Showman v. Q Corporate Holdings, LLC

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

ROY SHOWMAN, Case No. 1:23-cv-00986

Plaintiff,

-vs- JUDGE PAMELA A. BARKER

Q CORPORATE HOLDINGS, LLC, et al.,

Defendants. MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Before the Court are three motions to dismiss. First is Defendant Q Corporate Holdings,

LLC’s (“Q Corp.”) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff Roy Showman’s (“Showman”) first, third, fourth, and

fifth causes of action for failure to state a claim filed on September 5, 2023. (Doc. No. 21.) On

October 23, 2023, Showman filed an Opposition to Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 27), to

which Q Corp. filed a Reply on November 13, 2023. (Doc. No. 31.)

Second is Defendant 3i Group PLC’s (“3i Group”) Motion to Dismiss for lack of jurisdiction

filed on September 5, 2023. (Doc. No. 22.) On October 23, 2023, Showman filed a Response to 3i

Group’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 29), to which 3i Group filed a Reply on November 13, 2023.

(Doc. No. 32.)

Last is Defendant 3i Corporation’s (“3i Corp.”) Motion to Dismiss all causes of action against

it for failure to state a claim filed on October 5, 2023. (Doc. No. 24.) On October 25, 2023, Showman

filed an Opposition to 3i Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 30), to which 3i Corp. filed a Reply

on November 13, 2023. (Doc. No. 33.)

For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 21);

GRANTS 3i Group’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 22); and GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN

PART 3i Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. No. 24.)

I. Procedural History

On May 15, 2023, Showman filed a Complaint against Q Corp. and 3i Group that alleged five

causes of action: (1) breach of contract; (2) age discrimination in violation of the Age Discrimination

in Employment Act (“ADEA”) and O.R.C. Chapter 4112; (3) aiding and abetting discrimination; (4)

promissory estoppel; and (5) breach of fiduciary duty—minority shareholder oppression. (Doc. No.

1, ¶¶ 18-60.) On July 12, 2023, Q Corp. moved to dismiss all but Showman’s second cause of action

for failure to state a claim, and 3i Group moved to dismiss all five causes of action against it for lack

of jurisdiction. (Doc. Nos. 11, 12.)

In response, on August 2, 2023, Showman filed a First Amended Complaint. (Doc. No. 16.)

This Amended Complaint has the same five causes of action as Showman’s original Complaint, but

it adds a new defendant: 3i Corp. (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 4.) On September 5, 2023, Q Corp. and 3i Group

moved to dismiss Showman’s Amended Complaint on substantially the same grounds as before.

(Doc. Nos. 21, 22.) Additionally, on October 5, 2023, the new defendant, 3i Corp., moved to dismiss

all claims against it for failure to state a claim. (Doc. No. 24.)

On October 23 and 25, 2023, Showman filed Oppositions to the three Motions to Dismiss.

(Doc. Nos. 27, 29, 30.) And, on November 13, 2023, Q Corp., 3i Group, and 3i Corp. (collectively,

“Defendants”) filed Replies. (Doc. Nos. 31, 32, 33.)

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II. Factual Allegations

Showman sets forth the following factual allegations in his First Amended Complaint. (Doc.

No. 16.) On or about May 18, 2020, Defendants1 hired Showman as the Chief Financial Officer of

Q Holding Company. (Id. ¶¶ 30, 37.) Showman was 52 years old at the time. (Id. at ¶¶ 29, 30.)

Before starting his employment, Showman signed an “Employment and Noncompetition

Agreement”2 with Q Holding Company.3 (Id. at ¶ 31.) Section 2 of the Employment Agreement

provides, in pertinent part, that Showman’s employment “commenc[ed] as of the Effective Date,”

defined as May 18, 2020, for a two-year term that “shall automatically be extended for successive

one (1) year periods unless [the employer] gives written notice of non-renewal.” (Doc. No. 16-1,

PageID# 275.) Showman alleges that Defendants promised to employ him for “a four year time

frame.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 58.)

Section 4(a)(iv) of the Employment Agreement provides that Showman’s employment with

Q Holding Company “shall terminate . . . upon the earliest to occur of the following:

the effective date of a notice sent by the Company to the Executive stating that the

Company is terminating the Executive’s employment (A) without Cause, which

notice can be given by the Company at any time after the Effective Date at the

Company’s sole discretion, for any reason or for no reason or (B) upon expiration

of the Term or any renewal Term as provided under Section 2 above, including, for

the avoidance of doubt, the Company’s non-renewal of the Term (in the case of (A)

or (B), a “Termination Without Cause”)”

1 Most of Showman’s factual allegations lump all Defendants together into a single actor. Where he does not, the Court

will so specify.

2 The Employment Agreement is attached as Exhibit A to Showman’s Amended Complaint. (Doc. No. 16-1.)

3 According to the Employment Agreement, Q Holding Company is a “United Kingdom corporation.” (Id. at PageID#

275.) Q Holding Company is not one of the named Defendants.

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(Id. at PageID# 277 (emphasis added).) On or about August 5, 2022, Defendants “involuntarily

terminated [Showman’s] employment.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 34.) Showman’s termination was “without

cause.” (Id. at ¶¶ 40, 41.)

Section 5(c) of the Employment Agreement specifies what severance benefits Showman was

entitled to receive for his “Termination Without Cause.” These included (i) “Accrued Benefits

[generally defined in section 5(e) as unpaid salary and business expenses], plus an amount payable

. . . for any accrued but unused vacation;” (ii) “the pro rata portion of any bonus;” (iii) “continued

payment of [Showman’s salary] . . . for a period of twelve (12) months;” and (iv) reimbursement for

Showman’s “COBRA payments.” (Doc. No. 16-1, PageID# 277-78.)

Section 5(d), however, provides that “as a condition to the Company’s obligations . . . under

this Section 5, . . . [Showman] shall execute, and not revoke, a general release of claims within sixty

(60) days of such termination.” (Id. at PageID# 278.)

In April 2021, Showman “made a cash investment in [Q Corp.]” and, in return, received

“shares of [Q Corp.]” (Id. at ¶ 69.) Showman was also “granted stock options for shares of [Q Corp.]”

when he was hired. (Id. at ¶ 70.) These stock options converted into “stock shares of [Q Corp.]”

