.

On October 5, 2022, Petitioner, proceeding pro se, appealed that denial to the Ohio

Supreme Court, raising the following three propositions of law:

Proposition of Law I: The trial court plainly erred by not providing a jury

instruction on what the “any criminal offense” element is as it relates to the

Aggravated Burglary charge.

Proposition of Law II: The trial court abused its discretion when they denied

defendant’s exhibits to be admitted in trial.

Proposition of Law III: Appellant received ineffective assistance of counsel in

violation of the 6th Amendment.

Id. at PageID 320–28. The Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept jurisdiction on November 29,

2022. Id. at PageID 349.

On March 6, 2023, Petitioner, proceeding pro se, sought a writ of habeas corpus in this

Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (Petition, ECF No. 4). In his Petition, he raises the following

grounds for relief:

GROUND ONE: The verdicts were not supported by sufficient evidence and

Appellant’s Crim. R. 29 motion should have been granted.

Supporting Facts: An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of

the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted

at trial to determine whether such evidence if believed would convince the average

mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

GROUND TWO: The jury’s verdicts were against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

Supporting Facts: Even when a verdict is supported by sufficient evidence, an

appellate court may nevertheless conclude that the verdict is against the manifest

weight of the evidence because the test under the manifest weight standard is much

broader than that for sufficiency of evidence.

GROUND THREE: The trial court erred when it found that aggravated burglary

and murder charges did not merge for sentencing purposes.

Supporting Facts: When determining whether offenses are allied offenses of

similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, Courts must ask 3 questions

when defendants conduct support multiple offenses. (1) where the offenses

dissimilar in import or significance, (2) where they committed separately, (3) were

they committed with separate animus or motivation.

GROUND FOUR: Plain error/Incomplete jury instructions.

Supporting Facts: The trial court plainly errored by not providing a complete jury

instruction on what the “any criminal offense element” is as it relates to the

aggravated burglary charge even after the jury asked for clarification.

GROUND FIVE: Abuse of discretion.

Supporting Facts: The trial court abused its discretion when it denied the

appellant’s motion in limine to prevent state’s witness from testifying to a

[prejudice] statement and failed to accept any exhibits from the defendant but

accepted new exhibits from the State.

GROUND SIX: Ineffective assistance of counsel.

Supporting Facts: Appellant’s counsel failed to support him in a manner that’s

recommended by the state. Appellant’s lawyer failed to discuss the case with him

and or call any witness to help his case. Appellant’s lawyer allowed whatever

evidence the State had to offer be allowed but [barely] fought for his evidence.

Id. at PageID 67–72.

On June 29, 2023, Respondent filed the state court record (ECF No. 8), the trial transcript

(ECF No. 8-1), and a Return of Writ, arguing that Petitioner’s claims should be dismissed as not

cognizable in habeas review, dismissed due to procedural default, or denied on the merits. (ECF

No. 9). Petitioner did not file a Reply. This matter is now ripe for review.

II. Standard of Review

Because this is a habeas corpus case, provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, apply to this case. See

Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997). The AEDPA limits the circumstances under which a

federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on

the merits in a state court proceeding. Specifically, under the AEDPA, a federal court shall not

grant a writ unless the state court adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the

Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). Section 2254(d)(1) circumscribes a federal court’s review of claimed legal

errors, while § 2254(d)(2) places restrictions on a federal court’s review of claimed factual errors.

The United States Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals have explained the

measure of deference a federal habeas court must afford to a state court adjudication on the merits.

Stermer v. Warren, 959 F.3d 704, 720 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86,

101 (2011); Jordan v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst., 675 F.3d 586, 59293 (6th Cir. 2012)) (“[I]f a

state court decides a claim on the merits, that decision is subject to significant deference.”); Haight

v. Jordan, 59 F.4th 817, 831 (6th Cir. 2023) (quoting Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181

(2011); Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam)) (noting that the AEDPA

“requires that state court determinations ‘be given the benefit of the doubt’”). A state court ruling

that a “claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree

on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Stermer, 959 F.3d at 721 (quoting Harrington,

562 U.S. at 101; Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “[E]ven when the state court fails to explain its reasoning . . . the federal court must

determine what arguments or theories . . . could have supported the state court’s decision and

afford those theories AEDPA deference.” Id. (quoting Sexton v. Beaudreaux, 138 S. Ct. 2555,

2558 (2018) (per curiam) (alteration in original); Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 (internal quotation

marks omitted). This standard is “intentionally ‘difficult to meet.’” Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S.

312, 316 (2015) (quoting White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419 (2014); Metrish v. Lancaster, 569

U.S. 351, 357–58 (2013)).

Additionally, this Court’s habeas review is limited to the record that was before the state

court that adjudicated the claim on the merits. Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 181. However, “if a review

of the state court record shows that additional fact-finding was required under clearly established

federal law or that the state court’s factual determination was unreasonable, the requirements of §

2254(d) are satisfied and the federal court can review the underlying claim on its merits.” Upshaw

v. Stephenson, 97 F.4th 365, 372 (6th Cir. 2024) (quoting Stermer 858 F.3d at 721). “If a habeas

petitioner satisfies the heightened requirements of § 2254(d), or if the petitioner’s claim was never

‘adjudicated on the merits’ by a state court, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), AEDPA deference no longer

applies.” Stermer 858 F.3d at 721. “Instead, the petitioner’s claim is reviewed de novo as it would

be on direct appeal.” Id. (citing Maples v. Stegall, 340 F.3d 433, 436 (6th Cir. 2003)). “The district

court would also be free to expand the record, provided that the petitioner diligently attempted to

present those facts in state court (or alternatively if [he] meets AEDPA’s narrow exception for

evidence of actual innocence).” Id. at 721–22 (citations omitted).

III. Discussion and Analysis

Petitioner filed the instant federal habeas corpus action, raising six grounds for relief.

(Petition, ECF No. 4). Respondent maintains that the six grounds are either not cognizable,

procedurally defaulted, or meritless. (Return, ECF No. 9). The undersigned addresses each claim

in turn.

A. Ground One: Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first ground for relief, Petitioner asserts that the State failed to present sufficient

evidence and the trial court erred when it denied his Rule 29 Motion for Acquittal. (Petition, ECF

No. 4, PageID 67). As an initial matter, Petitioner does not provide specific, factual arguments for

his federal habeas claims. See generally id. The Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit have explained

that a “pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than

formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Heyward v. Cooper, 88 F.4th 648, 653–54 (6th Cir. 2023)

(quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)).

“A document filed pro se is ‘to be liberally construed.’” Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94 (quoting Gamble,

429 U.S. at 106). “[L]iberal construction,” though, “does not require a court to conjure allegations

on a litigant’s behalf.” Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d 710, 714 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Erwin v.

Edwards, 22 F. App’x 579, 580 (6th Cir. 2001)). To the extent Petitioner intended to raise here

the same claims he raised to the state courts, in liberally construing Petitioner’s pro se filing, the

Court looks to those state court claims to discern Petitioner’s arguments.

On direct appeal, Petitioner argued that the State failed to prove all required elements for

aggravated burglary. (ECF No. 8, PageID 169–73) (detailing Petitioner’s sufficiency of the

evidence claim he raised to the state appellate court). Specifically, Petitioner maintained that he

did not trespass because he was invited into the apartment. Id. at PageID 171–72. Without

sufficient evidence to prove aggravated burglary, Petitioner argued that the State also failed to

provide sufficient evidence for the felony murder charge since aggravated burglary was a required

element of that charge. Id.

The well-settled standard of review for evaluating the merits of constitutional claims

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence was established by the Supreme Court in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). The Supreme Court held in Jackson that because the Due Process

Clause requires the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt every fact necessary to constitute the

charged offense, “the relevant question” in assessing the sufficiency of the evidence “is whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 443 U.S. at 319.

