Villalba v. Houslanger & Associates, PLLC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

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CARLOS VILLALBA, Administrator of the

Estate of RAMON GALEAS,

Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM & ORDER

19-CV-4270 (PKC) (RLM)

- against -

HOUSLANGER & ASSOCIATES, PLLC,

TODD HOUSLANGER, and

VIRGO CAPITAL, LLC,

Defendants.

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PAMELA K. CHEN, United States District Judge:

Plaintiff, the Administrator of the Estate of Ramon Galeas,1 brings this lawsuit against

Defendants Houslanger & Associates, PLLC and Todd Houslanger (collectively, “Houslanger”),

and Virgo Capital, LLC (“Virgo”) (collectively “Defendants”), alleging that Defendants violated

Sections 1692e, 1692f, and 1692g of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et

seq. (“FDCPA”), New York General Business Law (“GBL”) § 349, and New York Judiciary Law

§ 487. Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants committed the tort of conversion. Defendants move

to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and Houslanger moves to strike certain

allegations under Rule 12(f). For the reasons below, Houslanger’s motions to dismiss and strike

are denied in their entirety, and Virgo’s motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part.

1 Galeas died during this litigation (see Dkt. 42), and the Court substituted Carlos Villalba,

as Administrator of Galeas’s Estate, as Plaintiff (see 7/7/2021 Order Adopting Report and

Recommendations; see also Dkt. 68).

BACKGROUND

I. Factual Background2

When Galeas commenced this suit, he was a 69-year-old man who spoke little English.

(Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”), Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 44, 85.) He lived in Queens County, New

York, and worked the night shift (10 p.m. to 6:30 a.m.) at Rite Aid. (Id. ¶¶ 3, 41–43, 48.)

Sometime before 2007, Galeas was the victim of identity theft. (See id. ¶ 19; see also

Identity Theft Report, Dkt. 22-5.) As a result of the identity theft, he accumulated credit card debt.

(See Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 19; see also Identity Theft Report, Dkt. 22-5.)

In 2007, LR Credit 11, LLC, through its collection law firm, Mel S. Harris & Associates,

LLC (collectively, “LR Credit”), filed collection lawsuits against over 100,000 New Yorkers,

including Galeas. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 15–16.) LR Credit engaged in “sewer service,”

whereby it failed to serve summonses and complaints on the alleged debtors, but still submitted

affidavits of service to the court, falsely attesting that service had been made on the alleged debtors.

(Id. ¶¶ 16, 20–24.) LR Credit then used the false affidavits of service to obtain default judgments

against the alleged debtors, including Galeas. (Id. ¶ 25.) In 2009, a putative class of New York

plaintiffs sued LR Credit (among others) alleging various causes of action based on this fraudulent

practice of sewer service. See Sykes v. Mel Harris & Assocs., LLC, 285 F.R.D. 279, 283–85

(S.D.N.Y. 2012).

Virgo was chartered in November 2011. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 28.) Two months after

Virgo was chartered, it purchased approximately 15,000 default judgments from LR Credit,

2 The Court “accept[s] as true all factual allegations” in the Amended Complaint “and

draw[s] from them all reasonable inferences,” but does not “credit conclusory allegations or legal

conclusions couched as factual allegations.” Dane v. UnitedHealthcare Ins. Co., 974 F.3d 183,

188 (2d Cir. 2020) (quotations and ellipses omitted).

including the judgment against Galeas. (Id. ¶ 27.) Virgo never notified Galeas that it had obtained

the judgment. (Id. ¶¶ 38–39.)

After LR Credit sold the 15,000 judgments to Virgo, the plaintiffs suing LR Credit were

granted class certification, see Sykes, 285 F.R.D. at 294, and settled with LR Credit (Am. Compl.,

Dkt. 22, ¶ 26). The parties to the settlement stipulated that LR Credit would stop collecting on the

purported debts and cooperate in vacating the default judgments it had obtained based on the

allegedly fraudulent affidavits of service. (Id.) They also “stipulated . . . that all [of the alleged

debtors] in debt collection actions brought by LR Credit in New York would have been entitled to

interpose a defense predicated upon ‘fraud, misrepresentation, illegality, unconscionability, lack

of due service, violations of law, or other illegalities.’” (Id.) After the settlement was approved,

the New York Supreme Court entered an order vacating all of the default judgments that LR Credit

still possessed, but not those that LR Credit had already sold. (See id. ¶¶ 29–33.)

Virgo and Houslanger knew of, or at least had enough information to determine, the

fraudulent circumstances by which LR Credit had obtained a default judgment against Galeas in

Queens County Civil Court. (Id. ¶¶ 34, 51–56.) Nevertheless, Virgo employed Houslanger to

collect on the judgment against him. (Id. ¶¶ 27, 34.) In 2016, Houslanger sought to collect on the

judgment by, inter alia, garnishing Galeas’s wages. Houslanger “signed an income execution to

Rite Aid” (“Income Execution”), directing Rite Aid to garnish Galeas’s wages to satisfy the

judgment. (Id. ¶¶ 41–42.) Rite Aid began garnishing Galeas’s wages. (Id. ¶ 43.)

Galeas noticed that money was being removed from his paychecks, but believed that this

was to pay union dues. (Id. ¶ 44.) He realized that his wages were being garnished only when a

family member explained that the reductions were not union dues. (Id. ¶ 45.) Having been the

victim of identity theft, and being unaware of the default judgment against him, Galeas

experienced stress and “wanted to cry” whenever he saw his paycheck. (Id. ¶ 93.)

In April 2018, Galeas appeared in the Civil Court action, and obtained an order to show

cause as to why he should be required to pay the default judgment against him. (Id. ¶ 57; see also

Order to Show Cause, Dkt. 22-15.) Galeas indicated that he had not been properly served in the

underlying debt collection suit and that his first notice of a legal action against him was the Income

Execution resulting in the garnishment of his wages. (Order to Show Cause, Dkt. 22-15, at ECF3

2.) He further noted: “It is not my debt. I am a victim of identity theft. I had no business dealings

with the plaintiff [Virgo].” (Id.)

On April 18, 2018, the Civil Court held a show cause hearing. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22,

¶¶ 57–58.) Galeas was assisted during the hearing by the “Volunteer Lawyer for the Day”

program. (Id. ¶ 58.) On behalf of Virgo, Houslanger offered to settle the case by ceasing

collections, but did not offer to return the money that had already been garnished. (Id. ¶ 59.)

Galeas rejected the offer, and the Civil Court granted Houslanger’s request for a nearly six-month

adjournment. (Id.)4 Throughout the next five months, Defendants5 continued to condition any

agreement to vacate the default judgment on Galeas’s agreement to forfeit the money already

garnished from his wages. (Id. ¶ 67.) As a result of the garnishment and prolonged litigation,

Galeas suffered emotional distress (id. ¶ 95), was unable to sleep (id.), and was concerned “during

3 Citations to “ECF” refer to the pagination generated by the Court’s CM/ECF docketing

system and not the document’s internal pagination.

4 Galeas’s wages continued to be garnished until mid-July 2018 (id. ¶ 63), but these

additional garnishments were returned to Galeas in December 2018 (id. ¶ 70).

5 The Court refers to all “Defendants” hereafter in connection with the settlement in the

Civil Action because Houslanger represented Virgo during the negotiation.

the more than eleven months that the court case was going on because he did not know if he was

going to get his money back” (id. ¶ 91).

In January 2019, the Civil Court scheduled a traverse hearing to determine whether Galeas

had been properly served in the underlying collection suit. (Id. ¶ 71.) Defendants did not prepare

any evidence or witnesses. (Id. ¶¶ 72–76.) On March 6, 2019, the day of the hearing, Galeas again

was represented by a volunteer attorney for the day. (Id. ¶ 76.) When the attorney asked

Defendants whether a process server would appear as a witness to substantiate the underlying

default judgment, a Houslanger attorney handed Galeas’s volunteer attorney “a stipulation to

vacate the judgment, discontinue the case with prejudice, and a general release” (the

“Stipulation”). (Id.) The Stipulation provided that “[a]ny sums currently held in trust by the New

York City Marshal,” who had executed the garnishment of Galeas’s wages, would “be directed to

be returned to [Galeas],” and that the collection action would be discontinued with prejudice. (Id.

¶ 77 n.8; see also Stipulation, Dkt. 22-17, ¶¶ 1–2.) But in a third paragraph, the Stipulation also

provided, in convoluted and seemingly contradictory terms, that “[a]ny sums previously received,

if any, may be retained by [Defendants],” and that Galeas would release any claims—including

FDCPA claims—against Defendants. (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 77 n.8; see also Stipulation,

Dkt. 22-17, ¶ 3.) The volunteer attorney representing Galeas crossed out this additional language

in the third paragraph, and both Galeas and Defendants signed the modified Stipulation. (See Am.

Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 86; see also Stipulation, Dkt. 22-17, ¶ 3.)

On December 6, 2018, while the Order to Show Cause was pending, $423.26 of Galeas’s

garnished wages were returned to him. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 70.) According to the Amended

Complaint, “[i]t is unclear whether this is the full amount that Defendants caused to be garnished

from Mr. Galeas’ wages.” (Id.)

II. Procedural Background

On July 24, 2019, Galeas filed a complaint against Defendants in this Court. (See

Complaint, Dkt. 1.) On October 4, 2019, Houslanger sought a pre-motion conference to move to

dismiss. (See Dkt. 16.) A month later, Virgo also requested a pre-motion conference to move to

dismiss. (See Dkt. 21.) On November 20, 2019, while the pre-motion conference requests were

pending, Galeas filed the Amended Complaint, alleging that Defendants had violated the FDCPA,

GBL § 349, and New York Judiciary Law § 487, and had committed conversion. (See Am.

Compl., Dkt. 22.) The same day, Galeas responded to the pre-motion conference requests. (See

Plaintiff’s Opposition to Houslanger’s Request for a Premotion Conference (“PMC Opposition”),

Dkt. 23; Dkt. 24.) The Court denied the pre-motion conference requests and set a briefing schedule

for Defendants’ proposed motions. (See 11/22/2019 Docket Order; 12/12/2019 Docket Order.)

On January 30, 2020, Defendants served their motions to dismiss on Galeas. (See Dkts. 33, 34.)

On March 11, 2020, Galeas served his response to Defendants’ motions. (See Dkt. 40.)

On March 31, 2020, Galeas’s counsel filed a notice that Galeas had died. (See Dkt. 42.)

A day later, Defendants filed their motions to dismiss and reply briefs. (See Dkts. 43, 44, 45, 46.)

Galeas’s counsel indicated that it could not file Galeas’s opposition brief, given that no party had

been substituted as Plaintiff. (See Dkt. 47.)

Almost a year later, on March 2, 2021, Galeas’s counsel moved to substitute Carlos

Villalba, Administrator of Galeas’s Estate, as Plaintiff. (See Dkts. 55, 56, 57.) Defendants

opposed the motion for substitution on April 2, 2021. (See Dkts. 60, 61, 62, 63.) On June 21,

2021, Magistrate Judge Roanne L. Mann issued a Report and Recommendation recommending

that the Court allow the substitution. (See Dkt. 68.) Judge Mann also directed the parties to file

“submissions that supplement their respective Rule 12 filings to address whether Mr. Galeas’s

death extinguished any of the claims in the Amended Complaint.” (Id. at 16.) In light of the

Report and Recommendation, Galeas’s counsel filed his opposition to Defendants’ motions to

dismiss. (See Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (“Pl. Br.”), Dkt.