(Id.) Showman was thus a “minority shareholder of [Q Corp.]” (Id. at ¶ 71.)

Showman alleges that Defendants “failed to pay [him] the compensation and benefits he was

owed” under the Employment Agreement upon his termination without cause. (Id. at ¶ 41.) And,

according to Showman, Defendants’ failure to pay what they allegedly owed him “excused [him]

from performing certain obligations under the Agreement.” (Id. at ¶ 42.) Showman also alleges that

Defendants “replaced” or “transferred the responsibilities [of his] position to a person or persons who

were under the age of forty (40) and/or substantially younger than [Showman].” (Id. at ¶ 47.) Finally,

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Showman alleges that 3i Group and 3i Corp. “compelled [Q Corp.] to transfer ownership of

[Showman’s] shares of [Q Corp.] back to [Q Corp.] at an artificially low value.” (Id. at ¶ 75.)

III. Law and Analysis

A. Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

Because Q Corp. and 3i Corp. move to dismiss Showman’s causes of action under Rule

12(b)(6) for substantially the same reasons, the Court will consider their Motions together.

1. Rule 12(b)(6) Standard

Under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court accepts Showman’s factual allegations as true and construes

the Amended Complaint in the light most favorable to him. See Gunasekera v. Irwin, 551 F.3d 461,

466 (6th Cir. 2009). To survive a motion to dismiss under this Rule, “a complaint must contain (1)

‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible,’ (2) more than ‘a formulaic recitation of a

cause of action’s elements,’ and (3) allegations that suggest a ‘right to relief above a speculative

level.’” Tackett v. M & G Polymers, USA, LLC, 561 F.3d 478, 488 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Bell

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007)).

The measure of a Rule 12(b)(6) challenge—whether a complaint raises a right to relief above

the speculative level—“does not ‘require heightened fact pleading of specifics, but only enough facts

to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Bassett v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 528

F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56). “A claim has facial plausibility

when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that

the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

Deciding whether a complaint states a claim for relief that is plausible is a “context-specific task that

requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679.

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Consequently, examination of a complaint for a plausible claim for relief is undertaken in

conjunction with the “well-established principle that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires

only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. Specific

facts are not necessary; the statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim

is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Gunasekera, 551 F.3d at 466 (quoting Erickson v. Pardus,

551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless, while “Rule 8 marks a

notable and generous departure from the hyper-technical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, . . . it

does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.

2. First Cause of Action: Breach of Contract

In his first cause of action, Showman alleges that Defendants breached the Employment

Agreement by “fail[ing] to pay [him] the compensation and benefits he was owed.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶

41.) Q Corp. argues that the Court should dismiss this cause of action because Showman did not

execute a release and he “does not plead any facts to suggest that he performed that contractual

prerequisite.” (Doc. No. 21-1, PageID# 476.) 3i Corp. moves for dismissal on this same ground as

well as the fact that it “is not a signatory to the Employment Agreement” and thus “is not bound by

its terms and owes no contractual obligations to [Showman].” (Doc. No. 24-1, PageID# 523.)

Showman responds that he has adequately plead that Defendants’ “other wrongs” excused

him from executing a release under the Employment Agreement. (Doc. No. 27, PageID# 542-43.)

He further argues that Defendants should not “get the benefit of the defense of nonoccurrence of a

condition” because they “[were] responsible for the nonoccurrence.” (Id. at PageID# 542 (quoting

Great Water Capital Partners, LLC v. Down-Lite Int’l, Inc., 2015 Ohio App. LEXIS 4633 at *10

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(Ohio 1st. Dist. Ct. App. Nov. 18, 2015)).) However, Showman concedes that the Court should

dismiss his breach of contract claim as against 3i Corp. since it did not sign the Employment

Agreement. (Doc. No. 30, PageID# 807.)

As Showman does not oppose dismissal of his first cause of action as against 3i Corp., and

indeed, agrees that the Court should dismiss it, the Court dismisses the first cause of action as against

3i Corp. For the following reasons, the Court also grants Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss Showman’s

first cause of action.

“Under Ohio law4, the elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a

contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4) damage or loss to the

plaintiff as a result of the breach.” Asset Mgmt. One LLC v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 569 F. App’x 438,

441 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting V&M Star Steel v. Centimark Corp., 678 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2012)).

Q Corp. does not dispute that Showman has adequately plead elements one, three, and four.

(Doc. No. 21-1, PageID# 476-77.) It only disputes that Showman has adequately plead element two:

performance by Showman. (Id.)

In his Amended Complaint, Showman alleges that he “performed his obligations under the

Employment Agreement.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 38.) But he does not allege how he performed his

obligations, nor does he ever reference section 5(d)’s requirement that he execute a release to receive

the severance benefits provided in the Employment Agreement. As such, Showman’s allegation that

he “performed his obligations” is the type of “threadbare recital[] of the elements of a cause of action”

that “do[es] not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

4 Section 15 of the Employment Agreement provides that it “shall be governed by and construed and enforced in

accordance with the Laws of the State of Ohio applicable to agreements made and to be performed entirely within such

state without regard to principles of conflicts of law.” (Doc. No. 16-1, PageID# 284.)

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Showman also alleges that Defendants’ “refusal to pay” his severance benefits “excused [him]

from performing certain obligations under the Agreement.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 42.) Section 5(d) of the

Employment Agreement provides, however, that “as a condition to the Company’s obligations” to

pay severance benefits, “the Executive shall execute, and not revoke, a general release of claims.”

(Doc. No. 16-1, PageID# 278 (emphasis added).) “A condition precedent is an occurrence that must

take place before a contractual obligation becomes effective.” Polek v. Tillimon, 2002 Ohio App.