Under the Jackson standard, the State is not required to “rule out every hypothesis except

that of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 326. Rather, “a federal habeas corpus court faced

with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences must presume -- even if it does

not affirmatively appear in the record -- that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor

of the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.” Id.; Walker v. Engle, 703 F.2d 959, 969–70

(6th Cir. 1983). It is the “responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences” from the evidence. Jackson,

443 U.S. at 319. “Consequently, the reviewing court is not permitted to reweigh the evidence,

reevaluate the credibility of witnesses, make its own subjective determination of guilt or

innocence, or otherwise substitute its opinion for that of the jury.” Zonou v. Warden, Chillicothe

Corr. Inst., No. 1:12-cv-69, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32236, at *37 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 8, 2013) (citing

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19, n.13; United States v. Fisher, 648 F.3d 442, 450 (6th Cir. 2011);

Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d 191, 205 (6th Cir. 2009); York v. Tate, 858 F.2d 322, 329 (6th Cir.

1988) (per curiam)).

Moreover, federal habeas review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is

even further limited. As the Sixth Circuit explained in Brown, the federal habeas court is “bound

by two layers of deference to groups who might view facts differently than [the habeas court]

would.” 567 F.3d at 204–05. The federal habeas court must defer not only to the trier of fact’s

findings as required by Jackson, but under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), must also “defer to the state

appellate court’s sufficiency determination as long as it is not unreasonable.” Brown, 567 F.3d at

205; Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 531 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Tucker v. Palmer, 541 F.3d 652,

656 (6th Cir. 2008)). The Sixth Circuit emphasized:

[W]e cannot rely simply upon our own personal conceptions of what evidentiary

showings would be sufficient to convince us of the petitioner’s guilt. We cannot

even inquire whether any rational trier of fact would conclude that petitioner [] is

guilty of the offenses with which he was charged. Instead, we must determine

whether the Ohio Court of Appeals itself was unreasonable in its conclusion that a

rational trier of fact could find [the petitioner] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt

based upon the evidence introduced at trial.

Brown, 567 F.3d at 205 (citing Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009)).

Further, a conviction may be sustained “based upon nothing more than circumstantial

evidence.” Tucker, 541 F.3d at 657 (citing United States v. Kelley, 461 F.3d 817, 825 (6th Cir.

2006)); James v. Corrigan, 85 F.4th 392, 396 (6th Cir. 2023) (citing Cooper v. Chapman, 970 F.3d

720, 732 (6th Cir. 2020); Johnson v. Coyle, 200 F.3d 987, 992 (6th Cir. 2000)) (“States can prove

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt using exclusively circumstantial evidence.”). A federal habeas

court reviewing sufficiency of evidence claims “assess[es] whether the jury could ‘draw

reasonable inferences’ from the evidence to establish the relevant element of the crime.” James,

85 F.4th at 396 (quoting Coleman v. Johnson, 566 U.S. 650, 655 (2012) (per curiam)).

As noted, Petitioner claims that the trial court erred by not granting his Rule 29 Motion for

Acquittal when the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to establish the aggravated

burglary and felony murder charges. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 67). In response, Respondent

points out that the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution and highlights

that the state court decision is afforded two layers of deference. (Return, ECF No. 9, PageID

1208–09) (citations omitted). Respondent concludes that Petitioner failed to show that the state

court decision denying this claim was unreasonable, suggesting that the claim is “nothing more

than a disagreement with the credibility determinations of the jury.” Id. at PageID 1211–12.

The state appellate court overruled this claim on direct appeal, providing the following:

{¶ 18} “In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate

court must determine ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v. Neil, 10th Dist. No.

14AP-981, 2016-Ohio-4762, ¶ 94, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259

(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “Where the evidence [of guilt], ‘if believed,

would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt,’ it is sufficient to sustain a conviction.” Id.; see also, e.g., State v. Williams,

10th Dist. No. 19AP-824, 2021-Ohio-3006, ¶ 38.

{¶ 19} In assessing Mr. McKnight’s first assignment of error, we therefore examine

the record to see whether the state adduced sufficient evidence to support his

convictions for aggravated burglary and felony murder, both with gun

specifications. It did.

{¶ 20} As relevant here, Ohio’s aggravated burglary statute specifies that: “No

person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied

structure * * * when another person other than an accomplice of the offender is

present, with purpose to commit in the structure * * * any criminal offense, if any

of the following apply: (1) The offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict

physical harm on another; [or] (2) The offender has a deadly weapon or dangerous

ordnance on or about the offender’s person or under the offender’s control.” R.C.

2911.11(A). The trial court charged the jury consistent with that statute, and more

specifically advised that before they could find Mr. McKnight guilty, jurors had to

find beyond a reasonable doubt that he had “trespassed by force or stealth” with

purpose to commit a criminal offense and either “recklessly inflicted * * * or

attempted to inflict * * * physical harm upon * * * Martin Harris and/or [Ms.

A.C.], and/or [Mr. McKnight] had * * * a firearm on or about his person or under

his control.” Tr. at 709 (further defining certain terms). With regard to the gun

specification attached to that count, the trial court instructed the jury that if it

concluded that Mr. McKnight was guilty of aggravated burglary, it further had to

“decide whether the state has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that [Mr.

McKnight] had a firearm on or about his person or under his control while

committing the Aggravated Burglary and did display the firearm, brandished the

firearm, indicated that he possessed the firearm, or used it to facilitate the

Aggravated Burglary.” Id. at 712-13.

{¶ 21} Mr. McKnight’s brief to us does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence

that supported both the “deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance” element of the

second, alternative prong of the aggravated burglary statute and the attached gun

specification. Indeed, his brief contends that proof showed “Harris tried to grab

McKnight’s gun, a MAC-11 Cobray.” Appellant’s Brief at 3. Nor does Mr.

McKnight contest that the state offered sufficient proof that the apartment was

occupied at the time of the event, and that he was there to commit a criminal

offense. Rather, he contends that he “was an invited guest and thus, by definition,

was not trespassing” in Ms. A.C.’s apartment. Id. at 8 (adding, “they knocked and

were let into the apartment”).

{¶ 22} But one can trespass in a home even if one knocks and the door is opened

(after one removes one’s finger from the peephole). As the trial court advised the

jury, “[a] person trespasses when, without privilege to do so, that person knowingly

enters or remains on the premises of another.” Tr. at 710 (emphasis added); see

also R.C. 2911.21(A)(1). “Privilege,” as the trial court further instructed, “means

an immunity, license, or right conferred by law, or bestowed by express or implied

grant, or arising out of status, position, office, or relationship, or growing out of

necessity.” Tr. at 710; see also R.C. 2901.01(A)(12). Starting to open one’s door

is not an express or implied grant to those entering to engage thereafter in any

conduct without limit. See, e.g., State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 115 (1987) (“a

privilege once granted may be revoked. * * * * Under the circumstances of this

case, even assuming lawful initial entry, the jury was justified in inferring from the

evidence that appellant’s privilege to remain in [the] home terminated the moment

he commenced his assault”); State v. Cutts, 5th Dist. No. 2008CA00079, 2009-

Ohio-3563, ¶ 181 (“Where a defendant commits an offense against a person in the

person’s private dwelling, the defendant forfeits any privilege, becomes a

trespasser, and can be culpable for aggravated burglary.”); State v. Tyson, 10th Dist.

No. 10AP-830, 2011-Ohio-4981, ¶ 26 (“Even if one or more of the men were

initially invited inside the apartment, that invitation was revoked when they began

stealing items.”).

{¶ 23} Ms. A.C.’s testimony, if believed, would itself provide more than sufficient

basis to find that Mr. McKnight trespassed in her residence. And the method of

that trespass—by “force,” with “stealth” not relevant under the proof adduced and

with the jury not having been charged as to “deception”—is not directly contested

by Mr. McKnight’s brief, which focuses solely on the means of entry: “they

knocked and were let into the apartment.” See Appellant’s Brief at 8-9. Ms. A.C.

testified that immediately after she opened the door, “it was, like, boom” and Mr.