70.) On July 6, 2021, Galeas’s counsel and Virgo filed briefs to supplement their Rule 12

submissions. (See Supplemental Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss

(“Virgo Supp.”), Dkt. 72; Plaintiff’s Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants’

Motions to Dismiss (“Pl. Supp.”), Dkt. 73.) On July 7, 2021, the Court adopted Judge Mann’s

Report and Recommendation, thereby substituting Plaintiff for Galeas. (See 7/7/2021 Order

Adopting Report and Recommendations.)

Now before the Court are Defendants’ motions to dismiss the Amended Complaint under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and Houslanger’s motion to strike under Rule 12(f).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads

factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable

for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard

is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a

defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.

Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is “a context-specific

task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id.

at 679. In addressing the sufficiency of a complaint, a court “accept[s] as true all factual allegations

and draw[s] from them all reasonable inferences; but [it is] not required to credit conclusory

allegations or legal conclusions couched as factual allegations.” Hamilton v. Westchester County,

3 F.4th 86, 91 (2d Cir. 2021).

DISCUSSION

I. Plaintiffs’ Claims Under the FDCPA

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated Sections 1692e, 1692f, and 1692g of the FDCPA.

Defendants seek to dismiss the claims under Sections 1692e and 1692f on various grounds. Virgo

also moves to dismiss the Section 1692g claims.

A. Legal Standard

1. The FDCPA

The “statutory purpose” of the FDCPA “is to eliminate abusive debt collection practices

by debt collectors, to insure that those debt collectors[6] who refrain from using abusive debt

collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and to promote consistent State action to

protect consumers against debt collection abuses.” Vangorden v. Second Round, Ltd. P’ship, 897

F.3d 433, 437 (2d Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). “[T]he FDCPA creates a private right of action

for debtors who have been harmed by abusive debt collection practices.” Benzemann v. Citibank

N.A., 806 F.3d 98, 100 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692k). It “is a strict liability statute,”

so a “plaintiff does not need to show intentional conduct on the part of the debt collector.” Arias

v. Gutman, Mintz, Baker & Sonnenfeldt LLP, 875 F.3d 128, 134 (2d Cir. 2017) (quotations

omitted). “Because the FDCPA is remedial in nature, its terms must be construed in liberal fashion

if the underlying Congressional purpose is to be effectuated.” Id. “[L]iability under the FDCPA

6 As discussed below, Houslanger does not dispute that it is a “debt collector” under the

FDCPA; Virgo, however, does.

can be established irrespective of whether the presumed debtor owes the debt in question.” Sykes

v. Mel S. Harris & Assocs. LLC, 780 F.3d 70, 83 (2d Cir. 2015).

“Toward these ends, § 1692e and § 1692f each proscribe a ‘non-exhaustive’ list of specific

unfair practices,” and “the same conduct may support claims brought under multiple subsections.”

Vangorden, 897 F.3d at 437. Thus, although “[b]oth sections expressly prohibit specific conduct

relating to debt collection, . . . the FDCPA ‘enables the courts, where appropriate, to proscribe

other improper conduct which is not specifically addressed.’” Arias, 875 F.3d at 134–35 (quoting

S. Rep. No. 95–382, at 4 (1977), reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1695, 1696).

2. Section 1692e

Section 1692e provides that “[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or

misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C.

§ 1692e. A representation is “deceptive” under section 1692e if it is “open to more than one

reasonable interpretation, at least one of which is inaccurate.” Arias, 875 F.3d at 135. Courts

“analyze the reasonableness of an interpretation from the perspective of the least sophisticated

consumer, who, [the Second Circuit has] explained, lacks the sophistication of the average

consumer and may be naive about the law, but is rational and possesses a rudimentary amount of

information about the world.” Id. (citation and quotations omitted). “The standard is objective,

pays no attention to the circumstances of the particular debtor in question, and asks only whether

the hypothetical least sophisticated consumer could reasonably interpret the representation in a

way that is inaccurate.” Id. (emphasis is original) (quotations omitted). “Employing the least

sophisticated consumer standard ensures the protection of all consumers, even the naive and the

trusting, against deceptive debt collection practices.” Id. (quotations omitted).

3. Section 1692f

“While § 1692e mainly targets practices that take advantage of a debtor’s naivete or lack

of legal acumen, § 1692f aims at practices that give the debt collector an unfair advantage over the

debtor or are inherently abusive.” Vangorden, 897 F.3d at 437 (quotations omitted). Section 1692f

provides that “[a] debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt

to collect any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f. “Although the FDCPA leaves the term ‘unfair or

unconscionable means’ undefined,” the Second Circuit has “held that the term refers to practices

that are shockingly unjust or unfair, or affronting the sense of justice, decency, or reasonableness.”

Arias, 875 F.3d at 135 (quotations omitted). “The least sophisticated consumer standard is used

to determine whether a practice is unfair or unconscionable.” Id. “Like its counterpart, section

1692e, section 1692f contains a non-exhaustive list of unfair practices, including the collection of

an invalid debt and taking or threatening to take non-judicial action to effect the dispossession of

property without a legal right to do so.” Id.

4. Section 1692g

Section 1692g of “[t]he FDCPA requires that a debt collector attempting to collect a debt

must, within five days after its initial communication, send the consumer a written notice

containing, among other things, ‘the name of the creditor to whom the debt is owed,’ unless it

provided that information in the initial communication.” Bryan v. Credit Control, LLC, 954 F.3d

576, 581 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(2)). Section 1692g also “requires debt

collectors to advise consumers of their right to dispute an asserted debt in writing ‘within thirty

days after receipt of the notice.’” Vangorden, 897 F.3d at 439 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(3)).

“The FDCPA does not offer a definition of ‘initial communication.’” Carlin v. Davidson Fink

LLP, 852 F.3d 207, 212 (2d Cir. 2017).

5. The Debt Collector Requirement

“The plaintiff in an FDCPA action bears the burden of proving the defendant’s debt

collector status.” Goldstein v. Hutton, Ingram, Yuzek, Gainen, Carroll & Bertolotti, 374 F.3d 56,

60 (2d Cir. 2004). “The term ‘debt collector’ means any person who uses any instrumentality of

interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection

of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or

due or asserted to be owed or due another.” 15 U.S.C.A. § 1692a(6); see also Obduskey v.

McCarthy & Holthus LLP, 139 S. Ct. 1029, 1036 (2019).

“[T]he FDCPA’s definition of ‘debt collector’ includes lawyers who regularly, through

litigation, attempt to collect consumer debts.” Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer &

Ulrich LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 593 (2010). Such “debt collectors can be subject to FDCPA liability

based on actions taken in legal proceedings.” Cohen v. Rosicki, Rosicki & Assocs., P.C., 897 F.3d

75, 83–84 (2d Cir. 2018); accord Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 294 (1995) (“[T]he [FDCPA]

applies to the litigating activities of lawyers.”). “[A] debt collector engages in unfair or

unconscionable litigation conduct in violation of section 1692f when . . . it in bad faith unduly

prolongs legal proceedings or requires a consumer to appear at an unnecessary hearing.” Arias,

875 F.3d at 138.

6. Bona Fide Error Defense (15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c))

“A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought under [the FDCPA] if the

debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and

resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted

to avoid any such error.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c). “Thus, under the statute, ‘a debt collector asserting

the bona fide error defense must show by a preponderance of the evidence that its violation of the

Act: (1) was not intentional; (2) was a bona fide error; and (3) occurred despite the maintenance

of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.’” Wagner v. Chiari & Ilecki, LLP, 973

F.3d 154, 168 (2d Cir. 2020). “Lawyers . . . have recourse to the affirmative defense in

§ 1692k(c)” and “may invoke the bona fide error defense, for instance, where a violation results

from a qualifying factual error.” Jerman, 559 U.S. at 599.

B. Plaintiff Adequately Alleges That Defendants Violated Sections 1692e and

1692f of the FDCPA

Defendants contend that the Amended Complaint fails to state an FDCPA claim under

Sections 1692e and 1692f. The Court (1) concludes that the Amended Complaint adequately

alleges that both Defendants violated those FDCPA Sections, (2) rejects Houslanger’s

counterarguments, and (3) rejects Virgo’s counterarguments.

1. The FDCPA Allegations Are Sufficient Under Sections 1692e and 1692f

By subjecting debt collectors to liability for using “false, deceptive, or misleading

representation[s] or means in connection with the collection of any debt,” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e,

Section 1692e “prohibits a debt collector from ‘threatening to take any action that cannot legally

be taken,’” or from “the collection of an invalid debt,” Arias, 875 F.3d at 138 (brackets omitted)

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(5)). Courts have held that “[s]ewer service practice, followed by

obtaining a default judgment, falls squarely within the actions prohibited by section 1692e.”

Guzman v. Mel S. Harris & Assocs., LLC, No. 16-CV-3499 (GBD), 2018 WL 1665252, at *9

(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2018) (quotations omitted); see also Sykes v. Mel Harris & Assocs., LLC, 757

F. Supp. 2d 413, 424 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). “Such practices may also violate section 1692f,” Guzman,

2018 WL 1665252, at *9, insofar as that provision prohibits using “unfair or unconscionable means

to collect or attempt to collect any debt,” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f. And, as noted, “a debt collector

engages in unfair or unconscionable litigation conduct in violation of section 1692f when . . . it in

bad faith unduly prolongs legal proceedings or requires a consumer to appear at an unnecessary

hearing.” Arias, 875 F.3d at 138.

Although Defendants here did not themselves engage in sewer service, the allegations in

the Amended Complaint are sufficient to establish that Defendants knew or should have known

that the default judgment against Galeas was obtained through sewer service. (Am. Compl., Dkt.

22, ¶¶ 34, 51–56.) Nevertheless, “Defendants sought to collect from Mr. Galeas the fraudulently

obtained judgment.” (Id. ¶ 34.) In fact, they garnished Galeas’s wages and litigated the collection

action against him for years. (See id. ¶¶ 42–43, 59, 64.)

Only when the Civil Court directed Defendants to establish in court that the default

judgment was valid did Defendants offer to drop the suit. But, at that point, they had already

garnished Galeas’s wages and compelled him to litigate against a default judgment they knew or

should have known was baseless. And even then, rather than merely dismissing the case against

Galeas, Defendants sought to “exchange” dismissal for Galeas’s releasing any claims against them.

(Id. ¶¶ 76–77 & n.8.) They also sought to retain the garnished wages. (Id. ¶¶ 67, 76–77 & n.8.)

As the Amended Complaint points out, Defendants buried this “exchange” in the unnecessarily

convoluted Stipulation. (Id. ¶¶ 76–77 & n.8.)

In their motions to dismiss, Defendants do not dispute that the underlying default judgment

against Galeas stemmed from fraud (i.e., sewer service). Nor could they, at this stage, given that

the Amended Complaint alleges that Galeas “was the victim of sewer service.” (Id. ¶ 24.) Thus,

Defendants cannot dispute that they attempted “the collection of an invalid debt,” see Arias, 875

F.3d at 135, and, given their apparent knowledge of its invalidity, “in bad faith[,] unduly

prolong[ed] legal proceedings or require[d] [Galeas] to appear at an unnecessary hearing,” id. at

138.

