Woodson v. Nassau County Corrections (N.Y.S.)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT For Online Publication Only

EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

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AJAB M. WOODSON,

Plaintiff,

ORDER

-against- 23-CV-6647(JMA)(LGD)

DR. HENNING, Head Doctor; SHERIFF ANTHONY FILED

LAROCCO, Jail Administrator; NASSAU UNIVERSITY CLERK

MEDICAL CENTER, NASSAU COUNTY 11:40 am, Nov 27, 2023

CORRECTIONS, and NASSAU COUNTY

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

CORRECTIONAL FACILITY,

EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

LONG ISLAND OFFICE

Defendants.

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AZRACK, District Judge:

Before the Court is the civil rights complaint filed by incarcerated pro se Plaintiff Ajab

B. Woodson pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”) against Dr. Hennig, who is alleged

to be the “head doctor” at the Nassau County Correctional Center (the “Jail”); Sheriff Anthony

LaRocco (“Sheriff LaRocco”), Nassau University Medical Center (“NUMC”), Nassau County

Corrections (“NCC”), and the Jail1 (collectively, “Defendants”). (ECF No. 1. (“Compl.”))

Plaintiff also filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) and the required Prisoner

Litigation Authorization form (“PLA”). (See ECF No. 4 (IFP); ECF No. 5 (PLA).) Upon

review of the declaration accompanying Plaintiff’s IFP application, the Court finds that

Plaintiff’s financial status qualifies him to commence this action without prepayment of the

filing fee. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). Accordingly, for the reasons that follow, the Court

grants Plaintiff’s IFP application and sua sponte dismisses the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii), 1915A(b)(1) without prejudice and with leave to file an amended

complaint.

1 The Court notes that Plaintiff improperly names the Jail as the Nassau County Correctional Facility instead

of the Nassau County Correctional Center.

I. BACKGROUND

All material allegations in the complaint are assumed to be true for the purpose of this

Order. See, e.g., Rogers v. City of Troy, New York, 148 F.3d 52, 58 (2d Cir. 1998) (in

reviewing a pro se complaint for sua sponte dismissal, a court is required to accept the material

allegations in the complaint as true).

Plaintiff’s brief, handwritten complaint is brought pursuant to Section 1983 and alleges

that he is a pre-trial detainee at the Jail who, from March 16, 2023 to the present, was denied

adequate medical care. (See Compl. at 3, 6-7.) Plaintiff alleges that he arrived at the Jail from

South Nassau Hospital, where his broken right arm was stitched and bandaged. (Id. at 4.)

Once at the Jail, Plaintiff was reportedly placed in a community tier, rather than the medical unit,

and remained there for approximately three days. (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that he was not seen by

a doctor or other medical staff and did not receive any wound care until he was moved to the

medical tier approximately 96 hours after he arrived at the Jail. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that he

was placed in an “unsanitary” four-person cell for one and a half months even though his wound

“smell[ed]” and caused swelling and pain. (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that he received an oral

antibiotic but did not receive new bandages or moisture-proof dressings during that time. (Id.)

Plaintiff further alleges that, once the course of antibiotics ended, he experienced “extreme

swelling, agonizing pain and bleeding [with] puss drainage” for which he received a “new

antibiotic” but was “left to tough it out in general population.” (Id.) Plaintiff acknowledges

that the infection resolved but claims his “broken arm never healed correctly.” (Id.)

Plaintiff alleges that the “poor diagnosis” and “neglect” allowed the infection to cause

bone and tissue damage that rendered his right arm “disabled.” (Id.) For relief, Plaintiff seeks,

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among other things, a damages award of $2 million. (Id. at 5.)

II. DISCUSSION

A. In Forma Pauperis Application

Upon review of Plaintiff’s declaration in support of his application to proceed in forma

pauperis, the Court finds that Plaintiff is qualified to commence this action without prepayment

of the filing fee. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). Therefore, Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma

pauperis (ECF No. 4) is granted.

B. Standard of Review

The Prison Litigation Reform Act requires a district court to screen a civil complaint

brought by a prisoner against a governmental entity or its agents and dismiss the complaint, or

any portion of the complaint, that is “frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which

relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). Similarly, pursuant to the in forma pauperis

statute, a court must dismiss an action if it determines that it “(i) is frivolous or malicious,

(ii) fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or (iii) seeks monetary relief from a

defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). The Court must

dismiss the action as soon as it makes such a determination. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b).