McKnight “bust through with a gun.” Tr. at 202, 205. “I didn’t even get the door

all the way open before they bust through, knocking me in behind the door.” Id. at

205. She was “slammed in against the wall,” and when she screamed, she says,

Mr. McKnight and his colleague told her: “We want the money. Shut the fuck up.”

Id. at 207, 209. When Mr. McKnight slammed in through the door with a gun and

triggered Ms. A.C.’s screams (on this account), he lost any privilege he had to enter

or remain in the dwelling. He cannot seriously be heard to argue that at that point,

simply because the door had been answered, he was “an invited guest.” Compare

Appellant’s Brief at 8. On these facts, he had forfeited any “guest” status even

before he and his colleague approached Mr. Harris and (on Ms. A.C.’s testimony)

demanded: “MF, give me the money, give me the shit. Give me the shit. [And so

forth.]” Compare Tr. at 203, 209.

{¶ 24} We overrule Mr. McKnight’s first assignment of error to the extent that it

challenges the sufficiency of the state’s evidence with respect to his aggravated

burglary conviction and the related gun specification.

{¶ 25} The jury also convicted Mr. McKnight of felony murder with a gun

specification. R.C. 2903.02(B) provides in relevant part: “No person shall cause

the death of another as a proximate result of the offender’s committing or

attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a felony of the first or second

degree.” Aggravated burglary is a felony of the first degree, R.C. 2911.11(B), and

it is an offense of violence, R.C. 2901.01(A)(9)(a). Mr. McKnight’s only argument

that his felony murder conviction with the specification was not supported by

sufficient evidence is that “because aggravated burglary is an element of felony

murder” in these circumstances, and because there was insufficient evidence to

support the aggravated burglary charge (under his “invited guest” postulate), “the

state did not make its prima facie case for [the felony murder] count either.”

Appellant’s Brief at 8. But because the state did present sufficient evidence to

support its aggravated burglary charge, Mr. McKnight’s syllogism falls apart. We

overrule his first assignment of error in full.

(ECF No. 8, PageID 211–14).

Applying the required double layer of deference, the state appellate court’s denial of this

claim was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of Jackson. In overruling this claim

on direct appeal, the state appellate court construed the facts in the light most favorable to the

prosecution. Id. at PageID 211 (quoting State v. Neil, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-981, 2016-Ohio-4762,

¶ 94; State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259 (1991), para. 2 of syllabus); Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The

state appellate court detailed that the jury heard A.C.’s account of the incident, which “if believed,

would itself provide more than sufficient basis to find that [Petitioner] trespassed in her residence.”

(ECF No. 8, PageID 213). A.C. testified that as soon as she opened the door, Petitioner “bust

through with a gun,” and further noted: “I didn’t even get the door all the way open before they

bust through, knocking me in behind the door.” (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 576); (ECF No. 8, PageID

213). The state appellate court concluded that the record contained sufficient evidence to support

Petitioner’s convictions, emphasizing that Petitioner “cannot seriously be heard to argue that at

that point, simply because the door had been answered, he was ‘an invited guest.’” (ECF No. 8,

PageID 214).

Petitioner maintains that he was an invited guest because after he or the unidentified person

knocked on the door, A.C. opened the door with Harris’s approval. Id. at PageID 172. But

construing the facts in the light most favorable to the prosecution, as the state appellate court

pointed out, “one can trespass in a home even if one knocks and the door is opened (after one

removes one’s finger from the peephole).” Id. at PageID 213. Further, the state appellate court

determined that even if Petitioner was at first welcomed into the apartment as an invited guest, any

permission to enter was revoked when he “slammed in through the door with a gun and triggered

Ms. A.C.’s screams,” thus establishing the trespass element of the aggravated burglary charge. Id.

at PageID 214. Notably, the state appellate court highlighted that “[o]n these facts, he had forfeited

any ‘guest’ status even before he and his colleague approached Mr. Harris and (on Ms. A.C.’s

testimony) demanded: ‘MF, give me the money, give me the shit. Give me the shit. [And so

forth.].’” Id. Whether or not A.C. or the State’s other witnesses were credible is irrelevant because

this Court does “not reweigh the evidence, re-evaluate the credibility of witnesses, or substitute its

judgment for that of the jury.” Brown, 567 F.3d at 205 (citing United States v. Hilliard, 11 F.3d

618, 620 (6th Cir. 1993)). Construing A.C.’s testimony in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, including that Petitioner, while wielding a gun, pushed the door into A.C. before she

could fully open it, a reasonable factfinder could determine that the State presented sufficient

evidence to convict Petitioner of aggravated burglary. Thus, the state appellate court’s analysis in

overruling this claim was not unreasonable because it followed Jackson and progeny.

As to the felony murder conviction, Petitioner appears to argue that the jury lacked

sufficient evidence to convict him of felony murder because the State presented insufficient

evidence to convict him of the underlying offense of aggravated burglary. (ECF No. 8, PageID

171–72). Specifically, on direct appeal, Petitioner noted the following:

The key inquiry here is whether there was an aggravated burglary. Because the

jury acquitted McKnight of the aggravated robbery, the underlying offense for the

felony murder must have been aggravated burglary, so the two counts for which he

was convicted as well as the specifications are wholly dependent upon there being

a conviction on aggravated burglary.

Id. at PageID 171. As detailed above, the jury heard sufficient evidence to convict Petitioner of

aggravated burglary, so it follows that the jury had sufficient evidence to also convict Petitioner of

felony murder. The state appellate court found the same, noting that “because the state did present

sufficient evidence to support its aggravated burglary charge, Mr. McKnight’s syllogism falls

apart.” Id. at PageID 214. With no contentions to otherwise consider, this Court finds that the

state appellate court was not unreasonable in concluding that the record contained sufficient

evidence to convict Petitioner for both the aggravated burglary and felony murder charges. Given

the double layer of deference afforded to the jury verdict and the state appellate court decision,

neither layer is unreasonable. Brown, 567 F.3d at 205; Davis, 658 F.3d at 531. Consequently, the

trial court did not err in denying Petitioner’s Rule 29 Motion for Acquittal.

Accordingly, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DENIED on the merits.

B. Ground Two: Manifest Weight of the Evidence

In his second ground for relief, Petitioner asserts that the aggravated burglary and felony

murder convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. (Petition, ECF No. 4,

PageID 69). Respondent counters that this claim is not cognizable in a federal habeas action.

(Return, ECF No. 9, PageID 1171–73). The state appellate court overruled this claim on direct

appeal, concluding that in consideration of the record, “we cannot say that the jury clearly lost its

way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.” (ECF No. 8, PageID 216).

The Sixth Circuit and other courts in this District have found that a “manifest-weight claim

is not cognizable on federal habeas review because it is a state-law argument.” E.g., Thomas v.

Taskila, No. 23-1423, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 30660, at *17 (6th Cir. Nov. 16, 2023) (citing Estelle

v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67–68 (1991); Nash v. Eberlin, 258 F. App’x 761, 764 n.4 (6th Cir.

2007)); Myers v. Haviland, No. 17-4220, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 38924, at *5 (6th Cir. Apr. 12,

2018) (citing Johnson v. Havener, 534 F.2d 1232, 1234 (6th Cir. 1976)) (“[S]uch a claim does not

present a federal constitutional question and is not cognizable on federal habeas review.”); Stokes

v. Warden, No. 2:22-cv-3921, 2023 WL 6961414, at *11 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 20, 2023) (citing Ross v.

Pineda, No. 3:10-cv-391, 2011 WL 1337102, at *2–3 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 7, 2011)) (“Manifest weight

of the evidence is a matter of pure state law, and thus, is not a cognizable claim in habeas.”).