The Amended Complaint also alleges that “Mr. Galeas never received, and on information

and belief was never sent, a notice of assignment of the judgment when the judgment was allegedly

assigned from LR Credit to Virgo.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 38.) As Plaintiff points out, “the

judgment debtor must receive notice of the assignment.” (Pl. Br., Dkt. 70, at 50 (quoting Musah

v. Houslanger & Assocs., PLLC, 962 F. Supp. 2d 636, 639–40 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)).) This also

“provides a suitable basis for Plaintiff’s FDCPA claims.” Musah, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 639.7

2. Houslanger’s Motion to Dismiss the FDCPA Claims Under Sections

1692e and 1692f

In its motion to dismiss, Houslanger argues that it was unaware “that the affidavit of service

submitted in Galeas’ specific case was false or that the Judgment entered against him in the Civil

Court was ‘invalid.’” (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 10.) Houslanger cites Musah to argue that

“the [default] [j]udgment had not been vacated when [Houslanger] issued the Income Execution

and the existence of a valid judgment ‘obviate[s] the need for further review of a case file.’”

(Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 11 (quoting Musah, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 641).) Essentially,

Houslanger invokes the “bona fide error” defense, whereby, as noted, “[a] debt collector may not

be held liable in any action brought under [the FDCPA] if the debt collector shows by a

preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide

7 In its motion to dismiss, Virgo argues that “[t]he November 17, 2016 income execution

contained a notice of assignment.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 25.) This argument is unavailing.

First, as in Musah, the Amended Complaint “has specifically alleged that [Galeas] did not receive

any notice [of assignment].” See Musah, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 639. “Accordingly, a factual dispute

exists between the parties as to whether or not [Galeas] received notice of the assignment,” and

“[s]uch a factual dispute is inappropriate for resolution on a motion to dismiss, where allegations

are taken as true and read in a light most favorable to plaintiffs.” Id. (quotations omitted). And

even if Galeas received the Income Execution, the Court is skeptical that it provided adequate

notice of the assignment. At best, it was an “attempt[] to collect on the judgment against [Galeas]

at the same time that it attempted to inform [him], through indirect language, that [his] debt had

been reassigned.” See Moukengeschaie v. Eltman, Eltman & Cooper, P.C., 277 F. Supp. 3d 337,

352 (E.D.N.Y. 2017).

error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.”

15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c); see also Jerman, 559 U.S. at 599.8

But the Amended Complaint, on its face, does not support a bona fide error defense. As

the Amended Complaint alleges, LR Credit “stipulated as part of [the Sykes] settlement that all [of

the alleged debtors] in debt collection actions brought by LR Credit in New York would have been

entitled to interpose a defense predicated upon ‘fraud, misrepresentation, illegality,

unconscionability, lack of due service, violations of law, or other illegalities.’” (Am. Compl., Dkt.

22, ¶ 26.) Although LR Credit had, by then, sold the judgment against Galeas to Virgo, that

judgment materially resembled the apparently fraudulent judgments LR Credit did not sell. (See

id. ¶¶ 51, 56.) Even “general[] aware[ness]” of the Sykes settlement therefore should have alerted

Defendants here that the default judgment against Galeas arose from “fraud, misrepresentation,

illegality, unconscionability, lack of due service, violations of law, or other illegalities.” (Am.

Compl., Dkt. ¶ 26.) Further, the complaint filed in the underlying collection suit against Galeas

listed the original creditor merely as “ASSOCIATES” (id. ¶ 56; see also Dkt. 71-5), which should

have compounded Defendants’ suspicion as to its validity.

8 Although Houslanger does not expressly raise a bona fide error defense, and argues only

that Plaintiff “has not pled a viable FDCPA claim” (Reply Memorandum of Law in Further

Support of the Houslanger Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 46, at 10), the Court construes

Houslanger’s argument as invoking the bona fide error doctrine insofar as Houslanger argues that

an attempt to enforce an invalid judgment does not violate the FDCPA if the debt collector has a

good faith belief that it is entitled to recovery, which is the essence of a bona fide error defense.

Cf. Gold v. Shapiro, Dicaro & Barak, LLC, No. 18-CV-6787 (PKC) (SJB), 2019 WL 4752093, at

*7 n.11 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2019) (“If . . . a debt collector files a complaint with a good faith basis

to believe that it is entitled to recover, . . . the FDCPA allows for that debt collector to plead bona

fide error as an affirmative defense. However, when a debt collector already knows that a debt is

time-barred, . . . the FDCPA can impose liability for choosing to file a legal complaint alleging

that it is entitled to payment despite that knowledge.”).

More importantly, Defendants do not (and cannot, given the allegations in the Amended

Complaint) identify any precautionary measures they took to confirm the validity of the judgment

they sought to enforce against Galeas. As noted, “a debt collector asserting the bona fide error

defense must show by a preponderance of the evidence that its violation of the Act . . . occurred

despite the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.” Wagner, 973

F.3d at 168 (quotations omitted). Courts in this Circuit have explained that “the mere existence of

generic procedures is not enough; instead, the debt collector must show . . . that it took precautions

meant to eliminate the specific error complained of by the plaintiff.” Guzman, 2018 WL 1665252,

at *10 (quotations omitted). Defendants point to no such precautions. Rather, as noted, they rely

on Musah to argue that the mere existence of the default judgment “obviate[d] the need for further

review of [Galeas’s] case file.” (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 11 (quoting Musah, 962 F. Supp.

2d at 641).)

But Musah arose in a different context and said only that “an attorney’s determination that

there exists a valid judgment may obviate the need for further review of a case file.” 962 F. Supp.

2d at 641 (emphasis added). Defendants here purchased and sought to enforce a default judgment

that stemmed from a facially suspect affidavit of service and resembled thousands of default

judgments the same seller apparently had obtained through “fraud, misrepresentation, illegality,

unconscionability, lack of due service, violations of law, or other illegalities.” (See Am. Compl.,

Dkt. ¶¶ 22, 26, 51, 56.) Given these serious and apparent concerns regarding the validity of the

debt underlying the judgment they purchased, Defendants cannot simply rely on the existence of

that judgment to avoid liability, at least at this stage. Cf. Currier v. First Resol. Inv. Corp., 762

F.3d 529, 537 (6th Cir. 2014) (“[W]hether or not [the defendant] had reason to believe that the lien

was valid when filed is an issue of fact that is not relevant at the motion to dismiss stage.”).9

In any event, Defendants not only failed to take precautionary measures before purchasing

and attempting to enforce the default judgment, they continued to litigate that judgment against

Galeas even after receiving additional indications that that the underlying debt was invalid. For

example, in April 2018, after Galeas obtained an order to show cause regarding the validity of the

judgment, Defendants litigated the case for another eleven months without taking any “steps to

obtain additional evidence to oppose the order to show cause.” (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 57–

76.) During that time, Defendants sought several adjournments (see id. ¶¶ 64, 66), refused to

dismiss the collection suit without Galeas agreeing to surrender the wages that had already been

garnished (see id. ¶ 67), and, for a time, continued to garnish Galeas’s wages (see id. ¶¶ 61, 63).

And despite having “no evidence to oppose[] a traverse hearing, Defendants still required Mr.

Galeas to take off from work again to attend the hearing” (id. ¶ 73), at which point they sought to

make a deal with Galeas that would have deprived him of the money that had been wrongfully

garnished from his wages, as well as his right to pursue legal claims (see id. ¶¶ 67, 76–77 & n.8).

These allegations are sufficient to sustain a claim that Defendants “in bad faith unduly prolong[ed]

legal proceedings or require[d] a consumer to appear at an unnecessary hearing.” Arias, 875 F.3d

at 138.10

9 The same rationale applies to Virgo’s argument that it had “reason to believe the

underlying judgment was valid.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 23 n.13.) This too “is an issue of fact

that is not relevant at the motion to dismiss stage.” See Currier, 762 F.3d at 537.

10 Houslanger similarly argues that “any damages Galeas sustained . . . stemmed from a

still-valid Judgment that [Houslanger] did not procure.” (Reply Memorandum of Law in Further

Support of the Houslanger Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 46, at 11.) But although

Houslanger did not fraudulently procure the default judgment against Galeas, Houslanger sought

to enforce the judgment allegedly knowing it had been fraudulently procured. The Court thus

Houslanger next argues that it did not violate the FDCPA because Galeas was represented

by a volunteer attorney on the day of the traverse hearing when Houslanger offered the Stipulation.

Houslanger points to a series of non-binding cases applying reasoning from a sentence in

Kropelnicki v. Siegel, 290 F.3d 118, 128 (2d Cir. 2002), where the court “assume[d],” but expressly

declined to decide, that “[w]here an attorney is interposed as an intermediary between a debt

collector and a consumer, . . . the attorney, rather than the FDCPA, will protect the consumer from

a debt collector’s fraudulent or harassing behavior.” (See Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 6.)

Houslanger contends that Plaintiff’s “section 1692f claim fails because he is complaining about a

communication made exclusively to a third-party representative.” (Id.)

As an initial matter, this argument is largely beside the point. Although Houslanger’s offer

of the Stipulation is one aspect of the alleged FDCPA violations, the crux of the suit is Defendants’

attempt to enforce an invalid default judgment through prolonged litigation. As noted, the FDCPA

“prohibits a debt collector from ‘threatening to take any action that cannot legally be taken,’” from

“the collection of an invalid debt,” and from, “in bad faith[,] unduly prolong[ing] legal proceedings

or requir[ing] a consumer to appear at an unnecessary hearing.” Arias, 875 F.3d at 135, 138.

Offering the Stipulation was but one act of several in furtherance of this alleged abusive practice.

In any event, the Court concludes that the FDCPA applies to communications directed to

consumers’ attorneys. Despite its reservations in Kropelnicki, the Second Circuit “ha[s] not ruled

refers to the judgment as “invalid” insofar as it was unenforceable by a debt collector with

knowledge of its fraudulent origin, not because the judgment was “facially” invalid. As discussed

throughout this decision, Defendants ultimately may show they were innocent purchasers and

enforcers who did not know of LR Credit’s alleged fraud and thus believed the default judgments

represented valid debts. But that is a question for a factfinder. As it stands, the allegations in the

Amended Complaint paint a grotesque picture of outrageously abusive and disreputable conduct

by Defendants as to Galeas and presumably many others whose debts Defendants purchased from

LR Credit.

on whether an FDCPA claim may be brought for misrepresentations made to third parties,”

including debtors’ attorneys. See Sykes, 780 F.3d at 97 n.6. The Fourth Circuit, however, has led

a contingent of courts in holding that “the FDCPA covers communications to a debtor’s attorney.”

Sayyed v. Wolpoff & Abramson, 485 F.3d 226, 233 (4th Cir. 2007); accord Evory v. RJM

Acquisitions Funding L.L.C., 505 F.3d 769, 775 (7th Cir. 2007) (holding that a “letter [that]

misrepresents the unpaid balance of the consumer’s debt . . . would be actionable whether made to

the consumer directly, or indirectly through his lawyer,” in circumstances where, for example, the

“false claim [would] be as difficult for a lawyer to see through as [the] consumer”); Allen ex rel.