LEXIS 873 at *6 (Ohio 6th Dist. Ct. App. Mar. 1, 2002) (citing Troha v. Troha, 663 N.E.2d 1319,

1323 (Ohio 2nd Dist. Ct. App. 1995)). If the condition precedent is not met, then “a party is excused

from performing the duty promised under the contract.” Troha, 663 N.E.2d at 1323. Courts look to

the parties’ intent to determine whether a contractual provision is a condition precedent. Transtar

Elec. v. A.E.M. Elec. Servs. Corp., 16 N.E.3d 645, 651 (Ohio 2014).

Here, the inclusion of the phrase, “as a condition to,” reflects the parties’ clear intent to create

a condition precedent. See Moody v. Ohio Rehab. Servs. Comm’n, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 6772 at

*5 (Ohio 10th Dist. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2002). Thus, Q Corp.’s obligation to pay Showman severance

benefits was conditioned on Showman executing (and not revoking) a general release of claims.

Showman did not execute a general release, which thereby excused Q Corp.’s obligation to pay him

severance benefits.

In his Opposition to Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss, Showman asks that the Court infer that it

was Defendants’ alleged “additional violations of [Showman’s] rights, including by failing to fulfill

their promissory representations to him (Fourth Cause of Action) and breaching multiple fiduciary

duties to [him] (Fifth Cause of Action)” that excused his performance. (Doc. No. 27, PageID# 542.)

It is true that “[n]onperformance of a condition is excused where performance thereof is prevented by

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the other party.” Dynes Corp. v. Seikel, Koly & Co., 654 N.E.2d 991, 1005 (Ohio 8th Dist. Ct. App.

1994); see also Lucarell v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 97 N.E.3d 458, 471 (Ohio 2018). However,

this argument fails for the following reasons.

First, Showman does not actually set forth this allegation in his Amended Complaint.

Therefore, the Court cannot consider it. See, e.g., United States v. MedQuest Assocs., 702 F. Supp.

2d 909, 918 n.2 (M.D. Tenn. 2010) (“It is axiomatic that the complaint may not be amended by the

briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.” (quoting Car Carriers v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101,

1107 (7th Cir. 1984))).

Second, this allegation is not a reasonable inference to draw from the facts alleged. See Golf

Vill. N., LLC v. City of Powell, 14 F.4th 611, 617 (6th Cir. 2021). Showman’s promissory estoppel

claim (his fourth cause of action) alleges that Defendants promised to employ him for four years.

There are no facts from which to infer that Defendants’ alleged violation of this promise prevented

Showman from executing a release. The same is true of Showman’s breach of fiduciary duty claim.

It alleges that Defendants undervalued his shares in Q Corp. It is not reasonable to infer that this low

valuation prevented Showman from executing a release.

Because Showman has neither adequately plead that he performed under the Employment

Agreement nor alleged facts from which to draw a reasonable inference that Q Corp. prevented his

performance, the Court grants Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss Showman’s first cause of action.

3. Second Cause of Action: Age Discrimination

3i Corp. alone moves to dismiss Showman’s second cause of action. 3i Corp. argues that

Showman did not file a charge of discrimination with the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (“OCRC”),

and that he failed to name 3i Corp. in his charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment

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Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). Therefore, 3i Corp. contends, Showman’s age discrimination

claim against it should be dismissed as a matter of law. (Doc. No. 24-1, PageID# 526.) Showman

concedes that he did not name 3i Corp. in his EEOC charge, but he argues that 3i Corp. was on notice

that it would be named in this lawsuit for discrimination. (Doc. No. 30, PageID# 808.)

Before bringing a claim under the ADEA or O.R.C. Chapter 4112 against a party, a

complainant must first exhaust his administrative remedies. Kindred v. Light, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS

4798 at *13 (6th Cir. Feb. 27, 2023) (for claims under the ADEA, citing 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)); Burch

v. Ohio Farmers Ins. Co., 211 N.E.3d 202, 208 (Ohio 5th Dist. Ct. App. 2023) (for claims under

O.R.C. Chapter 4112, citing O.R.C. § 4412.052(A)); see also Hensley v. Township, 2022 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 180370 at *20 (S.D. Ohio Sep. 30, 2022) (noting that prior to April 15, 2021, amendments,

Ohio law did not require exhaustion). For a claim under the ADEA, a complainant does so by filing

a charge with the EEOC. See, e.g., Kindred, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS at *13. Similarly, for a claim

under O.R.C. Chapter 4112, a complainant does so by filing a charge with the OCRC. O.R.C. §

4112.052(B)(1)5.

The complainant’s EEOC charge must name the party “before that party may be sued under

[the ADEA] ‘unless there is a clear identity of interest between [the unnamed party] and a party named

in the EEOC charge.’” Zeller v. Canadian Nat’l Ry. Co., 666 F. App’x 517, 524 (6th Cir. 2016)

(quoting Romain v. Kurek, 836 F.2d 241, 245 (6th Cir. 1987)). The Sixth Circuit has adopted two

tests to determine whether there is a clear identity of interest. Lockhart v. Holiday Inn Express

Southwind, 531 F. App’x 544, 547 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Alexander v. Local 496, Laborers’ Int’l

5 Under O.R.C. § 4112.052(B)(2), a complainant may file a civil action without having received a right to sue notice from

the OCRC, but only if the complainant (i) filed a charge with the OCRC, (ii) filed a charge with the EEOC, and (iii)

received a right to sue notice from the EEOC.

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Union, 177 F.3d 394, 411 (6th Cir. 1999)). The first asks whether “the unnamed party possesse[d]

sufficient notice of the claim to participate in voluntary conciliation proceedings.” Id. (quoting

Alexander, 177 F.3d at 411). Under the second,

courts examine the relationship between the named and unnamed parties at the time

the charge is filed and conciliation efforts occur to determine (1) whether a

complainant could have ascertained the role of the unnamed party through reasonable

effort at the time of the filing of the EEOC complaint, (2) whether the interests of a

named party are so similar to the unnamed party’s interests that, for the purpose of

obtaining voluntary conciliation and compliance, it would be unnecessary to include

the unnamed party in the EEOC proceedings, (3) whether the unnamed party’s absence

resulted in actual prejudice to the interests of the unnamed party, and (4) whether the

unnamed party has, in some way, represented to the complainant that its relationship

with the complainant is to be through the named party.