Further, this Court “does not reweigh the evidence or redetermine the credibility of the witnesses

whose demeanor has been observed by the trial court” because in federal habeas proceedings, “[i]t

is the province of the factfinder to weigh the probative value of the evidence and resolve any

conflicts in testimony.” Matthews v. Abramajtys, 319 F.3d 780, 788 (6th Cir. 2003) (citations

omitted) (“An assessment of the credibility of witnesses is generally beyond the scope of federal

habeas review of sufficiency of evidence claims.”); see James v. Corrigan, 85 F.4th 392, 397 (6th

Cir. 2023) (citing Matthews, 319 F.3d at 788) (“And testimonial credibility is outside the scope of

appellate review. . . . Juries choose which witnesses and statements to believe, and a court can’t

substitute its judgments for a jury’s.”).

Petitioner here asserts a state law claim that his convictions were against the manifest

weight of the evidence. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 69). It is not within this Court’s purview to

reassess the weight and credibility of evidence presented at trial—Petitioner therefore submits a

non-cognizable claim. Thomas, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 30660, at *17 (citing Estelle, 502 U.S. at

67–68; Nash, 258 F. App’x at 764 n.4); Matthews, 319 F.3d at 788.

The undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DISMISSED as not cognizable.

C. Ground Three: Trial Court Error – Declining to Merge Charges for

Sentencing

In his third ground for relief, Petitioner contends that the trial court erred in failing to merge

the aggravated burglary and felony murder charges for sentencing purposes. (Petition, ECF No.

4, PageID 70). Respondent asserts that Petitioner’s claim “that the offenses of conviction are

allied” is not cognizable in federal habeas proceedings. (Return, ECF No. 9, PageID 1174) (citing

Jackson v. Smith, 745 F.3d 206, 214 (6th Cir. 2014)). Respondent posits that habeas relief is

warranted only in situations implicating double jeopardy issues, which is not the case here. Id.

Respondent also points to the state appellate court decision, noting that Petitioner’s sentences were

within the statutory limits and the court was not unreasonable in its denial of this claim. Id. at

PageID 1174–80.

The state appellate court overruled this claim on direct appeal after applying the test laid

out in State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St. 3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892. (ECF No. 8, PageID

216–23). The state appellate court explained: “R.C. 2941.25(B) sets forth three categories in

which there can be multiple punishments: (1) offenses that are dissimilar in import, (2) offenses

similar in import but committed separately, and (3) offenses similar in import but committed with

separate animus.” Id. at PageID 217 (quoting Ruff, 2015-Ohio-995, at ¶ 20). The court found that

“Mr. McKnight’s conduct in invading Ms. A.C.’s apartment while in possession or control of a

gun and with the purpose to commit a felony caused harm separate from the shooting death of

Mr. Harris. And it also involved at least one separate victim.” Id. at PageID 222–23 (citing Ruff,

2015-Ohio-995, at ¶ 23) (emphasis added); see id. at PageID 219 (“On this record, the aggravated

burglary conviction did not hinge on the fact that Mr. Harris was shot and died.”). The state

appellate court overruled this claim “[b]ecause the aggravated burglary and the felony murder were

offenses of dissimilar import or significance under the controlling Ruff analysis, with each offense

generating its own separate and identifiable harm.” Id. at PageID 223.

Petitioner appears to argue that the state trial court erred by failing to merge the aggravated

burglary and felony murder charges pursuant to Ohio Revised Code (“O.R.C.”) § 2941.25 and the

test set forth in Ruff, which implicates state laws. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 70); (ECF No. 8,

PageID 175–78) (detailing Petitioner’s claim raised on direct appeal). Such a claim does not raise

a question regarding a violation of the United States Constitution, or federal laws or treaties, and

is therefore not cognizable in federal habeas proceedings. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67–68 (“[W]e

reemphasize that it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court

determinations on state-law questions.”); Tate v. Bunting, No. 1:14-cv-2582, 2016 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 94537, at *2829 (N.D. Ohio May 31, 2016) (citing Austin v. Jackson, 213 F.3d 298, 300

(6th Cir. 2000); Kipen v. Renico, 65 F. App’x 958, 959 (6th Cir. 2003)) (“Specifically, challenges

to a state court’s interpretation and application of state sentencing laws generally are not

cognizable in federal habeas corpus.”).

A state-law claim of this nature supports federal habeas relief only to the extent that the

claim implicates the Double Jeopardy Clause. See Jackson v. Smith, 745 F.3d 206, 208 (6th Cir.

2014) (noting that the Double Jeopardy clause prohibits “multiple punishments for the same

offense”). Petitioner does not appear to argue such an issue. See Petition, ECF No. 4. To the

extent this type of claim does implicate the Double Jeopardy Clause, which the undersigned notes

is not the case here, the state appellate court decision denying this claim would still be afforded

deference under the AEDPA. Jackson v. Smith, 745 F.3d at 213–15; Pettus v. Warden, No. 1:20-

cv-187, 2021 WL 3710508, at *4 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 20, 2021) (citing Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S.

74 (2004) (per curiam)) (concluding that the federal habeas court reviewing a merger claim “would

be bound” by the state appellate court’s decision that the petitioner’s offenses were committed

separately).

Accordingly, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DISMISSED as not

cognizable.

D. Ground Four: Trial Court Error – Jury Instructions

In his fourth ground for relief, Petitioner asserts that the trial court plainly erred by failing

to provide further jury instructions on the “any criminal offense” element for aggravated burglary

under O.R.C. § 2911.11. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 72). Petitioner did not raise this claim on

direct appeal. See ECF No. 8, PageID 163 (listing assignments of error raised on direct appeal).

Petitioner did, however, raise this as an underlying claim to the state appellate court in his Rule

26(B) application to reopen on the basis of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing

to raise the claim on direct appeal. Id. at PageID 263–65.

Respondent maintains that this claim does not warrant federal habeas relief as it attacks a

state law without implicating a federal constitutional right. (Return, ECF No. 9, PageID 1180–

81). Respondent points out that to rise to the level of a constitutional violation, the jury instruction

must have made the trial fundamentally unfair, a higher burden than “required to demonstrate plain

error on appeal.” Id. (quoting Buell v. Mitchell, 274 F.3d 337, 355 (6th Cir. 2001); Scott v.

Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 882 (6th Cir. 2000)).

In the alternative, Respondent asserts that this claim is procedurally defaulted because

Petitioner “fail[ed] to comply with Ohio’s long-standing contemporaneous objection rule,” which

is an adequate and independent state ground to preclude federal habeas relief. Id. at PageID 1194,

1199 (citations omitted). Respondent contends that the procedural default is “compounded” by

the fact Petitioner failed to raise this claim on direct appeal, and that Petitioner cannot show cause

and prejudice to excuse the default. Id. at PageID 1200. Further, Respondent argues that Petitioner

filed an untimely Rule 26(B) application, id. at PageID 1202; and notes that this claim was not

preserved for federal habeas review, id. at PageID 1201 (citations omitted). Respondent contends

that the state appellate court concluded the same, which is another adequate and independent state

ground to preclude federal habeas relief. Id. at PageID 1202–03.

In recognition of the equal obligation of the state courts to protect the constitutional rights

of criminal defendants, and in order to prevent needless friction between the state and federal

courts, a state criminal defendant with federal constitutional claims is required to first present those

claims to the state courts for consideration. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c). If the prisoner fails to do so,

but still has an avenue open to present the claims, then the petition is subject to dismissal for failure

to exhaust state remedies. Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6 (1982) (per curiam) (citing Picard

v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275–78 (1971)). Where a petitioner has failed to exhaust claims but

would find those claims barred if later presented to the state courts, “there is a procedural default

for purposes of federal habeas.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735 n.1 (1991) (citations

omitted).

To fairly present a claim in state court, a petitioner is required to “present ‘the same claim

under the same theory’ to the state courts before raising it on federal habeas review.” Hicks v.

