The opinion
USDC SDNY
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DO CUMENT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ELECTRONICALLY FILED
Heena Shim-Larkin, DOC #: ______ ___________
DATE FILED: 9/26/2023___
Plaintiff,
-against- 16 Civ. 6099 (AT) (JW)
ORDER ADOPTING
City of New York, REPORT AND
RECOMMENDATION
Defendant.
ANALISA TORRES, District Judge:
Plaintiff pro se, Heena Shim-Larkin, brings this action against Defendant, the City of
New York, alleging discrimination based on her national origin, race, color, age, protected status
as a victim of domestic violence, and disabilities in violation of her rights under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., the Americans with
Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12112, et seq., the New York State Human Rights Law
(“NYSHRL”), N.Y. Executive Law § 290, et seq., and the New York City Human Rights Law
(“NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Administrative Code § 8-101, et seq., including claims of a hostile work
environment, constructive discharge, failure to accommodate her disabilities, and unlawful
retaliation. R&R at 1, ECF No. 855 (citing Am. Compl., ECF No. 30).
On May 10, 2022, the Court referred the matter to the Honorable Jennifer Willis for a
Report and Recommendation (the “R&R”) on the parties’ anticipated cross-motions for summary
judgment. ECF No. 786. On November 1, 2022, the parties filed their motions. ECF Nos. 814,
819; see Pl. Mem., ECF No. 822; Def. Mem., ECF No. 817. On August 18, 2023, Judge Willis
issued the R&R, in which she recommended that Defendant’s motion be granted in part, and that
Plaintiff’s motion be denied. R&R at 3.
Before the Court are: (1) Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R, Pl. Obj., ECF No. 865; and
(2) Defendant’s objections to the R&R, Def. Obj., ECF No. 866. For the reasons stated below,
the Court OVERRULES the parties’ objections and ADOPTS the R&R in its entirety.
DISCUSSION1
I. Standard of Review
A district court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or
recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). When a party
makes specific objections, the court reviews de novo those portions of the R&R to which
objection is made. Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). However, when “a party makes only conclusory
or general objections, or simply reiterates the original arguments,” the court reviews the R&R
strictly for clear error. Harris v. TD Ameritrade Inc., 338 F. Supp. 3d 170, 174 (S.D.N.Y. 2018);
Wallace v. Superintendent of Clinton Corr. Facility, No. 13 Civ. 3989, 2014 WL 2854631, at *1
(S.D.N.Y. June 20, 2014) (citation omitted); see also Bailey v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr.
Servs., No. 13 Civ. 1064, 2014 WL 2855041, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 20, 2014) (“[O]bjections that
are not clearly aimed at particular findings . . . do not trigger de novo review.”). Moreover, “a
district judge will not consider new arguments raised in objections to a magistrate judge’s report
and recommendation that could have been raised before the magistrate but were not.” United
States v. Gladden, 394 F. Supp. 3d 465, 480 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (citation omitted).
The Court may adopt those portions of the R&R to which no objection is made “as long
as no clear error is apparent from the face of the record.” Oquendo v. Colvin, No. 12 Civ. 4527,
2014 WL 4160222, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2014) (citation omitted). An R&R is clearly
erroneous if the reviewing court is “left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
1 The Court presumes familiarity with the facts and procedural history as detailed in the R&R, see R&R at 3–10,
and, therefore, does not summarize them here.
been committed.” Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234, 242 (2001) (citation omitted); see also
Travel Sentry, Inc. v. Tropp, 669 F. Supp. 2d 279, 283 (E.D.N.Y. 2009).
II. Plaintiff’s Objections
Plaintiff argues that Judge Willis incorrectly found that the evidence failed to create
genuine issues of material fact as to Plaintiff’s hostile work environment, constructive discharge,
and retaliation claims. See generally Pl. Obj.
As to the hostile work environment claim, Plaintiff contends that Judge Willis erred in her
analysis “by separating the [summary judgment] evidence into distinct incidents, rather than
considering the evidence in total.” Id. at 2. But Plaintiff previously made this argument to Judge
Willis and merely “reiterates [her] original arguments.” Wallace, 2014 WL 2854631, at *1;
compare Pl. Obj. at 2–9, with Pl. Opp. at 8–10, ECF No. 837. The Court thus reviews the R&R
for clear error and concludes that Judge Willis did not clearly err in her careful analysis of
Plaintiff’s hostile work environment evidence. R&R at 13–25.