Zeller, 666 F. App’x at 524-25 (citing Romain, 836 F.2d at 245-46).

As an initial matter, Showman alleges in his Amended Complaint that he filed a charge with

the EEOC, but he does not allege that he filed one with the OCRC. (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 8.) In his

Opposition to 3i Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss, he does not argue that he filed a charge with the OCRC,

nor does he otherwise address 3i Corp.’s argument that he failed to do so. Accordingly, the Court

dismisses Showman’s age discrimination claim under O.R.C. Chapter 4112 as against 3i Corp.6 See,

e.g., Bradley v. Jefferson Cty. Pub. Sch., 598 F. Supp. 3d 552, 567 (W.D. Ky. 2022) (finding that the

plaintiffs abandoned certain discrimination claims by failing to respond to defendant’s argument in

its motion to dismiss).

As for his ADEA claim, Showman argues that because his EEOC charge was against 3i Group

and Q Corp., 3i Corp. “was on notice that Plaintiff was challenging his discriminatory treatment by

[Q Corp., 3i Group, and 3i Corp.]” (Doc. No. 30, PageID# 808.) Even assuming this is true, “[m]ere

6 Q Corp. does not move to dismiss Showman’s O.R.C. Chapter 4112 claim for this reason, so the Court does not reach

this issue.

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notice of the EEOC investigation . . . is insufficient to satisfy the [first] test.” Szoke v. UPS of Am.,

Inc., 398 F. App’x 145, 154 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Weatherspoon v. N. Oakland Gen. Hosp., 2006

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2803 at *8 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 17, 2006)). 3i Corp. must also have had an opportunity

“to participate in voluntary conciliation proceedings.” Lockhart, 531 F. App’x at 547. Showman

also alleges in his Amended Complaint that 3i Corp. is a “wholly-owned United States subsidiary of

3i Group.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 4.) But “[m]erely showing that [the named and unnamed parties] are

parent and subsidiary is not sufficient.” Szoke, 398 F. App’x at 154 (citing Knafel v. Pepsi-Cola

Bottlers, Inc., 899 F.2d 1473, 1481 (6th Cir. 1990)). Under either test, the named and unnamed parties

must be “virtual alter egos.” Id. (citing Knafel, 899 F.2d at 1481).)

Even so, failure to exhaust administrative remedies is an affirmative defense. Lockhart, 531

F. App’x at 547. A court will only grant a motion to dismiss based on an affirmative defense “if the

plaintiff’s own allegations show that a defense exists that legally defeats the claim for relief.” Barney

v. PNC Bank (In re Estate of Barney), 714 F.3d 920, 926 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Marsh v. Genentech,

Inc., 693 F.3d 546, 555 (6th Cir. 2012)). Stated differently, the Court cannot grant 3i Corp.’s Motion

to Dismiss Showman’s ADEA claim unless Showman’s “own allegations contain facts which satisfy

the elements of the defense” of administrative exhaustion. Princeton Excess & Surplus Lines Ins. Co.

v. Caraballo, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165854 at *13 (N.D. Ohio Sep. 19, 2023) (citing Hensley Mfg.

v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 613 (6th Cir. 2009)). Here, Showman alleges that he filed an EEOC

charge, 60 days have passed, and he has otherwise “complied with all jurisdictional prerequisites to

the filing of this lawsuit.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶¶ 8-10.) Rather than satisfy 3i Corp.’s affirmative defense,

Showman’s alleged facts negate it. As such, the Court cannot dismiss Showman’s ADEA claim

against 3i Corp. at this stage. See Sedoris v. Diversicare Healthcare Servs., 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

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30262 at *12 (W.D. Ky. Feb. 18, 2021) (denying a motion to dismiss an age discrimination claim for

failure to exhaust administrative remedies on the same grounds). Accordingly, the Court denies 3i

Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss Showman’s ADEA claim against it.

4. Third Cause of Action: Aiding and Abetting Discrimination

In his third cause of action, Showman alleges that the Defendants “aided [and] abetted . . .

each other’s unlawful discriminatory and retaliatory acts towards [him].” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 54.) Q

Corp. and 3i Corp. both move to dismiss this claim for three reasons. First, Showman’s conclusory

allegations “make it virtually impossible to decipher the factual basis, if any, for this claim.” (Doc.

No. 21-1, PageID# 479; Doc. No. 24-1, PageID# 527.) Second, “vaguely lump[ing] all defendants

together . . . fails to satisfy the Iqbal/Twombly standard.” (Doc. No. 21-1, PageID# 480; Doc. No.

24-1, PageID# 527 (both quoting Hall v. Madison Police Dep’t, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 188230 at *2

(N.D. Ohio Oct. 31, 2018)).) And third, an employer “cannot aid and abet its own alleged

discrimination.” (Id.)

Showman responds that his Amended Complaint is sufficient because the “conduct” the

Defendants aided and abetted is alleged in his second cause of action for age discrimination. (Doc.

No. 27, PageID# 543; Doc. No. 30, PageID# 809.) He further argues that his Amended Complaint

alleges that Q Corp. and 3i Corp. “aided and abetted the conduct of other Defendants, not its own.”

(Id.)

The Court will begin and end with Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s third argument that an employer

cannot aid and abet its own discrimination. The Court reiterates that Showman cannot amend his

Amended Complaint in his brief in opposition. See, e.g., Tangas v. Int’l House of Pancakes LLC,

2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18507 at *10 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 16, 2016) (“[I]t is hornbook law that a plaintiff

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cannot amend a complaint through arguments in an opposition brief.”). Moreover, the Court must

accept Showman’s factual allegations “as true.” Hill v. Snyder, 878 F.3d 193, 203 (6th Cir. 2017).

Showman alleges that the Defendants—collectively—“employed [him] from around May 18,

2020, until or around August 5, 2022.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 30.) And he alleges that the Defendants

“involuntarily terminated [his] employment.” (Id. at ¶ 34.) He further alleges that the Defendants

“discriminated against [him] on the basis of age.” (Id. at ¶ 48.) Finally, he alleges that the Defendants

“aided, abetted, incited, [etc.] . . . each other’s unlawful discriminatory and retaliatory acts towards

[him].” (Id. at ¶ 54.) The Court must therefore accept as true that all Defendants collectively

employed Showman, fired Showman, discriminated against Showman, and, lastly, aided and abetted

in Showman’s discrimination.