Martin v. LaSalle Bank, N.A., 629 F.3d 364, 368 (3d Cir. 2011) (“A communication to a

consumer’s attorney is undoubtedly an indirect communication to the consumer” that is covered

by the FDCPA.); Bishop v. Ross Earle & Bonan, P.A., 817 F.3d 1268, 1272 (11th Cir. 2016) (“We

join the Third, Fourth, and Seventh Circuits in holding that a debt-collection notice sent to a

consumer’s attorney is” a communication covered by the FDCPA.).11

The Court agrees with those circuits that have deemed debt collection practices actionable

under the FDCPA despite being directed to consumers’ attorneys. First, “there is nothing in the

FDCPA that explicitly exempts communications to an attorney.” Allen, 629 F.3d at 368. “Section

1692e broadly prohibits ‘any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection

with the collection of any debt.’” Miljkovic v. Shafritz & Dinkin, P.A., 791 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th

Cir. 2015) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692e). Likewise, the “broad language” of Section 1692f,

“coupled with its illustrative examples of violative conduct support the conclusion that § 1692f

11 Though the Ninth Circuit, by contrast, has held that “when the debt collector ceases

contact with the debtor, and instead communicates exclusively with an attorney hired to represent

the debtor in the matter, the [FDCPA’s] strictures no longer apply to those communications[,]”

Guerrero v. RJM Acquisitions LLC, 499 F.3d 926, 939 (9th Cir. 2007), as discussed below, the

Court agrees with the circuits adopting the contrary view.

applies whether the unfair and unconscionable means are employed against consumers or non-

consumers.” Id. (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692f). Neither section “impl[ies] immunity for debt

collection practices otherwise forbidden by the Act simply because those debt collection practices

are directed at a consumer’s attorney.” Id. By contrast, other provisions, such as Section 1692c,

“explicitly refer[] to the ‘consumer’ and clearly and necessarily distinguish[] ‘consumers’ from

‘attorneys’ and other third parties.” Id. (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692c).

Second, “[i]t would create an odd situation, indeed, if the fact that a consumer was

represented by an attorney somehow excused the debt collector from otherwise observing the

FDCPA’s requirements.” Id. at 1303. In a sense, the statute creates a cost-shifting mechanism.

Rather than consumers bearing the burden to pay attorneys to protect against abusive debt

collection practices, debt collectors bear the burden to avoid engaging in such practices. See

Bishop, 817 F.3d at 1277 (reasoning that exempting communications directed to consumers’

attorneys “would require attorneys to expend client resources second-guessing the truthfulness of

debt collection communications,” which “is precisely the type of burden shifting” the FDCPA

seeks to avoid). This may mean debt collectors must expend resources to ensure that the default

judgments they purchase are valid and enforceable, and that the debts they seek to collect can

properly be collected. See Arias, 875 F.3d at 138 (noting that the FDCPA protects against “the

collection of an invalid debt”). This burden does not shift to a debtor simply because he or she

can afford counsel—or because counsel volunteers—to expend time and effort ensuring that the

debt collector has a basis for its claim. Houslanger’s argument essentially leads to the conclusion

that, “[o]nce the consumer retains an attorney, . . . the debt collector is free to convey false or

misleading information to the consumer’s attorney without fear of consequences.” Miljkovic, 791

F.3d at 1304.12 The Court rejects Houslanger’s motion to dismiss on this basis.13

Houslanger also argues that the FDCPA should not apply because the Civil Court had the

power to protect Galeas by rejecting the Stipulation. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 6–7.)

Houslanger relies on Simmons v. Roundup Funding, LLC, 622 F.3d 93, 96 (2d Cir. 2010), where

the court explained that the FDCPA’s “purpose is not implicated when a debtor is instead protected

by the court system and its officers.” (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 7.) But the court in Simmons

was talking about bankruptcy proceedings, where debtors “do not need protection from abusive

collection methods that are covered under the FDCPA because the claims process is highly

regulated and court controlled.” Simmons, 622 F.3d at 96. The Second Circuit has since clarified

that “the rationale of . . . Simmons reflects the special protections afforded a consumer under the

Bankruptcy Code—protections that are unavailable where . . . the proceedings are in State court

and the consumer, often unfamiliar with the law governing garnishment of bank accounts, has the

benefit of neither counsel nor a bankruptcy trustee.” Arias, 875 F.3d at 137. The Civil Court

action here was not a bankruptcy proceeding. Further, the FDCPA is designed to prevent debt

collectors from engaging in abusive debt-collection practices; it does not license debt collectors to

engage in such practices simply because an alleged debtor may seek the protection of a state court.

12 Further, based on its experience at the trial level, the Court does not share the Ninth

Circuit’s view, which informed its position on this issue, that “[u]nsophisticated consumers are

easily bullied and misled,” whereas “[t]rained attorneys are not.” Guerrero, 499 F.3d at 935.

13 Another issue is whether the “least sophisticated consumer” standard applies when a debt

collector communicates through the consumer’s attorney. For example, the Seventh Circuit has

applied what has been called the “competent lawyer” standard. See Evory, 505 F.3d at 775. Virgo

contends that the “competent attorney” standard applies here. (See Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 22.)

Regardless of what standard applies to the specific communication to Galeas’s volunteer attorney,

however, the Amended Complaint, for the reasons explained, adequately states a claim.

And to the extent Galeas was counseled by a volunteer attorney for a day, the Court already has

rejected this as a basis for dismissal.

Finally, Houslanger argues that merely proposing the Stipulation was not “unfair or

unconscionable” under the FDCPA. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 7–8.) It contends that FDCPA

liability cannot arise from “giving Galeas the option to release [Houslanger] from potential

liability.” (Id. at 7.) The Court again disagrees.

To be sure, proposing a settlement offer that favors one’s own side in a litigation is

common. But “there is a large body of case law that supports the proposition that a communication

offering a settlement is subject to the FDCPA.” Hayles v. Aspen Properties Grp., LLC, No. 16-

CV-8919 (MKV), 2020 WL 5764371, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2020) (collecting cases).

Knowingly prolonging a baseless litigation against a consumer, and, once the scheme is revealed,

offering to settle that suit only if the consumer provides something in return, is “unfair or

unconscionable litigation conduct,” as well as an attempt to collect an invalid debt. See Arias, 875

F.3d at 135, 138. Defendants offered Galeas the Stipulation only after the Civil Court ordered

them to show that the judgment against Galeas was valid and enforceable. (See Am. Compl., Dkt.

22, ¶ 57; see also Order to Show Cause, Dkt. 22-15.) According to the Amended Complaint,

Defendants were “fully aware of the unlawful circumstances under which the LR Credit Judgments

were obtained” (see Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 34), and had no “evidence to oppose the order to show

cause” (id. ¶ 65) or “to oppose[] a traverse hearing” (id. ¶ 73). In other words, Defendants knew,

when they gave “Galeas the option to release [Defendants] from potential liability” (Houslanger

Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 7), that the only “consideration” they could offer was the dismissal of their

baseless debt-collection claim against Galeas—that is, “consideration” they were not entitled to

leverage against Galeas in the first place. This might explain why Defendants ultimately agreed

to settle even when Galeas’s volunteer attorney deleted the release provision from the Stipulation

without offering anything new in exchange. Perhaps Defendants hoped that Galeas, who spoke

little English (see Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 85), who had been embroiled in Defendants’ prolonged

debt-collection efforts for years (see id. ¶¶ 41–43, 59, 64), and who was not actually responsible

for any debt (see id. ¶ 19), would be willing to sign the convoluted (and insidiously unfair) contract

to be rid of the matter.

In any event, as discussed, offering the Stipulation here was just part of Defendants’ efforts

to “collect[] . . . an invalid debt” and “engage[] in unfair or unconscionable litigation conduct in

violation of section 1692f” by “in bad faith unduly prolong[ing] legal proceedings.” See Arias,

875 F.3d at 135, 138. Their potential FDCPA liability does not turn on the Stipulation alone.

Houslanger’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under Sections 1692e and 1692f

therefore must be denied.

3. Virgo’s Motion to Dismiss the FDCPA Claims Under Sections 1692e and

1692f

Taking a different approach, Virgo argues that the FDCPA does not apply because it is a

“creditor,” not a “debt collector.” Virgo points to the FDCPA’s definition of “creditor” as “any

person who offers or extends credit creating a debt or to whom a debt is owed, but such term does

not include any person to the extent that he receives an assignment or transfer of a debt in default

solely for the purpose of facilitating collection of such debt for another.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(4).

Virgo contends that it is “a person ‘to whom a debt is owed’ and is not seeking to collect ‘such

debt for another.’” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 7.) Virgo argues that “‘[d]ebt collector’ and

‘[c]reditor’ are mutually exclusive terms.” (Id. at 8–9.) The Court disagrees on all counts.

First, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that Virgo is a debt collector. As noted,

one definition of “debt collector” is “any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate

commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any

debts.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). According to the Amended Complaint, “Virgo was chartered on

November 18, 2011, just 2 months prior to purchasing” the allegedly fraudulent judgments from

LR Credit. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 28.) “Virgo’s principal (indeed sole) purpose is the purchase

of putative consumer debt, primarily (if not exclusively) the purchase of judgments rendered

against consumers for lawsuits seeking to collect consumer debts.” (Id. ¶ 8.) “Virgo then collects

on those purchased judgments,” through Houslanger, “by issuing thousands of information

subpoenas, bank restraints, and garnishments, and sending thousands of collection letters.” (Id.)

Thus, “the pleadings contain sufficient factual matter to establish that [Virgo] collects on debts by,

at the very least, hiring debt collection law firms and filing debt collection actions in state court.”

See Digiacomo v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., No. 16-CV-1875 (KAM) (RER), 2019 WL

2256769, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 1349483

(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2019).

Virgo contends that it merely “facilitated [Houslanger] in collecting the debt owed Virgo,”

and thus that “the Amended Complaint is devoid of any factual allegations that Virgo undertook

any direct collection efforts.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 15.) Virgo relies on a line of cases

summarized in Schneider v. JTM Capital Management, LLC, where the District Court of Oregon

concluded that “passive debt buying companies” that “purchas[e] debts and hir[e] others to collect

that debt” are not “debt collectors” under the “principal purpose” definition. No. 16-CV-2057

(JR), 2018 WL 2276238, at *3 (D. Or. Mar. 22, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 2018

WL 2248451 (D. Or. May 15, 2018). Virgo echoes the court’s statement in Schneider that

“‘collect’ is a verb that requires action.” Id. at *5.

More recently, however, the Eighth Circuit rejected Virgo’s exact argument, explaining

that “the FDCPA’s principal purpose definition does not require the debt collector to ‘collect’

debts” directly, but instead encompasses debt buyers who hire law firms to collect on their behalf.

Reygadas v. DNF Assocs., LLC, 982 F.3d 1119, 1125 (8th Cir. 2020). As the court in Reygadas

explained, an entity is a debt collector if its principal purpose is the collection of debts, even if the

entity does not directly carry out that purpose. Id. Just as “a hospital’s purpose is providing

healthcare to patients, even though it relies on independent physicians and other entities to provide

the care,” the purpose of an entity that exclusively “hir[es] lawyers and debt collection agencies

to collect debts” is “the collection of debts.” Id. (emphasis added). This does not mean “that any

purchaser of defaulted consumer debt qualifies as a ‘debt collector’ under the ‘principal purpose’

definition,” since there may be “consumer debt buyers who engage in a wider array of activities,

such as originating consumer loans, reselling debt portfolios, or offering other financial services.”