Pro se submissions are afforded wide interpretational latitude and should be held “to less

stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519,

520 (1972) (per curiam); see also Boddie v. Schnieder, 105 F.3d 857, 860 (2d Cir. 1997). In

addition, the Court is required to read a pro se plaintiff’s complaint liberally and interpret it as

raising the strongest arguments it suggests. United States v. Akinrosotu, 637 F.3d 165, 167 (2d

Cir. 2011) (per curiam); Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2009).

The Supreme Court has held that pro se complaints need not even plead specific facts;

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rather the complainant “need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the

grounds upon which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 8(e) (“Pleadings must be construed so as

to do justice.”). However, a pro se plaintiff must still plead “enough facts to state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to

draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citations omitted). The plausibility standard requires “more

than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. While “‘detailed

factual allegations’” are not required, “[a] pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a

formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’” Id. at 678 (quoting

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

C. Section 1983

Section 1983 provides that

[e]very person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or

usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the

United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities

secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983 “is not itself a source of substantive rights, but a method for

vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred by those parts of the United States Constitution

and federal statutes that it describes.” Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979); see

Thomas v. Roach, 165 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 1999). In order to state a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff

must allege two essential elements. First, the conduct challenged must have been “committed

by a person acting under color of state law.” Cornejo v. Bell, 592 F.3d 121, 127 (2d Cir. 2010)

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(quoting Pitchell v. Callan, 13 F.3d 545, 547 (2d Cir. 1994)); see also Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 50 (1999) (“[T]he under-color-of-state-law element of § 1983 excludes

from its reach merely private conduct, no matter how discriminatory or wrongful.” (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted)). Second, “the conduct complained of must have

deprived a person of rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the

United States.” Cornejo, 592 F.3d at 127 (quoting Pitchell, 13 F.3d at 547); see also Snider v.

Dylag, 188 F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 1999).

1. Personal Involvement

In an action brought pursuant to Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege the personal

involvement of each defendant in the purported constitutional deprivation. Farid v. Ellen, 593

F.3d 233, 249 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Farrell v. Burke, 449 F.3d 470, 484 (2d Cir. 2006)). An

“individual cannot be held liable for damages under Section 1983 ‘merely because he held a high

position of authority.’” Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 127

(2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Black v. Coughlin, 76 F.3d 72, 74 (2d Cir. 1996)). Instead, “a plaintiff

must plead and prove ‘that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own

individual actions, has violated the Constitution” or laws of the United States. Tangreti v.

Bachmann, 983 F.3d 609, 618 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676). A Section 1983

claim that fails to allege the personal involvement of the defendant is deficient as a matter of

law. See Johnson v. Barney, 360 F. App’x 199, 201 (2d Cir. 2010).

Here, although Plaintiff names Sheriff LaRocco and Dr. Hennig as defendants, the

Complaint asserts no factual allegations of conduct or inaction attributable to either individual.

Indeed, apart from the caption and at page two of the Complaint where Plaintiff identifies the

parties, neither of these defendants are mentioned in the body of the Complaint. See generally

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Compl. Affording the pro se Complaint a liberal construction, Plaintiff has not plausibly

alleged Sheriff LaRocco or Dr. Hennig were personally involved in any wrongdoing. See

Tangreti, 983 F.3d at 619-20 (confirming that there is no “special test for supervisory liability”

and dismissing Section 1983 claim against defendant because she was not personally involved in

the subject wrongdoing). Therefore, Plaintiff’s claims against the individual defendants, Sheriff

LaRocco and Dr. Hennig, are implausible and are thus dismissed without prejudice pursuant to

28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) (B)(i)-(ii), 1915A(b)(1).

2. Claims Against the Jail and NCC

Although Plaintiff names the Jail and NCC, these defendants are non-suable entities and

are each merely an administrative arm of the municipality, Nassau County. “‘Under New York

law, departments that are merely administrative arms of a municipality do not have a legal

identity separate and apart from the municipality and, therefore, cannot sue or be sued.’” Eckert

v. Toulon, No. 21-CV-02650, 2022 WL 74158, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 6, 2022) (quoting Rose v.