“[A] corporate entity cannot aid and abet itself in employment discrimination.” Oster v.

Huntington Bancshares Inc., 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76651 at *68 (S.D. Ohio May 19, 2017) (citing

Sampson v. Sisters of Mercy of Willard, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84108 at *24 (N.D. Ohio June 29,

2015)). Since Showman treats Defendants as a collective whole in his Amended Complaint, so must

the Court. According to Showman’s Amended Complaint, all Defendants discriminated against him

through the same conduct. Showman’s lumping of all Defendants together is problematic because

the Court cannot attribute specific acts to individual Defendants. See, e.g., Hall, 2018 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 188230 at *3. As such, if the Court accepts as true Showman’s allegation that the Defendants

collectively discriminated against him through the same actions, then all Defendants necessarily aided

abetted themselves in those same discriminatory actions. Accordingly, Defendants cannot be liable

as a matter of law for aiding and abetting themselves in their own discrimination. Therefore, the

Court grants Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s Motions to Dismiss Showman’s third cause of action.

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5. Fourth Cause of Action: Promissory Estoppel

Showman’s fourth cause of action is based on Defendants’ alleged promise that Showman

“would remain employed through the time of the sale of multiple Q [Corp.] business entities within

a four year time frame.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 58.) Q Corp. and 3i Corp. move to dismiss this cause of

action because Showman’s allegations are conclusory, contradict the Employment Agreement, and

Showman cannot establish that he reasonably relied on the alleged promise. (Doc. No. 21-1, PageID#

481-83; Doc. No. 24-1, PageID# 528-29.) Showman responds that his pleading is sufficient and that

Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s other two arguments require “resolution of factual disputes not appropriate

at the pleading stage.” (Doc. No. 27, PageID# 544; Doc. No. 30, PageID# 809-10.)

Under Ohio law, a promissory estoppel claim requires: “[1] a promise, clear and unambiguous

in its terms; [2] reliance [on the promise] by the party to whom the promise is made; [3] that the

reliance was reasonable and foreseeable; and [4] that the party claiming estoppel was injured by the

reliance.” Andersons, Inc. v. Consol, Inc., 348 F.3d 496, 503 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Rigby v.

Fallsway Equip. Co., 779 N.E.2d 1056, 1061 (Ohio 9th Dist. Ct. App. 2002)). “[W]here the parties

have an enforceable contract and merely dispute its terms, scope, or effect, one party cannot recover

for promissory estoppel.” O’Neill v. Kemper Ins. Cos., 497 F.3d 578, 583 (6th Cir. 2007). In other

words, Showman “cannot mount a claim for promissory estoppel that directly contradicts the

language of [the Employment Agreement].” Id.

Here, Showman alleges that “Defendants’ promise to employ Plaintiff for a four-year time

frame did not contradict the Employment Agreement.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 61.) Yet Showman’s

allegation belies the plain terms of the Employment Agreement. It provides for a two-year term

(extendable for one-year periods) that may be terminated “at any time” and “for any reason or no

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reason.” (Doc. No. 16-1, PageID# 275, 277.) The Court need not accept Showman’s “‘legal

conclusion couched as a factual allegation’ . . . as true.” Fritz v. Charter Twp. of Comstock, 592 F.3d

718, 722 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Hensley Mfg., 579 F.3d at 609). Because Defendants’ alleged

promise directly contradicts a term of the Employment Agreement, Showman cannot recover under

both his promissory estoppel and breach of contract claims.

Ohio permits parties to plead promissory estoppel in the alternative to breach of contract but

only “where there is a dispute as to the existence or enforceability of a contract.” Kendell v. Phx.

Home Health Care Servs., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139831 at *6 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 7, 2016) (quoting

Bonner Farms, Ltd. v. Power Gas Mktg. & Transmission, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100943 at *20 (N.D.

Ohio Aug. 17, 2006)). That is not the case here. Neither party disputes that the Employment

Agreement exists and is enforceable. All they dispute is its terms. Showman also does not argue that

his promissory estoppel claim is in the alternative to his breach of contract claim, nor does his

Amended Complaint provide a reasonable inference that it is. See Gucwa v. Lawley, 731 F. App’x

408, 416 (6th Cir. 2018) (noting that Rule 8(d)(3) permits pleading in the alternative but affirming

the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal because the plaintiff’s inconsistent claim “explicitly

incorporate[d] all allegations of the complaint, and the complaint offer[ed] no indication that any of

the facts or claims [were] alleged in the alternative.”).

Accordingly, the Court grants Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s Motions to Dismiss Showman’s fourth

cause of action.

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6. Fifth Cause of Action: Breach of Fiduciary Duty—Minority Shareholder

Oppression

Showman’s fifth cause of action alleges that 3i Corp. and 3i Group “compelled Q [Corp.] to

transfer ownership of Plaintiff’s shares [in Q Corp.] back to Q [Corp.] at an artificially low share

value.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 75.) Showman asserts that this “artificially low valuation” breached a

fiduciary duty that Defendants owed to him. (Id. at ¶ 79.) Q Corp. and 3i Corp. move to dismiss this

cause of action because Showman pleads “no facts regarding what duty Q Corp./3i Corp. specifically

owed to Plaintiff with respect to [Showman’s shares in Q Corp.]” (Doc. No. 21-1, PageID# 485; Doc.

No. 24-1, PageID# 530.) 3i Corp. also argues that Showman fails to plead any facts “demonstrating

who at 3i Corp. ‘compelled’ the transfer of ownership of Plaintiff’s shares and how.” (Doc. No. 24-

1, PageID# 531.)

Showman responds that he has met his burden and Q Corp.’s and 3i Corp.’s arguments are

“factual disputes.” (Doc. No. 27, PageID# 545; Doc. No. 30, PageID# 811.)