Straub, 377 F.3d 538, 552–53 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Pillette v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 497 (6th

Cir. 1987)). If the claims are not presented to the state courts in the way in which state law requires,

and the state courts therefore do not decide the claims on their merits, neither may a federal court.

In Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 87 (1977), the Supreme Court found that “contentions of

federal law which were not resolved on the merits in the state proceeding due to [the] failure to

raise them there as required by state procedure” also cannot be resolved on their merits in a federal

habeas case because they are “procedurally defaulted.” A “common example of a procedural

default is a failure to raise a claim in state court in a timely manner.” Gibbs v. Huss, 12 F.4th 544,

550 (6th Cir. 2021).

The Supreme Court defined the “Procedural Default Doctrine” for federal habeas

proceedings as barring federal habeas relief in certain instances, stating:

This Court will not review a question of federal law decided by a state court if the

decision of that court rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal

question and adequate to support the judgment. This rule applies whether the state

law ground is substantive or procedural. In the context of direct review of a state

court judgment, the independent and adequate state ground doctrine is

jurisdictional. Because this Court has no power to review a state law determination

that is sufficient to support the judgment, resolution of any independent federal

ground for the decision could not affect the judgment and would therefore be

advisory.

* * *

The doctrine applies to bar federal habeas when a state court declined to address

a prisoner’s federal claims because the prisoner had failed to meet a state

procedural requirement. In these cases, the state judgment rests on independent

and adequate state procedural grounds.

Thompson, 501 U.S. at 729–30 (emphasis added and internal citations omitted). Failing to honor

state procedural rules that impact review by the state courts “deprives the [state] appellate court of

an opportunity to review trial error, and ‘[undercuts] the State’s ability to enforce its procedural

rules.’” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 491 (1986) (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 129

(1982)).

There are two types of procedural default in habeas actions:

First, a petitioner may procedurally default a claim by failing to comply with state

procedural rules in presenting his claim to the appropriate state court. [Lundgren

v. Mitchell 440 F.3d 754, 763 (6th Cir. 2006)]; see also Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d

135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986). If, due to the petitioner’s failure to comply with the

procedural rule, the state court declines to reach the merits of the issue, and the state

procedural rule is an independent and adequate grounds for precluding relief, the

claim is procedurally defaulted. Id.

Second, a petitioner may procedurally default a claim by failing to raise a claim in

state court, and pursue that claim through the state’s “ordinary appellate review

procedures.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 848-7, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.

Ed. 2d 1 (1999). If, at the time of the federal habeas petition, state law no longer

allows the petitioner to raise the claim, the claim is procedurally defaulted. Engle

v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 125 n. 28, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L. Ed. 2d 783 (1982); see also

Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. at 731-2.

Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006).

The Sixth Circuit utilizes the Maupin four-prong test to determine if the claim is

procedurally defaulted in a federal habeas proceeding:

(1) Did the petitioner fail to comply with a state procedural rule that applies to

petitioner’s claim?

(2) Did the state court actually enforce that procedural rule as the basis for its

refusal to address the merits of the petitioner’s claim?

(3) Is the state rule that petitioner violated an adequate and independent state

ground to foreclose review by a federal habeas court?

(4) If yes to all three, the claim is procedurally defaulted unless petitioner can

excuse the default with evidence of cause and prejudice or by showing that

failing to review the claim would create a fundamental miscarriage of justice.

See Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986) (citations omitted); Lundgren v. Mitchell,

440 F.3d 754, 763–64 (6th Cir. 2006); McNeill v. Bagley, 10 F.4th 588, 595–96 (6th Cir. 2021).

To excuse the default with cause and prejudice, “the petitioner is required to demonstrate that there

was cause for him not to follow the procedural rule and that he was actually prejudiced by the

alleged constitutional error.” Buell, 274 F.3d at 348 (citing Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138). To establish

cause, a petitioner must show that “some objective factor external to his defense impeded [the

petitioner’s] ability to comply with the state’s procedural rule.” Bies v. Sheldon, 775 F.3d 386,

396 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Murray, 477 U.S. at 488). The petitioner bears the “burden of showing

cause and prejudice.” Hinkle v. Randle, 271 F.3d 239, 245 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Lucas v. O’Dea,

179 F.3d 412, 418 (6th Cir. 1999)). To excuse the default showing a fundamental miscarriage of

justice, the petitioner must demonstrate he is actually innocent through “new reliable evidence.”

Dufresne v. Palmer, 876 F.3d 248, 255–56 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298,

321, 324 (1995)).

In analyzing procedural default under the Maupin test, courts first look to whether the

Petitioner failed to comply with a state procedural rule, and whether the state court actually

enforced that procedural bar. Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138; Lundgren, 440 F.3d at 763. The relevant

applicable rule here is that claims appearing on the face of the record must be raised on direct

appeal or they will be barred by Ohio’s res judicata rule. Wong v. Money, 142 F.3d 313, 322 (6th

Cir. 1998) (citations omitted) (“Under Ohio law, the failure to raise on appeal a claim that appears

on the face of the record constitutes a procedural default under the State’s doctrine of res

judicata.”); Hand v. Houk, 871 F.3d 390, 408–09 (6th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted). Petitioner

violated that rule by failing to raise this claim on direct appeal since the jury instruction claim is

based on evidence that appears on the face of the record. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1122–26).

Petitioner’s failure to comply with the procedural rule satisfies Maupin’s first prong.

The state appellate court actually enforced that rule when Petitioner attempted to raise the

claim in a Rule 26(B) Application for Reopening—the procedure in Ohio for raising claims of

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. In considering Petitioner’s Rule 26(B) application, the

state appellate court did not analyze the jury instruction claim on the merits as a standalone claim,

rather the court analyzed it as an instance of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing

to raise the claim on direct appeal.2 (ECF No. 8, PageID 306–11). The state appellate court’s

enforcement of the procedural rule satisfies Maupin’s second prong. It is well settled that Ohio’s

res judicata rule is an adequate and independent state ground to preclude federal habeas relief,

satisfying Maupin’s third prong. Hand, 871 F.3d at 409 (citing Hanna v. Ishee, 694 F.3d 596, 614

(6th Cir. 2012)). Because the first three prongs of the Maupin test have been met, Petitioner’s

claim is barred by procedural default absent a showing of cause and prejudice or a fundamental

miscarriage of justice.3 Before addressing that issue, however, the Court turns to Petitioner’s

inclusion of this claim in his Rule 26(B) application for reopening.

Instead of raising this claim on direct appeal, Petitioner raised it in his Rule 26(B)

application to reopen based on ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. (ECF No. 8, PageID

263–65). But doing so failed to preserve the claim for habeas review because the only claims that

2 Notably, the state appellate court first denied the application as untimely, offering the merits analysis as an

alternative ruling, discussed in further detail below.

3 Because Ground Four is procedurally defaulted on this basis alone, the Court need not consider Respondent’s

alternative contemporaneous-objection argument.

are preserved in a Rule 26(B) application are claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.

In other words, enumerated instances of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel raised in a Rule

26(B) application, such as the failure to challenge the omission of a jury instruction, are not

preserved as freestanding claims because “‘the two claims are analytically distinct.’” Smith v.

Warden, Toledo Corr. Inst., 780 F. App’x 208, 218 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Davie v. Mitchell, 547

F.3d 297, 312 (6th Cir. 2008); White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 526 (6th Cir. 2005)). When a

petitioner files a Rule 26(B) application with the state appellate court, it preserves for habeas

review only the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d

307, 338 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 612 (6th Cir. 2001)). Otherwise,

allowing a defendant to raise a substantive claim in a Rule 26(B) application “would eviscerate

the continued vitality of the procedural default rule; every procedural default could be avoided,

and federal court merits review guaranteed, by claims that every act giving rise to every procedural

default was the result of constitutionally ineffective counsel.” Id. Petitioner, therefore, did not

preserve the underlying jury instruction claim by including it in his Rule 26(B) application. Smith,

780 F. App’x at 218 (quoting Davie, 547 F.3d at 312; White, 431 F.3d at 526).

Returning to the default of this claim due to Petitioner’s failure to raise it on direct appeal,

Petitioner does not offer any cause to excuse the procedural default of Ground Four. See Petition,

ECF No. 4. Given Petitioner’s pro se status, however, the undersigned construes this ground for

relief, and Grounds Five and Six below, as if Petitioner intended to raise the same claims raised in

his Rule 26(B) application and thus assert the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel as cause.