Id. at 1125. But Virgo’s “principal (indeed sole) purpose is the purchase of putative consumer

debt” that “Virgo then collects” through Houslanger. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 8.) Thus, its

principal purpose is the collection of debts, even though it uses Houslanger to carry out that

purpose. See, e.g., Barbato v. Greystone All., LLC, 916 F.3d 260, 268 (3d Cir. 2019) (applying

the “principal purpose” definition to a debt buyer because “‘[c]ollection’ by its very definition may

be indirect, and that is the type of collection in which [a company that] buys consumer debt and

hires debt collectors to collect on it” engages); McMahon v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 301 F. Supp. 3d

866, 884 (N.D. Ill. 2018) (“The Court fails to see why it should matter if the debt buyer hires a

third party to actually collect its debt. . . . If the collection of debts is precisely what sustains the

business, unaided by any other significant sources of revenue, then the ‘collection of . . . debts’

must be the business’s ‘primary purpose.’”); Meola v. Asset Recovery Sols., LLC, No. 17-CV-1017

(MKB) (RER), 2018 WL 5020171, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2018) (agreeing with the “courts in

this Circuit [that] have interpreted the first prong of Section 1692a (6) to include an entity in the

business of buying and collecting defaulted debts” through lawsuits), report and recommendation

adopted, 2018 WL 4660373 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2018).

This reading accords with Section 1692e, which provides that “[a] debt collector may not

use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection

of any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e (emphasis added). “In connection” with its attempt to collect on

the allegedly invalid default judgment, Virgo hired Houslanger to garnish Galeas’s wages and

litigate the Civil Court case.14 This allegedly was “deceptive” or “misleading” insofar as it

suggested that Galeas owed a debt he did not owe. See Somerset v. Stephen Einstein & Assocs.,

P.C., 351 F. Supp. 3d 201, 207–08 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) (concluding that, where the defendants knew

“full well the invalidity of the judgment they sought to enforce,” the plaintiff stated a Section

1692e claim because “a consumer under such circumstances might feel compelled to pay the debt

or misunderstand their potential rights to challenge the debt”). For similar reasons, the Amended

Complaint states a claim against Virgo for “us[ing] unfair or unconscionable means” to collect a

debt—namely, hiring a law firm to garnish Galeas’s wages and pursue collection on a default

judgment despite knowing the judgment was invalid. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692f; see also Arias, 875

F.3d at 134–35 (noting that “the same conduct may support claims brought under multiple

14 Virgo responds that it “didn’t file a lawsuit or otherwise engage in litigation to collect a

debt,” but “was merely represented by [Houslanger] in defending Plaintiff’s Order to Show

Cause.” (Virgo Reply, Dkt. 45, at 10.) This argument misses the point. Virgo sought to collect

an invalid judgment by garnishing Galeas’s wages, and then, when Galeas contested the collection

effort in Civil Court, litigated the case for almost a year despite knowing the judgment was invalid.

That Virgo hired a law firm (Houslanger) in both the garnishment and Civil Court proceedings

does not absolve Virgo of its role in seeking to collect an invalid debt through a prolonged

litigation.

subsections”). Whether Virgo may be found liable for specific misrepresentations Houslanger

allegedly made to Galeas is a separate question, but it is not a basis for dismissal of the FDCPA

claims against Virgo.

Virgo argues that “[n]o facts are pleaded to conclude . . . that Virgo’s principal purpose is

the collection of debts,” because “[t]he purchase of debts or judgments involves much more than

the eventual collection efforts.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 10, 12.) Virgo claims that

“investment”—not debt collection—“is a debt purchaser’s raison d’etre,” and that it “suffered a

100% loss on its investment when the purchased judgment was vacated in this case and it had

nothing to do with any of [Defendants’] collection efforts.” (Id. at 12.)

But Virgo’s attempt to distinguish its “investment” activity from debt collection flouts the

purposes of the FDCPA. In fact, the court in Reygadas explained that this exact argument

“distort[ed] reality,” since the defendant did “not sit[] idly, hoping a consumer who is delinquent

on her payment obligations will volunteer payment,” but rather took “affirmative steps to

maximize collection of the debts it has purchased,” including by hiring a law firm. 982 F.2d 1119,

1125. The Court agrees that “such debt purchasers or assignees are ‘debt collectors’ for purposes

of the FDCPA,” Polanco v. NCO Portfolio Mgmt., Inc., 132 F. Supp. 3d 567, 581 (S.D.N.Y. 2015),

even if they prefer to call themselves “investors.” See Arias, 875 F.3d at 134 (“Because the

FDCPA is remedial in nature, its terms must be construed in liberal fashion if the underlying

Congressional purpose is to be effectuated.”).

Virgo next argues that it is not a debt collector because the Amended Complaint does not

allege that it uses any “instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails” in seeking to collect

debts. (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 10–11.) Virgo relies on Schroeder v. Diamond Parking, Inc.,

where the defendant “did not employ an instrumentality of interstate commerce in

issuing . . . parking penalty notices to [the] [p]laintiff,” because “[t]he notices were affixed to [the]

[p]laintiff’s vehicle.” No. 12-CV-378 (HG) (RLP), 2013 WL 5348472, at *13 (D. Haw. Sept. 17,

2013), aff’d, 646 F. App’x 505 (9th Cir. 2016). This argument is unavailing. Again, the FDCPA

defines “debt collector” as “any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or

the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts.” 15 U.S.C.

§ 1692a(6). As explained, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that Virgo’s principal

purpose is the collection of debts. And Virgo uses Houslanger “to collect on [default] judgments

by . . . sending thousands of collection letters.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 8.) In this case, Virgo,

through Houslanger, used the mails to direct Galeas’s employer to garnish his wages. (See Dkt.

22-14.) And in carrying out Virgo’s debt-collection efforts, Houslanger emailed the Marshal,

copying a Virgo representative, regarding the garnishment. (See Dkt. 22-11.) Virgo thus uses “the

mails” in its debt-collection business.15

Next, Virgo argues that “[t]he amended complaint fails to allege any direct misconduct by

Virgo” because it “is not alleged to have made any phone calls, sent any letters, signed any

documents, [or] otherwise communicated with or made any representations to anyone regarding

the debt.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 19.) Virgo also contends that it cannot be held jointly or

vicariously liable vis-à-vis Houslanger. (Id. at 20–21.) For substantially the same reasons already

discussed, the Court disagrees.

The crux of the alleged FDCPA claim here is Virgo’s attempt to collect an invalid debt and

engage in unnecessarily prolonged litigation with Galeas. While Virgo hired Houslanger to pursue

that purported debt through garnishment and later in court, the violation is the pursuit, not (at least,

15 Although the FDCPA’s definition of “debt collector” does not specify such a

requirement, Virgo used the mails in this case at least when, through Houslanger, it directed

Galeas’s employer to garnish his wages. (See Dkt. 22-14.)

not solely) the litigation tactics, even if those tactics may subject Houslanger to additional or

separate liability.16 Thus, for the reasons already provided, the Amended Complaint cannot be

dismissed on the basis that Virgo “is not alleged to have made any phone calls, sent any letters,

signed any documents, otherwise communicated with or made any representations to anyone

regarding the debt.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 19.)

Virgo also argues that it is a “creditor” under the FDCPA, and thus cannot be a “debt

collector” because those terms are mutually exclusive. (Id. at 9.) As noted, a creditor is “any

person who offers or extends credit creating a debt or to whom a debt is owed,” 15 U.S.C.

§ 1692a(4), and a debt collector is, among other things, “any person who uses any instrumentality

of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection

of any debts,” id. § 1692a(6). This Court thus has observed that “a debt buyer whose only or

principal business consists of purchasing defaulted debt and then collecting on that debt for its own

profit . . . meets both the ‘creditor’ and ‘debt collector’ definition under the FDCPA.” Gold v.

Shapiro, Dicaro & Barak, LLC, No. 18-CV-6787 (PKC) (SJB), 2019 WL 4752093, at *4

(E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2019). In other words, “a company that ‘admits its sole business is collecting

debts it has purchased’ is a debt collector under the FDCPA because the principal purpose of its

business is to collect debts, even though that business is also a creditor because it owns the debts

it tries to collect.” Id. (brackets omitted) (quoting Tepper v. Amos Financial, LLC, 898 F.3d 364,

370–71 (3d Cir. 2018)).

16 Virgo argues that its continued litigation of the default judgment against Galeas was not

an attempt to collect a debt. (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 22.) But, as noted, “debt collectors can be

subject to FDCPA liability based on actions taken in legal proceedings,” Cohen, 897 F.3d at 83–

84, and “a debt collector engages in unfair or unconscionable litigation conduct in violation of

section 1692f when . . . it in bad faith unduly prolongs legal proceedings or requires a consumer

to appear at an unnecessary hearing,” Arias, 875 F.3d at 138.

Virgo points out that the definition of creditor also expressly excludes “any person to the

extent that he receives an assignment or transfer of a debt in default solely for the purpose of

facilitating collection of such debt for another.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(4) (emphasis added). As

Virgo notes, this exclusion would not necessarily apply to a debt buyer who seeks to collect the

purchased debt for its own account. But just because the express exception to the creditor

definition does not include an entity that collects purchased debts for itself, that does not mean an

entity that otherwise counts as a creditor cannot also be a debt collector under Section 1692a(6).

It means only that an assignee who collects a defaulted debt for another is not also a creditor.

Virgo relies on Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1718, 1721 (2017), to

argue that “Virgo meets the statutory definition of a ‘creditor’ and cannot therefore also be a ‘debt

collector.’” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 9–10.) In Henson, the Supreme Court held that “a debt

purchaser . . . may indeed collect debts for its own account without” being someone who

“regularly collects or attempts to collect debts owed or due another.” 137 S. Ct. at 1721–22

(emphasis added). But Henson expressly declined to hold “that a person cannot be both a creditor

and a debt collector with respect to a particular debt.” 137 S. Ct. at 1724. And it concluded only

that a debt purchaser that collects the purchased debt may not be a “debt collector” under “the

FDCPA’s second definition of debt collector,” see Gold, 2019 WL 4752093, at *4 (emphasis

added) (quoting Henson, 137 S. Ct. at 1720–21), i.e., “anyone who ‘regularly collects or attempts

to collect debts owed or due another,’” Henson, 137 S. Ct. at 1721 (emphasis added) (ellipses

omitted) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)). The Court in Henson “explicitly declined to address

whether such an entity would be a debt collector based on the FDCPA’s first definition of a debt

collector, i.e., anyone who engages ‘in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection

of any debts.’” See Gold, 2019 WL 4752093, at *4 (emphasis added) (quoting Henson, 137 S. Ct.

at 1720–21). Henson thus said nothing about whether an entity with the principal purpose of

collecting debts can be both a creditor and a debt collector. By contrast, this Court has, as noted,

observed that “a debt buyer whose only or principal business consists of purchasing defaulted debt

and then collecting on that debt for its own profit . . . meets both the ‘creditor’ and ‘debt collector’

definition under the FDCPA.” Id. *4. And, again, the Amended Complaint alleges that “Virgo’s

principal (indeed sole) purpose is the purchase of putative consumer debt, primarily (if not

exclusively) the purchase of judgments rendered against consumers for lawsuits seeking to collect

consumer debts.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 8).