To prevail on his breach of fiduciary duty claim under Ohio law, Showman “must

demonstrate: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) a breach of that duty; and (3) injury proximately

caused by the breach.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Sessley, 935 N.E.2d 70, 83 (Ohio 10th Dist. Ct.

App. 2010). Ohio law recognizes that majority shareholders have a fiduciary duty to minority

shareholders in close corporations. Crosby v. Beam, 548 N.E.2d 217, 221 (Ohio 1989). Closely held

corporations are those “with a few shareholders and whose corporate shares are not generally traded

on a securities market.” Id. Majority shareholders breach their fiduciary duty when they “use their

control to deprive minority shareholders of the benefits of their investment.” Id.

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Showman alleges that he was a minority shareholder in Q Corp while 3i Corp and 3i Group

were its majority shareholders.7 (Doc. No. 16, ¶¶ 71, 72.) While Showman does not allege that Q.

Corp. is a close corporation, it is reasonable to infer from his factual allegations that it is. Thus,

Showman has plead sufficient facts to show that 3i Corp. and 3i Group owed him a fiduciary duty.

Under Ohio law, a majority shareholder of a close corporation may breach its fiduciary duty to a

minority shareholder if it fails to cause the corporation to repurchase the minority shareholder’s shares

on the same terms and conditions offered to the majority shareholder. See Estate of Schroer v. Stamco

Supply, Inc., 482 N.E.2d 975, 981 (Ohio 1st Dist. Ct. App. 1984), cited in Crosby, 548 N.E.2d at 220.

Showman alleges that 3i Corp. breached its fiduciary duty to him by compelling Q Corp. to repurchase

his shares “at an artificially low share value to maximize its income from its investment in Q Corp.”

at his expense. (Doc. No. 16, ¶¶ 75, 76.) Who at 3i Corp. compelled the transfer of Showman’s

shares and how it was done are not necessary facts to give 3i Corp. fair notice of Showman’s claim.

See Gunasekera, 551 F.3d at 466. Accordingly, Showman has stated a plausible claim for relief

against 3i Corp. and 3i Group for breach of fiduciary duty.

The same is not true for Q Corp. Showman alleges that “Defendants” collectively owed him

a fiduciary duty as a minority shareholder. (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 77.) This is a bare legal conclusion that

the Court need not accept as true. See Booker v. GTE.net LLC, 350 F.3d 515, 517 (6th Cir. 2003).

Showman pleads no facts to show that Q Corp. owed him a fiduciary duty, nor is it likely that he

could. See Steele v. Mara Enters., 2009 Ohio App. LEXIS 4808 at *15 (Ohio 10th Dist. Ct. App.

7 Throughout his Amended Complaint, Showman refers to 3i Corp. and 3i Group together as “3i.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 4.)

Showman’s actual allegation is that “3i is the majority shareholder of Q [Corp.]” (Id. at ¶ 72.)

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Oct. 29, 2009) (“The majority shareholder, not the corporation, bears the fiduciary obligations.”).

Accordingly, the Court grants Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss this cause of action against it.

B. 3i Group’s Motion to Dismiss under Rules 12(b)(2) and (5) and Forum Non

Conveniens

3i Group moves to dismiss Showman’s Amended Complaint against it for three reasons. First,

it argues that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over it because it is a United Kingdom public

limited company that does not do business in Ohio, did not employ Showman, and did not engage in

any conduct related to this lawsuit in Ohio. (Doc. No. 22-1, PageID# 491-92.) Second, 3i Group

contends that Showman has not properly served it. (Id. at PageID# 492.) And third, it argues that the

doctrine of forum non conveniens favors an English forum for adjudicating this dispute. (Id.)

Showman responds that this Court has both general and specific personal jurisdiction over 3i

Group, that he properly served it, and that this forum is more convenient for all parties. (Doc. No.

29, PageID# 556.)

The Court begins with 3i Group’s personal jurisdiction argument and concludes, for the

following reasons, that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over 3i Group.

1. Rule 12(b)(2) Standard

Showman bears the burden of proving personal jurisdiction. Theunissen v. Matthews, 935

F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991). If a court rules on a Rule 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction prior to trial, “it has the discretion to adopt any of the following courses of action:

(1) determine the motions based on affidavits alone; (2) permit discovery, which would aid in

resolution of the motion; or (3) conduct an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the motion.” Intera

Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 614 n.7 (6th Cir. 2005). “[T]he decision whether to grant

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discovery or an evidentiary hearing before ruling on a 12(b)(2) motion is discretionary.” Burnshire

Dev., LLC v. Cliffs Reduced Iron Corp., 198 F. App’x 425, 434 (6th Cir. 2006).

When a district court rules on a jurisdictional motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2) without

conducting an evidentiary hearing, as is the case here, the court must consider the pleadings and

affidavits in a light most favorable to the plaintiff.8 CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257,

1262 (6th Cir. 1996). To defeat such a motion, a plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of

jurisdiction, which can be met by “establishing with reasonable particularity sufficient contacts

between the defendant and the forum state to support jurisdiction.” Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen

Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 887 (6th Cir. 2002). A court disposing of a Rule 12(b)(2) motion does

not weigh the controverting assertions of the party seeking dismissal but may consider a defendant’s

undisputed factual assertions. See CompuServe, 89 F.3d at 1262. “Dismissal in this procedural

posture is proper only if all the specific facts which the plaintiff . . . alleges collectively fail to state a

prima facie case for jurisdiction.” Id.

“Where a federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction over a case stems from the existence of a

federal question, personal jurisdiction over a defendant exists ‘if the defendant is amenable to service

under the [forum] state’s long arm statute and if the exercise of personal jurisdiction would not deny

the defendant[] due process.” Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 871 (6th Cir. 2002). Showman “must

clear both the statutory and the constitutional hurdles, and the Court is free to consider them in either

order” Baker v. Bensalz Prods., 480 F. Supp. 3d 792, 801 (S.D. Ohio 2020) (citing Theunissen, 935

8 3i Group attached to its Motion to Dismiss a declaration from Alastair Philip Richardson, 3i Group’s “Head of Legal

of the Private Equity” division. (Doc. No. 22-1, PageID# 509-10.) Showman attached to his Response his own

declaration. (Doc. No. 29-1.) 3i Group attached another declaration from Alastair Philip Richardson in its Reply and

three others from Mauricio Arellano, Q Corp.’s former “Chief Executive Officer,” Richard Relyea, 3i Corp.’s “Partner,

Managing Director,” and Nikhil Patel, a 3i Corp. “Partner.” (Doc. Nos. 32-1, 32-2, 32-3, 32-4.)