To the contrary, Judge Willis considered the “totality of the circumstances” including the
“frequency and severity of the conduct, whether the conduct [was] physically threatening or
humiliating, whether the conduct unreasonably interfered with [P]laintiff’s work performance,
and the effect on [P]laintiff’s psychological wellbeing.” Id. at 13 (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys.,
Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)). After reviewing the totality of Plaintiff’s proffered evidence, Judge
Willis concluded that the comments made to Plaintiff were “few in number and sporadic” and that
the behavior against Plaintiff was not “discrimination based on her protected characteristics.” Id.
at 17, 21–22. These conclusions were not clearly erroneous based on the evidence.
Likewise, the Court rejects Plaintiff’s argument that she adduced sufficient evidence to
create a question of fact on the issue of causation and discriminatory animus. Here, again,
Plaintiff restates her original arguments, see Wallace, 2014 WL 2854631, at *1, but objects to the
weight that Judge Willis gave to different pieces of evidence. See Pl. Obj. at 11–12. The Court
concludes that Judge Willis did not err in “reject[ing] circumstancial or indirect evidence” and
giving less “weight” to certain evidence. See id.
Because the Court overrules Plaintiff’s objection as to her hostile work environment
claim, the Court also rejects Plaintiff’s objection as to the constructive discharge claim because
the standard for constructive discharge is higher than the standard for a hostile work environment
claim. See R&R at 31 (citing Fincher v. Depository Tr. & Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 725 (2d
Cir. 2010)); see also Pl. Obj. at 13.
Lastly, Plaintiff contends that Judge Willis incorrectly found that the evidence failed to
create genuine issues of material fact as to Plaintiff’s claim for retaliation. Here, again, Plaintiff
lists a series of objections but entirely “reiterates [her] original arguments.” Wallace, 2014 WL
2854631, at *1; compare Pl. Obj. at 14–17, with Pl. Opp. at 21–23. For example, Plaintiff argues
that Judge Willis should have considered other protected activities and failed to account for
Defendant’s inadequate response to retaliation by other employees. Pl. Obj. at 14–17. Plaintiff
also reincorporates her analysis as to the hostile work environment claim. Id. at 14, 17.
As with Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim, the Court reviewed the well-reasoned
R&R for clear error and concludes that Judge Willis did not clearly err in finding that Plaintiff
“suffered no adverse employment actions nor established a reasonable likelihood of deterrence,”
and “considering the totality of the circumstances, Plaintiff failed to establish a connection
between any conduct and her protected characteristics.” R&R at 48–49.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated, Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R are OVERRULED.
III. Defendant’s Objections
Defendant argues that Judge Willis erred in finding that “Plaintiff adequately
demonstrated a triable issue of fact regarding whether [she] had a qualifying disability” under the
ADA, NYSHRL, or NYCHRL, and in finding that “there were genuine issues of material fact as
to . . . whether Defendant was on notice of an alleged qualifying disability, whether Plaintiff had
submitted an accommodation request[, . . .] and whether Defendant failed to engage in the
interactive process.” Def. Obj. at 2.
Defendant’s objections restate the arguments that it previously made to Judge Willis, so
the Court reviews these objections for clear error. Wallace, 2014 WL 2854631, at *1; compare
Def. Obj. at 3–14, with Def. Mem. at 21–24, and Def. Opp. at 17–18, ECF No. 828. Having
reviewed the R&R, the Court concludes that Judge Willis carefully examined the evidence and
did not clearly err in concluding that there were genuine issues of material fact as to Plaintiff’s
failure to accommodate claim. See R&R 42–47.2
Accordingly, Defendant’s objections to the R&R are OVERRULED.
CONCLUSION
The parties’ objections are otherwise conclusory and general or restate the parties’ original
arguments. Wallace, 2014 WL 2854631, at *1; Bailey, 2014 WL 2855041, at *1. The Court has
reviewed the remainder of the thorough and well-reasoned R&R for clear error and finds none.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court OVERRULES the parties’ objections to the R&R and
ADOPTS the R&R’s conclusions.
2 The Court also rejects Defendant’s arguments that Plaintiff has not sufficiently demonstrated a failure-to-
accommodate claim under the NYSHRL or the NYCHRL, Def. Obj. at 14, because the legal standard for proving a
failure to accommodate claim is broader under the NYSHRL and NYCHRL than under the ADA. See Crawford v.
Bronx Cmty. Coll., No. 22 Civ. 1062, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125644, at *17, *19 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2023).
The Court shall issue a separate order setting a trial date and related pretrial deadlines in
due course. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motions at ECF Nos. 814 and 819.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 26, 2023
New York, New York
ANALISA TORRES
United States District Judge