Finally, Virgo argues that “according to the legislative history, ‘creditor’ and ‘debt

collector’ are mutually exclusive.” (See Memorandum in Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Virgo

Capital LLC’s Motion to Dismiss (“Virgo Reply”), Dkt. 45, at 3; see also Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at

8–9). However, Virgo does not attempt to analyze the legislative history or point the Court to the

aspects of the legislative history that supposedly support its argument, but merely cites a line of

non-binding cases. (See Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 8–9.) Presumably, Virgo means to invoke Senate

Report 95-382, which is cited in some of the cases Virgo identifies, and which observed that

“[u]nlike creditors, who generally are restrained by the desire to protect their good will when

collecting past due accounts, independent collectors are likely to have no future contact with the

consumer and often are unconcerned with the consumer’s opinion of them.” S. Rep. No. 95-382,

at 2 (1977). But the “good will” prophylactic does not seem applicable to entities such as Virgo,

who “was chartered . . . just 2 months prior to purchasing” the allegedly fraudulent judgments from

LR Credit (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 28), whose “principal (indeed sole) purpose is . . . the purchase

of judgments rendered against consumers for lawsuits seeking to collect consumer debts” (id. ¶ 8),

and who “then collects on those purchased judgments,” through a law firm, “by issuing thousands

of information subpoenas, bank restraints, and garnishments, and sending thousands of collection

letters” (id.). Such a business model sounds much more akin to that of an “independent

collector[] . . . likely to have no future contact with the consumer and often . . . unconcerned with

the consumer’s opinion of them.” S. Rep. No. 95-382, at 2. In any event, the Court is convinced

by the reasoning in the post-Henson decision, Tepper v. Amos Financial, LLC, where the Third

Circuit explained that someone engaged “in any business the principal purpose of which is the

collection of any debts” remains “within the Act’s reach,” even if that person purchased the debt

in question, because the phrase “‘[a]ny debts’ does not distinguish to whom the debt is owed.”

898 F.3d at 370–71 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)).17

Virgo’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under Sections 1692e and 1692f therefore must

be denied.

C. Plaintiff Does Not Adequately Allege That Defendants Violated Section

1692g of the FDCPA

Virgo also argues that the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim under Section 1692g

of the FDCPA. (See Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 24–25.) The Court agrees.

As an initial matter, the basis for Plaintiff’s Section 1692g claim is unclear. In the

“statement of facts” section, the Amended Complaint alleges that, “[p]rior to their issuance of the

Income Execution, neither Houslanger nor Virgo sent Mr. Galeas a letter with the disclosures

17 Although Virgo also argues that “any violations of the FDCPA prior to November 16,

2016 . . . are time barred” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 18), Plaintiff alleges that Virgo violated the

FDCPA only after November 16, 2016 (see generally Am. Compl., Dkt. 22), as Virgo

acknowledges in its reply (see Virgo Reply, Dkt. 45, at 9 (“Plaintiff has clarified and conceded it

is not pursuing liability for any actions before November 16, 2016 and is not alleging a conspiracy

claims [sic] dating back prior thereto.”)). Defendants thus do not contest that Plaintiff’s Section

1692e and 1692f claims are timely. See, e.g., Whiteside v. Hover-Davis, Inc., 995 F.3d 315, 319

(2d Cir. 2021) (“Generally, the lapse of a limitations period is an affirmative defense that a

defendant must plead and prove.” (quotations and brackets omitted)).

required by 15 U.S.C. § 1692g of the FDCPA.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 49.) In the “summary

of claims” section, it alleges that Defendants sought to collect on the purported default judgment

“without sending Mr. Galeas a notice required by § 1692g of the FDCPA to allow Mr. Galeas to

dispute the debt and stay collection proceedings until the debt was verified.” (Id. at 2.) But where

the Amended Complaint delineates the causes of action, the FDCPA count alleges only that

“Defendants violated the following sections of the FDCPA: 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e and 1692f.” (Am.

Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 142.) It says nothing about Section 1692g.

To the extent Plaintiff means to allege that Defendants attempted to collect a purported

debt without sending the requisite disclosures under Section 1692g, the Amended Complaint does

not allege that Defendants sent Galeas an “initial communication” triggering their obligations

under Section 1692g, let alone what the initial communication would have been. See Bryan, 954

F.3d at 581 (noting that Section 1692g “requires that a debt collector attempting to collect a debt

must, within five days after its initial communication, send the consumer a written notice”

containing certain information (emphasis added) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(2)). Because

“Plaintiff has not alleged that [Galeas] received an initial communication that triggered

Defendants’ obligations under” Section 1692g, “the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim for

a violation of section 1692g.”18 See Hoo-Chong v. CitiMortgage, Inc., No. 15-CV-4051 (JS)

(AKT), 2017 WL 1232506, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2017); see also Antoine v. CitiMortgage,

Inc., No. 15-CV-5309 (JMA) (GRB), 2017 WL 1133354, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2017)

(dismissing a Section 1692g(b) claim, in part because “plaintiffs [did] not identify any initial

communication that would trigger plaintiffs’ right to submit a letter disputing a debt, and by

18 While this seems counterintuitive, Plaintiff has identified no contrary authority, and the

Court has found none.

extension, defendants’ obligation to respond to such a letter by verifying the debt”); Saoulis v.

Credit Control Servs., Inc., No. 20-CV-735 (BMC), 2020 WL 2836822, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. June 1,

2020) (“If Plaintiff did not receive the letter, then there is no evidence that Defendant engaged in

any ‘initial communication’ with Plaintiff that would trigger its duties under § 1692g(a).” (quoting

Karimian v. CMRE Fin. Servs. Inc., No. 12-CV-8359 (SVW) (CW), 2013 WL 12114825, at *5

(C.D. Cal. May 14, 2013))).

And to the extent Plaintiff means to imply that the Income Execution, whereby Defendants

garnished Galeas’s wages, was the “initial communication,” see Somerset, 351 F. Supp. 3d at 209

(finding that an “Income Execution was the ‘initial communication’”), the Amended Complaint

elsewhere suggests that the Income Execution was never sent to Galeas. For example, the

Amended Complaint alleges that Galeas realized his wages were being garnished only when a

family member explained that the reductions were not union dues. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 45.)

In fact, Plaintiff argues that “Virgo improperly assumes that the Income Execution was sent to

[Galeas] when there are no allegations of such in the Complaint.” (Pl. Br., Dkt. 70, at 50.) Galeas’s

independent discovery of the garnishment proceeding does not satisfy the “initial communication”

requirement. Cf. Rodriguez v. Wells Fargo Bank for Holders of Harborview 2006-12, No. 15-CV-

7265 (JMA) (AYS), 2017 WL 1040729, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2017) (rejecting the plaintiff’s

argument that her “discovery” of a document related to her mortgage “constituted an ‘initial

communication’ under the FDCPA”), report and recommendation adopted, 2017 WL 1040401

(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2017); Antoine, 2017 WL 1133354, at *4 (dismissing a Section 1692g claim,

in part because “[t]he complaint explicitly allege[d] that the [purported initial communication] was

not sent to [the plaintiffs],” but “[i]nstead, [that the plaintiffs] discovered [the document] in the

Clerk’s Office”).

As noted, the Amended Complaint also alleges that “Mr. Galeas never received, and on

information and belief was never sent, a notice of assignment of the judgment when the judgment

was allegedly assigned from LR Credit to Virgo.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 38–40.) But although

this “provides a suitable basis for Plaintiff’s FDCPA claims” under other sections, Musah clarified

that Section 1692g “has nothing to do with . . . the requirement to give a debtor notice that the debt

has been assigned.” 962 F. Supp. 2d at 639–40. To the extent the Amended Complaint alleges a

violation of Section 1692g, therefore, that claim must be dismissed.

* * *

For the above reasons, Plaintiff’s FDCPA claims may proceed under Sections 1692e and

1692f, but are dismissed to the extent they arise under Section 1692g.

II. Plaintiff’s State Law Claims

Defendants next ask the Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s state law claims alleging (1) a violation

of GBL § 349, (2) a violation of New York Judiciary Law § 487, and (3) conversion. “[A] federal

court has subject-matter jurisdiction over specified state-law claims, which it may (or may not)

choose to exercise.” Carlsbad Tech., Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc., 556 U.S. 635, 639 (2009) (citing 28

U.S.C. §§ 1367(a), (c)). In reviewing Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s state law claims,

the Court is mindful that when “one of a number of integrally related causes of action have to be

tried, it makes little sense to grant a motion to dismiss as [to] one or more of them, as it may prove

necessary to hold yet another trial in the event that it is determined on appeal that the motion to

dismiss was improperly granted.” Timmer v. City Univ. of New York, No. 20-CV-2554 (PKC)

(RLM), 2021 WL 3603465, at *17 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2021).

A. New York General Business Law § 349

1. Legal Standard

New York’s “General Business Law § 349 makes unlawful ‘deceptive acts or practices in

the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in [New York].’”

Nick’s Garage, Inc. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 875 F.3d 107, 124 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting N.Y.

Gen. Bus. Law § 349(a)). “To state a claim for a § 349 violation, ‘a plaintiff must allege that a

defendant has engaged in (1) consumer-oriented conduct that is (2) materially misleading and that

(3) plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice.’” Id. (quoting

City of New York v. Smokes-Spirits.com, Inc., 911 N.E.2d 834, 838 (N.Y. 2009)).

“[A]n act or practice is consumer-oriented when it has a broader impact on consumers at

large.” Himmelstein, McConnell, Gribben, Donoghue & Joseph, LLP v. Matthew Bender & Co.,

Inc., 171 N.E.3d 1192, 1197 (N.Y. 2021) (quotations omitted), reargument denied, 175 N.E.3d

909 (2021). By contrast, “a General Business Law § 349 claim does not lie when the plaintiff

alleges only a private contract dispute” that is “unique to the parties, not conduct which affects the

consuming public at large.” Plavin v. Grp. Health Inc., 146 N.E.3d 1164, 1169 (N.Y. 2020),

(quotations and brackets omitted), reargument denied, 149 N.E.3d 442 (2020). Further, “the

deceptive practice must be likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the

circumstances.” Nick’s Garage, 875 F.3d at 124 (quoting Stutman v. Chemical Bank, 731 N.E.2d

608, 611–12 (N.Y. 2000)).

2. Houslanger’s Motion to Dismiss the GBL § 349 Claim

Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint does not state a claim against it under

GBL § 349. The Court disagrees.

First, “the dispute here is consumer oriented as pleaded because the facts alleged in the

complaint are sufficient to create the inference that [Virgo] buy[s] consumer debts and judgments

in bulk.” McCrobie v. Palisades Acquisition XVI, LLC, 359 F. Supp. 3d 239, 254–55 (W.D.N.Y.