Cnty. of Nassau, 904 F. Supp. 2d 244, 247 (E.D.N.Y. 2012)); see Gleeson v. County of Nassau,

No. 15-CV-6487, 2019 WL 4754326, at *14 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2019) (finding the Jail and

Nassau County Sheriff’s Department were not proper parties because they are administrative

arms of Nassau County). Therefore, Plaintiff’s claims against the Jail and NCC fail to state a

plausible claim and are dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii) and

1915A(b)(1).

3. Claims Liberally Construed Against Nassau County and Against NUMC

In light of Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court also considered whether Plaintiff alleged a

plausible claim when liberally construing the Complaint as against Nassau County. For the

reasons that follow, it does not. And, for the same reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s claim

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against NUMC fails.2

It is well-established that municipalities, such as Nassau County and NUMC, may be

liable under Section 1983 only if the “plaintiff proves that action pursuant to official . . . policy

of some nature caused a constitutional tort.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New

York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); see also Patterson v. Cnty. of Oneida, 375 F.3d 206, 226 (2d Cir.

2004). Thus, to impose liability on a municipality, the plaintiff must prove that a municipal

policy or custom caused a deprivation of the plaintiff’s rights. See, e.g., Wimmer v. Suffolk

Cnty. Police Dep’t, 176 F.3d 125, 137 (2d Cir. 1999).

“To establish the existence of a municipal policy or custom, the plaintiff must allege

(1) the existence of a formal policy officially endorsed by the municipality, (2) actions taken or

decisions made by an official with final decision making authority, (3) a practice so persistent

and widespread that it constitutes a custom, or (4) a failure by policymakers to properly train or

supervise their subordinates, amounting to a ‘deliberate indifference’ to the rights of those who

come in contact with the municipal employees.” Barnes v. Cnty. of Nassau, No. 23-CV-0777,

2023 WL 3931714, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. June 9, 2023) (citing Davis v. Lynbrook Police Dep’t, 224

F. Supp. 2d 463, 478 (E.D.N.Y. 2002)). “[A] single incident in a complaint, especially if it

involved only actors below the policy-making level, does not suffice to show a municipal

policy.” DeCarlo v. Fry, 141 F.3d 56, 61 (2d Cir. 1998).

Here, even affording the pro se complaint a liberal construction, there are no factual

2 NUMC is a part of the Nassau County Health Care Corporation (“NCHCC”), which “is a Public Benefit

Corporation created by the New York State Legislature.” Johnson v. Cnty. of Nassau, 480 F. Supp. 2d 581, 588

(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2007). “Public benefit corporations, such as the NHCC, are municipal entities for the purpose

of Section 1983.” See, e.g., McIntyre v. NuHealth-Nassau Univ. Med. Ctr., 11-CV-3934, 2011 WL 4434227 at *1,

n. 4 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2011) (citing McGrath v. Nassau Health Care Corp., 217 F. Supp. 2d 319, 330 (E.D.N.Y.

2002) (“Public benefit corporations are governmental entities for Section 1983’s purposes.”)).

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allegations from which the Court may reasonably infer that the conduct or inaction of which

Plaintiff complains was caused by some policy or custom of Nassau County or NUMC. Santos

v. New York City, 847 F. Supp. 2d 573, 576 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (“[A] plaintiff must allege facts

tending to support, at least circumstantially, an inference that such a municipal policy or custom

exists.”). Accordingly, Plaintiff has not alleged a plausible Section 1983 claim against Nassau

County or NUMC and such claims are thus dismissed without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii) and 1915A(b)(1). Moreover, Plaintiff has not adequately alleged a

constitutional deprivation for the following reasons.

4. Deliberate Indifference Claims

The Court construes Plaintiff’s allegations to assert that the Defendants were deliberately

indifferent to: (1) the conditions of Plaintiff’s confinement that posed a serious threat to his

health or safety; and (2) Plaintiff’s need for adequate medical care. Given that Plaintiff alleges

that he was a pretrial detainee at the time the events allegedly occurred (see Compl. at 4), his

deliberate indifference claims arise under the Fourteenth Amendment. See, e.g., Darnell v.

Pineiro, 849 F.3d 17, 29 (2d Cir. 2017) (“A pretrial detainee’s claims of unconstitutional

conditions of confinement are governed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment . . . .”); Murrell v. Sheron, No. 21-CV-6576, 2023 WL 1970487, at *5 (W.D.N.Y.