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F.2d at 1459); see also Conn v. Zakharov, 667 F.3d 705, 711 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Of course, if

jurisdiction is not proper under the Due Process Clause it is unnecessary to analyze jurisdiction under

the state long-arm statute, and vice-versa.”).

For the following reasons, the Court concludes that personal jurisdiction over 3i Group would

not be consistent with due process.9

2. General Personal Jurisdiction

“Personal jurisdiction falls into two categories: general and specific.” Malone v. Stanley Black

& Decker, Inc., 965 F.3d 499, 501 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v.

Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)). A court can exercise general personal jurisdiction over a foreign

corporation “to hear any and all claims against [it] when [its] affiliations with the [forum] State are

so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the forum State.” Daimler

AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 127 (2014) (quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown,

564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)).

The “paradigm forum” where a corporation is “at home” is its place of incorporation or

principal place of business. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 137. Both 3i Group’s place of incorporation and

9 The Ohio General Assembly amended Ohio’s long-arm statute in April 2021 to extend the reach of Ohio’s long-arm

statute to the limits of the U.S. Constitution. Before the amendment, “Ohio’s long-arm statute consisted of a list of

enumerated acts set forth in § 2307.382(A), followed by an admonition in § 2307.382(C) that ‘[w]hen jurisdiction over a

person is based solely upon this section, only a cause of action arising from acts enumerated in this section may be asserted

against him.’” AmaTech Grp. Ltd. v. Fed. Card Servs., LLC, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1655 at *10 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 5, 2022)

(quoting O.R.C. § 2307.382). Based on that language, “courts routinely noted that Ohio’s long-arm statute did not extend

jurisdiction to the fullest extent that the Due Process Clause allows.” Id. The amendment, however, revised subsection

(C) to read: “In addition to a court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction under subsection (A) of this section, a court may

exercise personal jurisdiction over a person on any basis consistent with the Ohio Constitution and the United States

Constitution.” O.R.C. § 2307.382(C). Ohio courts have yet to rule on the effect of this new language, and federal courts

have disagreed over its interpretation. See A.B. Pratt & Co. v. Bridgeport Grp., LLC, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62708 at

*24 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 10, 2023) (collecting cases). As the Court concludes that personal jurisdiction would not be

consistent with the Due Process Clause, it need not reach this issue.

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principal place of business are in England. (Doc. No. 22-1, PageID# 509.) Therefore, for this Court

to exercise general personal jurisdiction over 3i Group, this must be an “exceptional case” where 3i

Group’s operations in Ohio are “so substantial and of such a nature as to render the corporation at

home” in Ohio. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.19.

Showman contends that this is such an exceptional case because 3i Group has “a significant

financial investment in an Ohio LLC and systemic managerial efforts to make that Ohio investment

profitable.” (Doc. No. 29, PageID# 557.) Specifically, Showman argues that 3i Group “holds 42%

of the holding company that owns [Q Corp.],” Showman’s Ohio employer, and it realized financial

returns through this holding. (Id. at PageID# 556.) Showman also argues that 3i Group and Q Corp.

“share common operational, managerial, and financial control of the business of [Q Corp.]” (Id. at

PageID# 557.). Even accepting these assertions are true, they are insufficient to establish general

jurisdiction.

As noted above, for 3i Group to be subject to general jurisdiction in Ohio, it needs to be “so

heavily engaged in activity in [Ohio] ‘as to render [it] essentially at home’” in Ohio. BNSF Ry. v.

Tyrrell, 581 U.S. 402, 414 (2017). In BNSF, the defendant had over 2,000 miles of railroad track and

2,000 employees in Montana, yet the Supreme Court concluded that the defendant’s business in

Montana did “not suffice to permit the assertion of general jurisdiction over” the plaintiffs’ claims.

Id. Likewise in Daimler, the defendant had multiple facilities in California, it was the largest supplier

of luxury vehicles in California, and its California sales were 2.4% of the sales it made worldwide.

571 U.S. at 123. Still the Court concluded that the defendant was not “at home in California.” Id. at

139.

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3i Group’s operations in Ohio are less than those of the defendants in both these cases.

Therefore, this case is not an “exceptional case” where exercising general jurisdiction over 3i Group

in a forum other than its place of incorporation or principal place of business is appropriate.

3. Specific Personal Jurisdiction

The Sixth Circuit has established the following three-part test for determining whether specific

personal jurisdiction exists:

First, the defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting in the

forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state. Second, the cause of action

must arise from the defendant’s activities there. Finally, the acts of the defendant or

consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with

the forum to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.

CompuServe, Inc., 89 F.3d at 1263.

Purposeful availment—the first factor—is “the sine qua non for in personam jurisdiction.” S.

Mach. Co. v. Mohasco Indus., 401 F.2d 374, 381-82 (6th Cir. 1968). It is satisfied when the

defendant’s contacts with the forum state “proximately result from actions by the defendant himself

that create a ‘substantial connection’ with the forum State,” and when the defendant’s conduct and

connection with the forum are such that he “should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.”

Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474–75 (1985) (quoting World–Wide Volkswagen v.

Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)).

Showman argues that the same contacts he asserted to support general jurisdiction—namely

3i Group’s investment in and control of Q Corp., an Ohio corporation—also support specific

jurisdiction. (Doc. No. 29, PageID# 558.) 3i Group counters that these contacts are insufficient for

specific jurisdiction. (Doc. No. 32, PageID# 830-31.)

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The Court construes Showman’s argument to be that the Court can exercise personal

jurisdiction over 3i Group under the “alter-ego theory of personal jurisdiction.” Carrier Corp. v.