2019). As noted, Virgo is “registered as a debt collector with the New York City Department of

Consumer Affairs,” whose “principal (indeed sole) purpose is . . . the purchase of judgments

rendered against consumers for lawsuits seeking to collect consumer debts,” which Virgo enforces

by directing Houslanger to “issu[e] thousands of information subpoenas, bank restraints, and

garnishments.” (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 8.) And Virgo purchased “approximately 15,000”

default judgments from LR Credit. (Id. ¶ 27.) Defendants’ “attempts to get [Galeas] to pay [a]

debt (whether or not th[at] debt[] [was] owed to [Defendants]), including garnishing his wages,

therefore is a ‘consumer-oriented act.’” McCrobie, 359 F. Supp. 3d at 254–55.

Second, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that Defendants’ conduct was

materially misleading for the reasons discussed with respect to the FDCPA claims. Essentially,

“Plaintiff alleges that Defendants held themselves out as creditors of Plaintiff”—by attempting to

enforce a default judgment debt—“when they knew or should have known” that judgment was

invalid. Hunter v. Palisades Acquisition XVI, LLC, No. 16-CV-8779 (ER), 2017 WL 5513636, at

*8 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 16, 2017).

Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim under GBL § 349

because “there is a world of difference between [Houslanger] being generally aware of the [Sykes

settlement] and being ‘fully aware’ that the affidavit of service submitted in Galeas’ specific case

was false or that the Judgment entered against him in the Civil Court was ‘invalid.’” (Houslanger

Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 10 (record citation omitted).) For the reasons explained with respect to the

FDCPA claims, however, Houslanger’s awareness that the judgment was invalid is an issue of

fact. Cf. Currier, 762 F.3d at 537 (“[W]hether or not [the defendant] had reason to believe that

the lien was valid when filed is an issue of fact that is not relevant at the motion to dismiss stage.”).

At this stage, the Court need decide only whether the Amended Complaint alleges sufficient facts

from which to plausibly to infer that Houslanger knew or should have known of the invalidity of

the Judgment—which the Court has found the Amended Complaint does.

Houslanger also argues that despite Houslanger prolonging the litigation of an invalid

default judgment, Galeas should not have been misled into believing he owed a debt if he in fact

had never been served. Essentially, Houslanger contends that if Galeas was never served by LR

Credit in the underlying collection suit, he should have known that the default judgment was

invalid, and thus that he should not have been misled when Defendants tried to collect. But “[e]ven

if Plaintiff [him]self thought” he had never been served, Houslanger and Virgo’s pursuit of the

collection effort against him “would likely [have misled him], or a reasonable consumer standing

in [his] shoes, into believing the debt was still due.” Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *8. As the

Amended Complaint alleges, Galeas was a 69-year-old man who spoke little English (Am. Compl.,

Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 44, 85), had been the victim of identity theft (see id., ¶ 19; see also Identity Theft

Report, Dkt. 22-5), and realized his wages were being garnished only when a family member

explained that the reductions were not union dues (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 45). Virgo, by contrast,

is “registered as a debt collector with the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs,” whose

“principal (indeed sole) purpose is . . . the purchase of judgments rendered against consumers for

lawsuits seeking to collect consumer debts,” which Virgo enforces by directing Houslanger to

“issu[e] thousands of information subpoenas, bank restraints, and garnishments” (id. ¶ 8). Neither

Houslanger nor Virgo notified Galeas that Virgo had obtained his alleged debt. (Id. ¶¶ 38–39.)

Instead, they sought to collect that purported debt through an extensive collection process. Given

these circumstances, Galeas was entitled to “reasonably assume[] that an attorney had conducted

a meaningful review of the [judgment] and was representing that the claims . . . were actionable.”

Diaz v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, No. 10-CV-3920 (ERK), 2012 WL 661456, at *14

(E.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2012), report and recommendation adopted, No. 10-CV-3920 (MKB) (CLP),

2012 WL 1882976 (E.D.N.Y. May 24, 2012).

In response, Houslanger relies on Gabriele v. American Home Mortgage Servicing, Inc.,

503 F. App’x 89, 95 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order), Strobel v. RJM Acquisitions LLC, No. 13-

CV-2467 (JS) (AKT), 2014 WL 507510, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2014), and Scarola v. Verizon

Communications, Inc., 45 N.Y.S.3d 464, 465 (App. Div. 2017). (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 12

n.12.) In Gabriele, the Second Circuit affirmed dismissal of an FDCPA claim that the alleged debt

collector, during a foreclosure lawsuit, “falsely stated that it had forwarded [two] exhibits” to the

plaintiff. 503 F. App’x at 95. The Court explained that this was unlikely to mislead the plaintiff,

who was “represented by counsel, . . . into believing that he had already received an exhibit he had

not received.” Id. The allegedly false statements had nothing to do with the validity of the

underlying debt; rather, the “alleged misstatements in court filings amounted to mere technical

falsehoods that misled no one” and “were not misleading or deceptive as to the nature or legal

status of [the plaintiff’s] debt.” Id. (quotations and brackets omitted). In Strobel, the court

dismissed an FDCPA claim alleging that a collection letter was “deceptive insofar as it suggest[ed]

that Plaintiff was previously and properly notified of the assignment when no such assignment

took place.” 2014 WL 507510, at *6. And in Scarola, the court dismissed a GBL § 349 claim

because the defendant’s “continued billing after termination of the [plaintiff’s

telecommunications] account was not deceptive or materially misleading, because it was clearly

in error.” 45 N.Y.S.3d at 465.

Here, in contrast to all three cases, Defendants’ persistent collection effort could have

reasonably led Galeas to believe he owed money on a default judgment, regardless of whether he

knew he had not been served in the underlying suit. That is, the collection effort was not

misleading simply because it could have made Galeas question whether he had been served years

earlier in the underlying suit by LR Credit, but because a law firm’s claims that Galeas owed a

debt could have made him question whether he in fact owed money, even if he knew he had not

been served. In any event, “[e]ven if Plaintiff [him]self thought” the judgment was invalid,

Houslanger and Virgo’s unrelenting collection effort against him “would likely [have misled him],

or a reasonable consumer standing in [his] shoes, into believing the debt was still due.” Hunter,

2017 WL 5513636, at *8 (emphasis added); see also Somerset, 351 F. Supp. 3d at 207–08

(distinguishing Gabriele in a case where the defendant garnished the plaintiff’s wages to collect

on a fraudulent judgment, because “it is only logical that a consumer under such circumstances

might feel compelled to pay the debt or misunderstand their potential rights to challenge the debt”).

Next, Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint fails to plead that Defendants

actually deceived Galeas, because Galeas continued to litigate the Civil Court case, apparently

suggesting he knew he did not actually owe any money. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 13.)

Houslanger contends that Galeas “may have felt like Houslanger had taken advantage of him, but

Galeas was not fooled.” (Id. (quotations omitted).) According to Houslanger, actual deception “is

a crucial element to sustain a GBL [§] 349 claim.” (Id. (quoting Aguaiza v. Vantage Props., LLC,

No. 105197/08, 2009 WL 1511791, at *7 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. May 21, 2009).)

But courts in this district have rejected this argument, explaining that the line of cases

Houslanger cites “mistakenly emphasized that an individual inquiry is necessary, by suggesting

that there is a requirement that the plaintiff was deceived by [the alleged] misrepresentations.”

Hasemann v. Gerber Prod. Co., 331 F.R.D. 239, 266 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) (quotations omitted). This

view “is incorrect due to the less individualistic and more objective nature of the statutory

elements.” Id. (quotations omitted); accord Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *8 (“New York courts

use an objective definition of ‘deceptive,’ which is ‘limited to those acts likely to mislead a

reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances.’” (brackets omitted) (quoting

Oswego Laborers’ Loc. 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 647 N.E.2d 741, 745

(N.Y. 1995))).19 The Court therefore rejects Houslanger’s argument that actual deception is

necessary under GBL § 349.20

B. New York Judiciary Law § 487

1. Legal Standard

New York Judiciary Law § 487 governs “[m]isconduct by attorneys.” N.Y. Judiciary Law

§ 487. “Under Judiciary Law § 487(1), an attorney who is guilty of any deceit or collusion, or

consents to any deceit or collusion, with intent to deceive the court or any party is guilty of a

misdemeanor and may be liable to the injured party for treble damages in a civil action.” Bill

Birds, Inc. v. Stein L. Firm, P.C., 149 N.E.3d 888, 890 (N.Y. 2020) (quotations and brackets

omitted). The statute “imposes liability for the making of false statements with scienter,” but it

“does not require a showing of justifiable reliance.” Id. at 891. “In other words, liability under

the statute does not depend on whether the court or party to whom the statement is made is actually

misled by the attorney’s intentional false statement.” Id.

19 This reading of the statute also comports with basic notions of equity, which Houslanger

flouts with its “no harm, no foul” argument—i.e., even where a debt collector uses deceptive and

unfair practices, it is entitled to absolution if the consumer is savvy enough to detect the deception.

20 Virgo raises only one argument as to the GBL § 349 claim that differs from Houslanger’s

arguments—namely, Virgo reiterates its argument that it cannot be held directly or vicariously

liable. (See Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 19–22.) The Court rejects this argument for the same reasons

as in the FDCPA context.

2. Houslanger’s Motion to Dismiss the Judiciary Law § 487 Claim

Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim under New York

Judiciary Law § 487. The Court disagrees.

First, Houslanger argues that “there was no deceit,” because Plaintiff does not say what

about Houslanger’s requests for adjournments during the litigation was deceitful. (Houslanger

Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 13–14.) But according to the Amended Complaint, Houslanger offered Galeas

the Stipulation, which would have eliminated Galeas’s legal claims against Defendants and

allowed them to retain the money they had wrongfully garnished from his wages, despite

Houslanger’s “full[] aware[ness] of the unlawful circumstances under which the LR Credit

Judgments were obtained” (see Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 34), and even though Defendants had no

“evidence to oppose the order to show cause” (id. ¶ 65) or “to oppose[] a traverse hearing” (id. ¶

73). This is a sufficient allegation of deceitful conduct, even though Galeas was not “actually

misled by” the Stipulation (insofar as his volunteer attorney struck the deceptive paragraph). See

Bill Birds, 149 N.E.3d at 890.

Second, Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint “fails to allege that [Houslanger]

acted with the intent to deceive Galeas.” (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 14.) But although Galeas

was not required to agree to the Stipulation, and ultimately did not agree to the deceptive portions,

it was a convoluted legal document offering illusory consideration—i.e., Defendants’ agreement

not to collect on an invalid judgment. The Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges that

Defendants made this offer intending to trick Plaintiff, who spoke little English, insofar as

Defendants agreed to strike the unfair provision, at no additional cost, simply because Galeas’s

volunteer lawyer noticed it.

Third, Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint fails to allege that Houslanger

sought adjournments after learning that the underlying judgment was invalid. (Id.) This argument

is unavailing. As discussed, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that Defendants knew the

judgment was invalid even before they began the collection effort, and still sought to leverage that

judgment against Galeas by pursuing it unless he agreed to the Stipulation. Whether the evidence

will support this allegation “is an issue of fact that is not relevant at the motion to dismiss stage.”

See Currier, 762 F.3d at 537.