See ECF No. 8, PageID 261–68; Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v.

Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). But, as Respondent maintains, ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel cannot serve as cause here because those claims were themselves procedurally

defaulted by being raised in a Rule 26(B) application that the state appellate court denied as

untimely.4 (Return, ECF No. 9, PageID 1202–03). “[A] petitioner cannot use the ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel as cause to excuse a procedurally defaulted claim when he has

failed to present the claim of the ineffectiveness of appellate counsel as an independent claim or

has otherwise procedurally defaulted that claim.” Tomlinson v. Bradshaw, No. 5:13-cv-1808, 2015

WL 106060, at *17 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 7, 2015) (citations omitted); Ramirez, 2016 WL 11848848, at

*4 (citing Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 453 (2000)) (pointing out that an ineffective

assistance of counsel claim “may constitute cause only if the ineffective assistance claim itself was

not procedurally defaulted, unless cause and prejudice for such default exists”); Williams, 460 F.3d

at 799–800 n.1. The Court thus turns to whether Petitioner defaulted the only cause argument he

can offer.

Ohio Appellate Rule 26(B) allows a criminal defendant to file an application for “reopening

of the appeal from the judgment of conviction and sentence, based on a claim of ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel.” Ohio App. R. 26(B)(1). An application under Rule 26(B) must

be “filed in the court of appeals where the appeal was decided within ninety days” of the appellate

court decision, unless good cause is shown for a later filing. Id.; Ramirez v. Richard, No. 16-3106,

2016 WL 11848848, at *4–5 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Fautenberry v. Mitchell, 515 F.3d 614, 639–

40 (6th Cir. 2008); Goldberg v. Maloney, 692 F.3d 534, 538 n.3 (6th Cir. 2012)). Petitioner failed

to file his Rule 26(B) application within ninety days of the state appellate court’s direct appeal

decision, a procedural bar the state appellate court actually enforced. ECF 8, PageID 300–01;

4 The state appellate court’s alternative merits review of Petitioner’s Rule 26(B) application did not waive the

procedural default occasioned by his untimely filing of the application. See Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 555

n.5, 557 (6th Cir. 2000).

Ohio App. R. 26(B). The first two prongs of Maupin are thus met as to Petitioner’s appellate

counsel cause argument. Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138; Lundgren, 440 F.3d at 763.

The third prong of the Maupin test requires the procedural rule to be an adequate and

independent state ground to preclude habeas relief. Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138; Lundgren, 440 F.3d

at 763. The Sixth Circuit has found that filing an untimely Rule 26(B) application is an adequate

and independent state ground to preclude federal habeas relief. Baker v. Bradshaw, 495 F. App’x

560, 566 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 577–78 (6th Cir. 2002); Gross

v. Warden, 426 F. App’x 349, 359 (6th Cir. 2011)); Wilson v. Hurley, 382 F. App’x 471, 476 (6th

Cir. 2010) (quoting Fautenberry, 515 F.3d at 640) (additional citations omitted). Thus, the third

prong of Maupin is met.

Because Petitioner has failed to present any cause for the default of his ineffective-

assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim, the fourth prong of Maupin is also met. See Edwards, 529

U.S. at 453 (“To hold . . . that an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim asserted as cause for the

procedural default of another claim can itself be procedurally defaulted is not to say that that

procedural default may not itself be excused if the prisoner can satisfy the cause-and-prejudice

standard with respect to that claim.”). Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim

is thus defaulted and cannot serve as cause to excuse the defaulted jury instruction claim. Edwards,

529 U.S. at 453; Ramirez, 2016 WL 11848848, at *4–5 (citing Fautenberry, 515 F.3d at 639–40;

Goldberg, 692 F.3d at 538 n.3); Williams, 460 F.3d at 799–800 n.1; Tomlinson, 2015 WL 106060,

at *17. As Petitioner has not argued that a miscarriage of justice excuses this default, Ground Four

is procedurally barred. See Dufresne, 876 F.3d at 255–56.

In any event, even if the Court would consider Ground Four on the merits, an error in jury

instructions alone is “not a basis for habeas relief.” Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 875 (6th Cir.

2000) (quoting Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 71–72 (1991)). “To warrant habeas relief, the

jury instructions must have been so infirm that they rendered the entire trial fundamentally unfair.”

Steiner v. King, No. 23-1458, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 30952, at *7–8 (6th Cir. Nov. 20, 2023)

(quoting Coe v. Bell, 161 F.3d 320, 329 (6th Cir. 1998)); Scott, 209 F.3d at 882; Hess v. Eberlin,

No. 2:04-cv-1144, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99991, at *22–23 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 20, 2006) (citing

Henderson v. Kibbe, 431 U.S. 145, 154 (1977); Wood v. Marshall, 790 F.2d 548, 551–52 (6th Cir.

1986); Thomas v. Arn, 704 F.2d 865, 868–69 (6th Cir. 1982)) (“Errors in jury instructions cannot

be raised in federal habeas corpus unless they deprive petitioner of a fundamentally fair trial.”).

“An ambiguous, potentially erroneous instruction violates the Constitution only if there is a

reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the instruction improperly.” Coe, 161 F.3d at 329

(citing Estelle, 502 U.S. at 72; Austin v. Bell, 126 F.3d 843, 846 (6th Cir. 1997)). Omissions or

incomplete instructions are less likely to be prejudicial than a misstatement of law. Hess, 2006

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99991, at *23 (citing Henderson, 431 U.S. at 155).

Petitioner has failed to demonstrate that the trial court provided erroneous jury instructions,

let alone that any potential error was fundamentally unfair. Petitioner asserts that the trial judge

should have provided further instructions when the jury inquired what constituted “any criminal

offense” under O.R.C. § 2911.11 to prevent confusion. (ECF No. 8, PageID 263–64). However,

as the state appellate court determined, the Ohio Jury Instruction guide recommends or prefers a

trial court to define “any criminal offense”—not that it is required under Ohio law. (ECF No. 8,

PageID 307–08) (quoting State v. Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d 995

(plurality opinion)) (“Nevertheless, we do not require this instruction in every case.”).

Additionally, as Respondent points out and the state appellate court explained, any error was an

“invited error” attributed to Petitioner, which does not constitute a trial court error. See Return,

ECF No. 9, PageID 1194–95 (quoting Bavelis v. Doukas (In re Bavelis), 773 F.3d 148, 157 (6th

Cir. 2014)) (citing Schoenberger v. Russell, 290 F.3d 831, 835 (6th Cir. 2002); Fields v. Bagley,

275 F.3d 478, 486 (6th Cir. 2001)); (ECF No. 8, PageID 310) (“[W]e also are mindful of the

doctrine of invited error. Under the invited-error doctrine, [a] party will not be permitted to take

advantage of an error which he himself invited or induced.”) (citations and quotation marks

omitted). Any issue with the jury instructions does not rise to the high bar of being fundamentally

unfair. Thus, Petitioner has failed to show federal habeas relief is warranted. Steiner, 2023 U.S.

App. LEXIS 30952, at *7–8; Coe, 161 F.3d at 329; Scott, 209 F.3d at 875, 882; Henderson, 431

U.S. at 155.

The undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DISMISSED due to procedural

default and, alternatively, as not cognizable in federal habeas review.