Feb. 13, 2023) (“[T]he Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause . . . protects pretrial

detainees from inadequate medical care. . . .” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

a. Conditions of Confinement Claim

To state a Fourteenth Amendment claim under Section 1983 arising from a pretrial

detainee’s conditions of confinement, “a plaintiff must satisfy both an objective prong and a

subjective prong.” Allen v. Stringer, No. 20-CV-3953, 2021 WL 4472667, *1 (2d Cir. Sept. 30,

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2021) (citing Darnell, 849 F.3d at 29). “The objective prong requires ‘showing that the

challenged conditions were sufficiently serious to constitute objective deprivations of the right to

due process,’ while the subjective prong requires ‘showing that [an] officer acted with at least

deliberate indifference to the challenged conditions.’” Id. (quoting Darnell, 849 F. 3d at 29).

Where, like here, “a conditions-of-confinement claim is predicated on an unsafe condition, a

court will analyze ‘whether society considers the risk that the prisoner complains of to be so

grave that it violates contemporary standards of decency to expose anyone unwillingly to such a

risk.’” Id. (quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 36 (1993)). The Court considers

whether the challenged condition was “inherently dangerous” from the perspective of a

reasonable officer on the scene, and “hindsight cannot inform [the] analysis.” Holder v. Wright,

No. 19-CV-782, 2021 WL 3374732, at *3 (D. Conn. Aug. 3, 2021) (citing Kingsley v.

Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 397 (2015)), appeal dismissed, (Aug. 23, 2022).

Here, Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation that the Jail was “unsanitary” fails to sufficiently

allege an inherently dangerous condition at the Jail. Similarly, wholly absent are any facts

demonstrating that prison officials acted with deliberate indifference to the challenged condition.

As noted above, Plaintiff does not include any allegations of conduct or inaction attributable to

any defendant, making it impossible to find the requisite intent. See Garland v. City of New

York, No. 22-CV-10947, 2023 WL 2898625, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2023) (“[A]ny § 1983

claim for a violation of due process requires proof of a mens rea greater than mere negligence.”

(quoting Darnell, 849 F.3d at 36)); see also Feliz v. Westchester Dep’t of Corr. (Valhalla), No.

20-CV-6392, 2020 WL 5096005, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2020) (“The allegations are

insufficient to allege plausibly [a conditions-of-confinement claim] because the plaintiff has, at

most, alleged that various defendants were negligent in failing to correct conditions, not that any

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defendant obdurately and wantonly refused to remedy a specific risk to the plaintiff.” (internal

quotations omitted)). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims challenging the

constitutionality of the conditions of his confinement are not plausible and are thus dismissed

without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(b)(i)-(ii), 1915A(b).

b. Inadequate Medical Care Claim

To state a Fourteenth Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to medical needs, a

detainee “must meet two requirements: (1) that Plaintiff[ ] had a serious medical need . . . , and

(2) that the Defendants acted with deliberate indifference to such needs.” Charles v. Orange

Cnty., 925 F.3d 73, 86 (2d Cir. 2019) (first citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105 (1976);

and then citing Darnell, 849 F.3d at 29). A detainee’s medical need is “sufficiently serious”

where it “contemplates a condition of urgency such as one that may produce death, degeneration,

or extreme pain.” Id. (citing Hathaway v. Coughlin, 99 F.3d 550, 553 (2d Cir. 1996)). To

satisfy the deliberate indifference requirement, a pretrial detainee “can allege either that the

defendants knew [or that they should have known] that failing to provide the complained of

medical treatment would pose a substantial risk to his health.” Id. at 87 (emphasis removed).

On this point, the Second Circuit recently explained that

“mere medical malpractice is not tantamount to deliberate indifference.” Charles

v. Orange County, 925 F.3d 73, 87 (2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Cuoco v. Moritsugu,

22 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir. 2000)). Instead, a plaintiff must demonstrate, “at a

minimum,” that the defendant provided deficient medical treatment with

“culpable recklessness ... that evinces a conscious disregard of a substantial risk

of serious harm” to his health. Darby v. Greenman, 14 F.4th 124, 128 (2d Cir.

2021).

Swinton v. Livingston Cnty., No. 21-1434, 2023 WL 2317838, at *2 (2d Cir. Mar. 2, 2023).