Outokumpu Oyj, 673 F.3d 430, 450-51 (6th Cir. 2012). This theory “provides that a non-resident

parent corporation is amenable to suit in the forum state if the parent company exerts so much control

over the subsidiary that the two do not exist as separate entities but are one and the same for purposes

of jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting Estate of Thomson v. Toyota Motor Corp. Worldwide, 545 F.3d 357,

362 (6th Cir. 2008)). Q Corp. is an “Ohio LLC that . . . does business in Ohio.” (Doc. No. 16, ¶ 2.)

So, if Showman demonstrates that 3i Group is Q Corp.’s alter ego, then Q Corp.’s contacts with Ohio

are attributable to 3i Group. Showman makes both federal and state law claims, so the Court must

look to both federal and Ohio law on alter-ego personal jurisdiction. Anwar v. Dow Chem. Co., 876

F.3d 841, 848 (6th Cir. 2017).

Under federal law, Showman “must demonstrate ‘unity of interest and ownership’” between

3i Group and Q Corp. “that goes beyond mere ownership and shared management personnel.” Anwar,

876 F.3d at 849 (quoting Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2015)). Relevant factors

include:

(1) sharing the same employees and corporate officers; (2) engaging in the same

business enterprise; (3) having the same address and phone lines; (4) using the same

assets; (5) completing the same jobs; (6) not maintaining separate books, tax returns

and financial statements; and (7) exerting control over the daily affairs of another

corporation.

Id. Ohio courts consider similar factors such as whether “(1) corporate formalities are observed, (2)

corporate records are kept, and (3) the corporation is financially independent.” Estate of Thomson v.

Toyota Motor Corp. Worldwide, 545 F.3d 357, 362 (6th Cir. 2008).

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For the following reasons, Showman fails to make a prima facie case that 3i Group is Q

Corp.’s alter ego.

In his declaration, Showman asserts that Nikhil Patel (“Patel”) is a “Partner” and Richard

Relyea (“Relyea”) is a “Partner, Managing Director” of 3i Group10 and that these two individuals also

“served as the two members of the Q Group Employee Benefit Trust.” (Doc. No. 29-1, PageID#

564.) Showman further asserts that they “routinely worked with and discussed strategy, operations,

and planning with” Showman and Q Corp. and received “reports on Q [Corp.’s] performance and

operations.” (Id. at PageID# 565.) Showman also declares that “3i [Group] holds 42% of the ordinary

shares of Q Holdco Limited” and that 3i Group received proceeds from this investment. (Id. at

PageID# 564.) Q Holdco Limited is “a private limited company incorporated in England and Wales.”

(Doc. No. 32-2.) Q Holdco Limited owns Q Intermediate Holdco Limited, which is also “a private

limited company incorporated in England and Wales.” (Id.) Q Intermediate Holdco Limited owns Q

Corp. (Id.)

These facts, even considered in Showman’s favor, do not demonstrate even “ownership and

shared management personnel,” much less go beyond it. Anwar, 876 F.3d at 849. Showman does

not allege that Patel and Relyea were corporate officers of Q Corp as well as 3i Group, only that they

served as members of the “Q Group Employee Benefit Trust.” Nor does Showman allege that 3i

Group and Q Corp. had the same address and phone lines, used the same assets, or failed to maintain

separate books, tax returns and financial statements. At best, Showman has demonstrated that 3i

Group holds a minority share in a company that owns a company that owns Q Corp. This twice-

10 Contrary to this assertion, both Relyea and Patel declare that they work for 3i Corp., not 3i Group. (Doc. Nos. 32-3,

32-4.) Nonetheless, “a court disposing of a 12(b)(2) motion does not weigh the controverting assertions of the party

seeking dismissal.” CompuServe, 89 F.3d at 1262. So, the Court will accept Showman’s declaration as true.

25

removed minority ownership interest is insufficient. See Nottingham-Spirk Design Assocs. v. HALO

Innovations, Inc., 603 F. Supp. 3d 561, 568 (N.D. Ohio 2022) (“Simply put, mere ownership of an

entity that in turn owns a party in interest does not satisfy the demands of the Constitution.”). The

fact that 3i Group received proceeds from its twice-removed minority ownership of Q Corp. does not

change this conclusion. See Hollon v. HCA Healthcare, Inc., 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85359 at *19

(E.D. Ky. May 16, 2023) (“[F]inancial benefits accruing to a corporate parent from a subsidiary’s

relationship to the forum state will not support the exercise of jurisdiction over the parent in that

forum if the parent does not itself have a constitutionally cognizable contact with that forum state.”).

Nor does the fact that Patel and Relyea received reports on Q Corp.’s performance and operations.

See Matthews v. Kerzner Int’l, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124727 at *11 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 27, 2011)

(declining to attribute subsidiary’s jurisdictional contacts to parent because, in part, “it is entirely

appropriate for directors [and officers] of a parent corporation to serve as directors [and officers] of

its subsidiary, and that fact alone may not serve to expose the parent corporation to liability for its

subsidiary’s acts.” (quoting United States v. Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 69 (1998))).

Accordingly, Showman has failed to demonstrate that 3i Group is Q Corp.’s alter ego. And,

as such, Showman has failed to make a prima facie showing that 3i Group purposefully availed itself

of the privilege of acting in Ohio. Because each factor of the Sixth Circuit’s specific jurisdiction test

“represents an independent requirement, [the] failure to meet any one of the three means that personal

jurisdiction may not be invoked.” Lak, Inc. v. Deer Creek Enters., 885 F.2d 1293, 1303 (6th Cir.

1989). Thus, the Court grants 3i Group’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Since this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over 3i Group, it need not address 3i Group’s

remaining arguments for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(5) and forum non conveniens.

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IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Q Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 21);

GRANTS 3i Group’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 22); and GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN

PART 3i Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. No. 24.) Accordingly, the remaining Defendants in this

case are Q Corp. and 3i Corp. The remaining causes of action are Showman’s second under the

ADEA against Q Corp. and 3i Corp., his second under O.R.C. Chapter 4112 against Q Corp., and his

fifth for breach of fiduciary duty against 3i Corp.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 12, 2024 s/ Pamela A. Barker

PAMELA A. BARKER

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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