E. Ground Five: Trial Court Abuse of Discretion – Evidentiary Rulings

In his fifth ground for relief, Petitioner contends that the state trial court abused its

discretion when it denied Petitioner’s motion in limine and when it failed to admit defense exhibits.

(Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 72). As with Ground Four above, Petitioner did not raise this claim

on direct appeal, see ECF No. 8, PageID 163 (listing assignments of error raised on direct appeal),

but instead raised it in his Rule 26(B) application to the state appellate court as an underlying claim

to an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, id. at PageID 265–67. Based on the claim

he raised in his Rule 26(B) application, Petitioner appears to assert here that the trial court

improperly denied his motion in limine, “allow[ing] State’s witness [S.A] to testify about a

‘unrelated murder charge’ . . . along with ‘unrelated and inaccurate gang ties,’” which suggested a

negative view of Petitioner to the jury. Id. at PageID 265–66. Petitioner pointed out in his Rule

26(B) application that the “unrelated murder case” was prosecuted by Brian Simms, who also

prosecuted the present case. Id. at PageID 266. Petitioner also maintained that the trial court

improperly excluded defense exhibits for the jury’s consideration. Id.

Respondent contends that this claim is not cognizable under federal habeas review.

(Return, ECF No. 9, PageID 1186–88) (citations omitted). Respondent, in the alternative, asserts

that this claim was not preserved for federal habeas review since Petitioner merely raised it as an

underlying instance of appellate counsel ineffectiveness in a Rule 26(B) application. Id. at PageID

1201 (citing Scott v. Houk, 760 F.3d 497, 505 (6th Cir. 2014); Davie v. Mitchell, 547 F.3d 297,

312 (6th Cir. 2008); White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 526 (6th Cir. 2005)). Respondent maintains

that the state appellate court also denied the application as untimely. Id. at PageID 1202. Further,

Respondent posits that Petitioner cannot excuse the default with ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel because that claim “has been defaulted and is meritless.” Id. at PageID 1203.

As noted in analyzing Ground Four above, a Rule 26(B) application does not preserve the

underlying claims for federal habeas review. Smith v. Warden, Toledo Corr. Inst., 780 F. App’x

208, 218 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Davie, 547 F.3d at 312; White, 431 F.3d at 526). Additionally,

Petitioner filed an untimely Rule 26(B) application and cannot excuse this defaulted claim with a

defaulted ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Edwards, 529 U.S. at 453; Ramirez,

2016 WL 11848848, at *4–5 (citing Fautenberry, 515 F.3d at 639–40; Goldberg, 692 F.3d at 538

n.3); Williams, 460 F.3d at 799–800 n.1; Tomlinson, 2015 WL 106060, at *17.

Moreover, this claim does not rise to the level of a cognizable constitutional violation to

warrant federal habeas relief. Moreland v. Bradshaw, 699 F.3d 908, 923 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing

Collier v. Lafler, 419 F. App’x 555, 558 (6th Cir. 2011)) (“In general, alleged errors in evidentiary

rulings by state courts are not cognizable in federal habeas review.”); Wilson v. Sheldon, 874 F.3d

470, 475–76 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Coleman v. Mitchell, 244 F.3d 533, 542 (6th Cir. 2001)) (“A

state court evidentiary ruling will be reviewed by a federal habeas court only if it were so

fundamentally unfair as to violate the petitioner’s due process rights.”); Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d

496, 512 (6th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted) (“Errors in application of state law, especially with

regard to the admissibility of evidence, are usually not cognizable in federal habeas corpus.”). As

noted, Petitioner contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion in limine

to prevent the State’s witness from testifying about a prior bad act and potential gang affiliation.

(Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 72); (ECF No. 8, PageID 265–67) (detailing Petitioner’s same claim

raised as an instance of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel in his Rule 26(B) application to

reopen). Petitioner also maintains that the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to admit

certain defense exhibits. (ECF No. 8, PageID 266–67).

“Abuse of discretion is not a denial of due process.” Cultrona v. Warden, No. 2:22-cv-

1965, 2022 WL 13788864, at *6–7 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 24, 2022) (citing Sinistaj v. Burt, 66 F.3d 804

(6th Cir. 1995)). Generally, “state-court evidentiary rulings cannot rise to the level of due process

violations unless they ‘offend[] some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience

of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.’” Wilson, 874 F.3d at 475–76 (quoting Seymour v.

Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 552 (6th Cir. 2000); Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 43 (1996)). Here,

the state trial court granted in part Petitioner’s motion in limine, excluding testimony about any

potential gang affiliation because it had not come up in the State’s theory at that point. (ECF No.

8-1, PageID 653). The State also agreed to limit testimony at issue regarding whether Petitioner

had gotten away with a previous murder. Id. at PageID 651. In denying part of Petitioner’s motion

regarding his alleged statement that the “victim deserved what he got,” the state trial court

explained that the statement was permitted because it “goes to consciousness of guilt.” Id. at

PageID 653–54. Additionally, the state trial court excluded the defense exhibits because Detective

Mall testified to the relevant issues and the “documents contain[ed] a whole host of other

information and wording that goes well beyond just eliciting the fact that someone could have

obtained this information by glancing at the discovery packet.” Id. at PageID 931. The court

concluded that the documents contained hearsay and did not find that they fit within a hearsay

exception. Id. at PageID 932–36 (detailing state trial court colloquy about the defense exhibits in

question); id. at PageID 942–44 (ruling that the defense exhibits contained inadmissible hearsay).

Petitioner has not shown that these state trial court evidentiary rulings rise to a constitutional

violation. Moreland, 699 F.3d at 923 (citing Collier, 419 F. App’x at 558); Wilson, 874 F.3d at

475–76; Bugh, 329 F.3d at 512.

Accordingly, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DISMISSED due to

procedural default and, alternatively, as not cognizable in federal habeas review.

F. Ground Six: Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

In his sixth ground for relief, Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel performed ineffectively

by: (1) “fail[ing] to support him in a manner that’s recommended by the state”; (2) “fail[ing] to

discuss the case with him and or call any witness to help his case”; and (3) “allow[ing] whatever

evidence the State had to offer be allowed but [barely] fought for his evidence.” (Petition, ECF

No. 4, PageID 72). Petitioner did not raise this claim on direct appeal. (ECF No. 8, PageID 163

(listing the assignments of error raised on direct appeal). However, Petitioner did raise an

ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim in his Rule 26(B) application to reopen as an instance

of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing to raise the claim on direct appeal. (ECF

No. 8, PageID 267–68). In his application to reopen, Petitioner maintained that his trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to object to the improper jury instructions and for failing to better

advocate for answers to the jury’s questions. Id.

Respondent contends that this claim is procedurally defaulted because it should have been

raised on direct appeal, rather than as an underlying claim in a Rule 26(B) application. (Return,

ECF No. 9, PageID 1201–02). Respondent points out that the claim was not preserved through

the Rule 26(B) application, which Respondent also maintains was denied as untimely by the state

appellate court. Id. at PageID 1202. Further, Respondent notes that the default cannot be excused

by a defaulted and meritless ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Id. at PageID 1203.

As an initial matter, some of the ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims Petitioner

attempts to raise here are not the same claims he raised in state court. Compare Petition, ECF No.

4, PageID 72, with ECF No. 8, PageID 267–68. As noted above, to satisfy fair presentment, a

petitioner seeking federal habeas relief must submit the same claim based on the same theory as

raised to the state courts. Hicks v. Straub, 377 F.3d 538, 552–53 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Pillette

v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 497 (6th Cir. 1987)). Petitioner did not raise some of these ineffective-

assistance-of-trial-counsel claims in state court, so those are now procedurally defaulted.

Accordingly, this ground for relief is construed as raising just those claims that were raised in

Petitioner’s Rule 26(B) application to reopen. See ECF No. 8, PageID 267–68.

Here, the claims concerning trial counsel’s performance appear on the face of the record.

(ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1114–21) (discussing whether defense exhibits containing hearsay can go

back to jury for deliberations); id. at PageID 1123–26 (discussing jury instruction for “any criminal

offense”). An Ohio prisoner procedurally defaults an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim

that he could have raised but did not raise on direct appeal. See Wong v. Money, 142 F.3d 313,

322 (6th Cir. 1998); Hand v. Houk, 871 F.3d 390, 408–09 (6th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted)

(noting that under Ohio’s bifurcated appellate review process, claims “based only on evidence

contained in the trial record” are “expected to [be raised] on direct appeal or else the claim is barred

by the doctrine of res judicata”). Petitioner raised this claim in his Rule 26(B) application, not on

direct appeal. As noted in the analysis of both Grounds Four and Five, a Rule 26(B) application

does not preserve the underlying claims for federal habeas review. Smith, 780 F. App’x at 218

(quoting Davie, 547 F.3d at 312; White, 431 F.3d at 526). Also, as detailed above, Petitioner filed

an untimely Rule 26(B) application and cannot excuse this defaulted claim with a defaulted

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Edwards, 529 U.S. at 453; Ramirez, 2016 WL

11848848, at *4–5 (citing Fautenberry, 515 F.3d at 639–40; Goldberg, 692 F.3d at 538 n.3);

Williams, 460 F.3d at 799–800 n.1; Tomlinson, 2015 WL 106060, at *17.

Moreover, even if this ground for relief had been properly raised, Petitioner still has not

shown that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. “To establish ineffective assistance

of counsel, a [petitioner] ‘must show both deficient performance by counsel and prejudice.’”

Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 389 (2010) (quoting Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111,

122 (2009)) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Deficient performance

requires that counsel’s representation “[fell] below an objective standard of reasonableness.”

Mammone v. Jenkins, 49 F.4th 1026, 1049 (6th Cir. 2022) (citing Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. 4,

7 (2009)); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688 (“The proper measure of attorney performance remains

simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.”). Counsel is strongly presumed to

have provided effective assistance to the petitioner. Mammone, 49 F.4th at 1049 (citing Cullen v.

Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 189 (2011); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689) (“The defendant must overcome

the presumption that his counsel’s actions were sound strategy.”). Review of “counsel’s

performance must be highly deferential,” without “the distorting effects of hindsight.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 689. Prejudice requires a petitioner to show that “there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

Upshaw v. Stephenson, 97 F.4th 365, 371 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A reasonable

probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694).

Here, Petitioner contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

aggravated burglary jury instructions and for not arguing adequately to admit defense exhibits

requested by the jury. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 72); (ECF No. 8, PageID 267–68). Given the

fact that Petitioner points to issues that did not rise to constitutional violations (see Grounds Four

and Five above), it follows that trial counsel did not perform deficiently. As noted in Ground Four,

the provided jury instructions were within the bounds of Ohio law, and not so infirm to make the

trial fundamentally unfair. Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 875 (6th Cir. 2000); Steiner v. King,

2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 30952 (6th Cir. Nov. 20, 2023) (quoting Coe v. Bell, 161 F.3d 320, 329

(6th Cir. 1998)). Although trial counsel stated that “I don’t think we can give them any more than

that,” ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1124, it was not necessarily deficient to do so. Because the jury

instructions provided were within the bounds of Ohio law, trial counsel could have reasonably

determined that additional instructions would be to Petitioner’s detriment. Petitioner’s trial

counsel is afforded deference in sound trial strategy, including advocating to limit any further

instruction on what constitutes “any criminal offense.” Mammone, 49 F.4th at 1049 (citing

Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 189; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).

Petitioner also contends that trial counsel did not fight to admit defense exhibits when the

jury so requested. (Petition, ECF No. 4, PageID 72); (ECF No. 8, PageID 268). The state trial

court denied admitting the exhibits because the documents contained hearsay, and trial counsel

objected to that ruling. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 928–36) (discussing whether to admit defense

exhibits, and trial counsel advocating to admit the exhibits); id. at PageID 942–45 (denying

admitting the defense exhibits because the documents contained inadmissible hearsay, and trial

counsel objecting to that ruling). Trial counsel advocated, multiple times, for sending the jury the

defense exhibits and renewed a previous objection when the trial court denied the jury’s request

for the exhibits. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID 1119) (noting that the exhibits “should have gone back to

the jury because we don’t believe that those documents are hearsay”); id. at PageID 1120

(renewing objection again). Trial counsel cannot be said to have performed deficiently in

advocating for admitting exhibits that were ultimately denied for permissible reasons related to

state evidentiary rules.

Regarding prejudice, Petitioner has failed to demonstrate that, even if, arguendo, trial

counsel performed deficiently, the outcome of the trial would have been different. In assessing

whether the petitioner was prejudiced by counsel’s alleged failures, a habeas court “must consider

‘the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury.’” Hinkle v. Randle, 271 F.3d 239, 245 (6th

Cir. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695). Notably, looking to the analysis of Ground One

above, the jury had sufficient evidence to convict Petitioner of both aggravated burglary and felony

murder based on A.C.’s testimony. (ECF No. 8, PageID 213–14) (state appellate court noting the

same on direct appeal). Whether the jury’s verdict would have changed had the jurors received a

more refined definition of “any criminal offense” is pure conjecture—and Petitioner provides no

support to otherwise consider. The same is true regarding the defense exhibits because the jury

still heard the relevant information through Detective Mall’s testimony. (ECF No. 8-1, PageID

835–46 and 858–60) (detailing the detective’s testimony related to defense exhibits 3, 4, and 5 at

issue here). Petitioner has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial

would be different but for his counsel’s alleged deficiencies. Upshaw, 97 F.4th at 371 (quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Accordingly, Petitioner has failed to show that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel.

The undersigned RECOMMENDS that this claim be DISMISSED due to procedural

default and, alternatively, because the claim lacks merit.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that the Petition be

DENIED, and this action be DISMISSED.

Pursuant to Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States

District Courts, a District Court must consider whether to issue a Certificate of Appealability

(“COA”). A state prisoner who seeks a writ of habeas corpus in federal court does not have an

automatic right to appeal a district court’s adverse decision unless the court issues a COA. 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). When a claim has been denied on the merits, a COA may be issued only

if the petitioner “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c)(2). To make such a showing, a petitioner must show “that reasonable jurists could

debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different

manner or that the issues presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’”

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893, n.4

(1983)). When a claim has been denied on procedural grounds, “a COA should issue when the

[petitioner] shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states

a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable

whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Id.

Because no reasonable jurist would disagree with the conclusion reached by the Court in

this matter, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that Petitioner should not be granted a certificate

of appealability. Moody v. United States, 958 F.3d 485, 488 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Miller-El v.

Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003) (“While this standard is not overly rigid, it still demands

‘something more than the absence of frivolity.’”).

IT IS SO RECOMMENDED.

June 13, 2024 s/Peter B. Silvain, Jr.

Peter B. Silvain, Jr.

United States Magistrate Judge

NOTICE REGARDING OBJECTIONS TO THIS REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

If any party objects to this Report and Recommendation (“R&R”), the party may serve and

file specific, written objections to it within FOURTEEN DAYS after being served with a copy

thereof. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); Rule 12 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United

States District Court. All objections shall specify the portion(s) of the R&R objected to and shall

be accompanied by a memorandum of law in support of the objections. The Court may extend the

fourteen-day objections period if a timely motion for an extension of time is filed. A Judge of this

Court will make a de novo determination of those portions of the R&R to which objection is made.

Upon proper objection, a Judge of this Court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the

findings or recommendations made herein, may receive further evidence or may recommit this

matter to the Magistrate Judge with instructions. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

The parties are specifically advised that failure to object to the R&R will result in a waiver

of the right to have the District Judge review the R&R de novo, and will also operate as a waiver

of the right to appeal the decision of the District Court adopting the R&R. See Thomas v. Arn, 474

U.S. 140 (1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981).