Here, even if Plaintiff had alleged a Defendant’s personal involvement, Plaintiff’s sparse

allegations do not satisfy either prong of a plausible deliberate indifference to medical needs

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claim. As is readily apparent, Plaintiff’s allegations challenging the care he received are

insufficient given the Second Circuit’s longstanding holding that “mere disagreement over the

proper treatment does not create a constitutional claim.” Id. at *2 (quoting Chance v.

Armstrong, 143 F.3d 698, 703 (2d Cir. 1998)). Indeed, “the fact that an inmate might prefer an

alternative treatment, or feels that he did not get the level of medical attention he preferred” does

not itself substantiate a Section 1983 inadequate medical care claim. Morales v. Fischer, 46 F.

Supp. 3d 239, 252 (W.D.N.Y. 2014) (quoting Joyner v. Greiner, 195 F. Supp. 2d 500, 504-05

(S.D.N.Y. 2002)); Sonds v. St. Barnabas Hosp. Corr. Health Servs., 151 F. Supp. 2d 303, 311

(S.D.N.Y. 2001) (citing Dean v. Coughlin, 804 F.2d 207, 215 (2d Cir. 1986)). Further, even

assuming that Plaintiff’s allegation of “agonizing pain” rendered his medical condition

“sufficiently serious,” wholly absent are any allegations suggesting that any Defendant acted

with the requisite state of mind. Thus, Plaintiff has not alleged a plausible Section 1983 claim

arising from the medical treatment received and such claims are dismissed without prejudice

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii), 1915A(b)(1).

5. State Law Claims

Having dismissed Plaintiff’s federal claims, the Court declines to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over any state law claims that may be construed from the complaint, including any

negligence claim. Such claims are properly brought in state court. See Sylla v. City of New

York, 04-CV-5692, 2005 WL 3336460, *8 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 2005) (“[I]f the federal claims are

dismissed before trial, even though not insubstantial in a jurisdictional sense, the state claims

should be dismissed as well.” (citing Castellano v. Bd. of Trustees, 937 F.2d 752, 758 (2d Cir.

1991)).

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D. Leave to Amend

A pro se plaintiff should ordinarily be given the opportunity “to amend at least once

when a liberal reading of the complaint gives any indication that a valid claim might be stated.”

Shomo v. City of New York, 579 F.3d 176, 183 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Indeed, a pro se plaintiff who brings a civil rights action “should be ‘fairly freely’

afforded an opportunity to amend his complaint.” Boddie v. N.Y. State Div. of Parole, No. 08-

CV-911, 2009 WL 1033786, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 2009) (quoting Frazier v. Coughlin, 850

F.2d 129, 130 (2d Cir. 1988)). Yet while “pro se plaintiffs are generally given leave to amend a

deficient complaint, a district court may deny leave to amend when amendment would be futile.”

Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

The Court has carefully considered whether Plaintiff should be granted leave to amend

his complaint. In light of Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court grants him leave to amend the

complaint in accordance with this Order. Plaintiff’s amended complaint must be labeled as an

“amended complaint,” bear the same docket number as this Order, 23-CV-6647 (JMA)(LGD),

and must be filed within thirty (30) days from the date of this Order. Plaintiff is advised that an

amended complaint completely replaces the original complaint, so Plaintiff must include all

allegations he wishes to pursue against each proper Defendant named in the amended complaint.

Further, if Plaintiff does not file an amended complaint within the time allowed, absent a

showing of good cause, judgment shall enter, and this case shall be closed.

III. CONCLUSION

For the forgoing reasons, the Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma pauperis is

granted. However, Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims are sua sponte dismissed without prejudice

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii) and 1915A(b)(1) for failure to state a claim for

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relief. The Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any state law claims that

may be construed from the complaint. Plaintiff is also granted leave to file an amended

complaint in accordance with this Order within thirty (30) days from the date of this Order.

The Court certifies pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this Order

would not be taken in good faith and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose

of any appeal. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962).

The Clerk of Court shall mail a copy of this Order to the Plaintiff at his last known

address and note such mailing on the docket.

SO ORDERED. ____/_s_/ _(J_M__A_)_ ___________

Joan M. Azrack

Dated: November 27, 2023 United States District Judge

Central Islip, New York

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