Fourth, Houslanger contends that “baseless adjournments” do not “qualify as ‘extreme’ or

‘egregious’ deceit for purposes of Judiciary Law § 487.” (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 14.) But,

as in Somerset, “[t]he gravamen of the Plaintiff’s allegations is that the Defendants” garnished

Galeas’s wages and litigated a judgment against him “knowing full well the invalidity of the

judgment they sought to enforce,” 351 F. Supp. 3d at 207, not simply that they sought

adjournments.

Fifth, Houslanger argues that the Amended Complaint fails “to plead actual damages,”

because, “[i]f anything, the multiple adjournments benefitted Galeas by affording him the

opportunity to” more effectively litigate the case. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 15.) Again,

however, Houslanger’s alleged deceit is not merely its seeking adjournments; Houslanger also

garnished Galeas’s wages and attempted to enforce a judgment against him “knowing full well the

invalidity of the judgment [it] sought to enforce.” Somerset, 351 F. Supp. 3d at 207. The alleged

“actual damages” include the distress Galeas suffered (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 95), his inability to

sleep as a result (id.), his concern “during the more than eleven months that the court case was

going on because he did not know if he was going to get his money back” (id. ¶ 91), and his

“want[ing] to cry” whenever he saw his paycheck (id. ¶ 95). The Court therefore rejects

Houslanger’s claim that “Galeas should be thankful for the adjournments.”21 (Houslanger Br.,

Dkt. 44-3, at 16.)

* * *

For these reasons, the New York Judiciary Law § 487 claims may proceed.

C. Conversion

1. Legal Standard

“A conversion takes place when someone, intentionally and without authority, assumes or

exercises control over personal property belonging to someone else, interfering with that person’s

right of possession.” Colavito v. New York Organ Donor Network, Inc., 860 N.E.2d 713, 717

(N.Y. 2006). ‘“Two key elements of conversion are (1) plaintiff’s possessory right or interest in

the property and (2) defendant’s dominion over the property or interference with it, in derogation

of plaintiff’s rights.” Pappas v. Tzolis, 982 N.E.2d 576, 580 (N.Y. 2012) (quotations omitted).

2. Houslanger’s Motion to Dismiss the Conversion Claim

Houslanger argues that “Galeas’ conversion claim must fail” because Houslanger did not

procure the allegedly fraudulent default judgment against Galeas. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at

16.) Houslanger relies on the principle that “one is privileged to commit acts which would

otherwise be a trespass to a chattel or a conversion when he acts pursuant to a court order which

is valid or fair on its face,” unless “the actor procured the order by means of an intentional

misrepresentation to the issuing authority.” (Id. (brackets and ellipses omitted) (quoting Calamia

v. City of New York, 879 F.2d 1025, 1031 (2d Cir. 1989)).)

21 The Court cannot help but note that aside from being specious, this argument is

gratuitously insensitive.

But Houslanger’s argument conveniently ignores the principle that “while an innocent

purchaser for value who lacks notice that his vendor had obtained the goods through fraud is not

liable for conversion, if the purchaser has knowledge of the fraud he is indeed liable for

conversion.” Buy This, Inc. v. MCI Worldcom Commc’ns, Inc., 209 F. Supp. 2d 334, 343

(S.D.N.Y. 2002) (collecting cases). As discussed, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that

Houslanger knew that the judgment it enforced through garnishment had been obtained through

fraud. That Houslanger was not the entity that procured the fraudulent judgment is immaterial,

given that Houslanger took Galeas’s money—i.e., garnished his wages—allegedly knowing that it

had no right to do so.

3. Virgo’s Motion to Dismiss the Conversion Claim

Virgo moves to dismiss the conversion claim on similar grounds, arguing that it had

“reason to believe the underlying judgment was valid.” (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 23 n.13.) Again,

however, this “is an issue of fact that is not relevant at the motion to dismiss stage,” see Currier,

762 F.3d at 537, and the Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges the opposite, so as to proceed to

discovery. Virgo also notes that “before the judgment was vacated, on December 6, 2018,” the

garnished money was returned to Galeas. (Virgo Br., Dkt. 43-2, at 24.) But even to the extent all

the garnished money was returned to Galeas, and leaving aside any consideration of whether the

returned amount included interest, this necessarily occurred after the allegedly improper

garnishment, and, in any event, Galeas’s wages continued to be garnished from the time the state

court ordered Defendants to show cause on April 18, 2018 (see Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 57–58),

until mid-July 2018 (id. ¶ 63).

III. Virgo’s Arguments Concerning Substitution

On June 21, 2021, Judge Mann directed the parties to “supplement their respective Rule 12

filings to address whether Mr. Galeas’s death extinguished any of the claims in the Amended

Complaint.” (Dkt. 68, at 16.) On July 6, 2021, Virgo filed a supplemental memorandum arguing

that (A) “[a]bsent the deceased Plaintiff’s personal knowledge and ultimate testimony,” Plaintiff

“cannot plausibly establish that Defendants caused any of the deceased Plaintiff’s emotional

distress damages”; (B) “Punitive, Exemplary, and Injunctive relief are not available to Plaintiff”

under the FDCPA or GBL § 349; and (C) “Plaintiff’s claims that Defendants attempted to collect

a debt without first sending a Notice of Assignment and 1692g Notice are speculative and time

barred.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 1.)

A. Emotional Distress Damages

First, Virgo argues that “[e]ven if [substitute Plaintiff] Carlos Villalba can plausibly

establish that the deceased Plaintiff suffered emotion distress,” the Amended Complaint “does not

plausibly plead that the Defendants were the cause of the deceased Plaintiff’s emotion distress.”

(Id. at 3.) Virgo argues that only Galeas’s testimony could establish his emotional distress, and,

since Galeas is deceased, that the Court should not treat his emotional distress allegations as true

at the motion to dismiss stage. (Id. at 3–5.)

Judge Mann already expressed skepticism of Virgo’s argument, explaining that, “without

citing any relevant authority, and without having deposed Mr. Villalba to test his knowledge of

the facts alleged in the Amended Complaint, defendants argue that the elements of the claims

cannot plausibly be alleged without the decedent’s testimony.” (See Dkt. 68, at 9 n.4.) The Court

is similarly skeptical. As Virgo acknowledges, the Court must “accept as true all factual

allegations” in the Amended Complaint “and draw from them all reasonable inferences.”

Hamilton, 3 F.4th at 90–91. Although the Court is “not required to credit conclusory allegations

or legal conclusions couched as factual allegations,” id. at 91, the allegations relating to Galeas’s

emotional distress are neither. They are merely allegations Virgo thinks Plaintiff will not be able

to prove without Galeas’s testimony. “Whether this is so is a question of fact that cannot be

resolved on this Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” See Todd v. Exxon Corp., 275 F.3d 191, 214 (2d Cir.

2001). Virgo is free to raise this argument on a motion for summary judgment or at trial.22

B. Punitive, Exemplary, and Injunctive Relief

Second, Virgo contends that neither the FDCPA nor GBL § 349 allow for punitive

damages, and that “substitute Plaintiff lacks standing to seek punitive, exemplary, and injunctive

relief.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 6.) For the most part, the Court disagrees.

Although at least one court in this Circuit has concluded that “damages on [an FDCPA]

claim are limited to actual damages, costs and attorneys’ fees, and ‘such additional damages as the

court may allow,’” Guzman, 2018 WL 1665252, at *14 n.20 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)),

Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages is “rooted in his conversion and GBL § 349 claims,” not his

FDCPA claim (see Pl. Supp., Dkt. 73, at 5). “Punitive damages are available for conversion where

circumstances show that the conversion was accomplished with malice, insult, reckless and willful

disregard for plaintiff’s rights, or by other proof evidencing the aggravated nature of the act.”

Andrews v. 27 Red Music Publ’g, LLC, No. 15-CV-7544 (AJN), 2021 WL 4392050, at *2

(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2021) (quotations omitted). And, contrary to Virgo’s purported statement of

the law, “[p]unitive damages may be awarded on a cause of action for violation of GBL § 349

where the complaint alleges conduct that ‘evidences a high degree of moral culpability, or where

the conduct is so flagrant as to transcend mere carelessness, or where the conduct constitutes

willful or wanton negligence or recklessness.’” Gonzalez-Vasquez v. Mayors Auto Grp.-

Woodside, LLC, 110 N.Y.S.3d 213, 2018 WL 3341227, at *2 (Sup. Ct. 2018) (quoting Wilner v.

22 Incidentally, Plaintiff submitted an affidavit attesting that he has personal knowledge of

Galeas’s emotional distress, the source of that knowledge, and the cause of that distress. (See Dkt.

73-1.) Virgo may attempt to discredit Plaintiff’s testimony, but it cannot preempt such testimony.

Allstate Ins. Co., 893 N.Y.S.2d 208, 218 (App. Div. 2010)).23 “[T]he standard for punitive

damages under conversion and GBL § 349 is for all practical purposes the same.” Morales v.

Kavulich & Assocs., P.C., 294 F. Supp. 3d 193, 198 n.4 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (citing Home Ins. Co. v.

American Home Prods., 550 N.E.2d 930, 934 (N.Y. 1990)). “Because [the punitive damages

question] is an issue of interpreting the character of [a defendant’s] actions, it creates a material

question of whether [the defendant’s] conduct qualifies as wanton and reckless or malicious.” Id.

at 199. Here, “[i]t is a question best left to the jury.” Id. The Court thus declines to dismiss

Plaintiff’s requests for punitive damages.

Next, Virgo contends that Plaintiff lacks standing to seek punitive damages on behalf of

Galeas. But New York Estates, Powers and Trusts Law (“EPTL”) § 11-3.2(b) provides that “[n]o

cause of action for injury to person or property is lost because of the death of the person in whose

favor the cause of action existed . . . .” EPTL § 11-3.2(b). Although EPTL § 11-3.2(b) bars the

recovery of punitive damages in a personal injury action “where the death occurs on or before

August [31, 1982],” that limitation is inapplicable here because Galeas died after August 31, 1982.

Because Plaintiff, as Galeas’s representative, may seek any form of damages that would have been

available to Galeas, the claim for punitive damages based on the GBL § 349 and conversion claims

survives Galeas’s passing. See id.

Virgo argues that “EPTL 11-3.2(b) only addresses punitive damages and not exemplary

nor injunctive damages.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 7.) Virgo also points out that “EPTL 11-3.2(b)

23 “District courts in this Circuit are divided as to whether punitive damages under GBL

§ 349 are capped at $1,000.” Stinson v. Houslanger & Assocs., PLLC, No. 18-CV-11350 (JPO),

2021 WL 4443289, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2021); compare, e.g., Bueno v. LR Credit 18, LLC,

269 F. Supp. 3d 16, 23 (E.D.N.Y. 2017) (“[S]ection 349 of the GBL allows for recovery of punitive

damages in excess of $1,000.00” (analyzing competing cases)), with Guzman, 2018 WL 1665252,

at *14 (“Plaintiff’s punitive damages on his GBL § 349 claim are limited to $1,000” (analyzing

competing cases)). The Court need not, and does not, resolve this issue at this time.

does not create a right to punitive or other damages.” (Id.) But these arguments are beside the

point. EPTL 11.3-2(b) merely provides that “[n]o cause of action for injury to person or property

is lost because of the death of the person.” EPTL § 11-3.2(b) (emphasis added). The provision

does not list what claims a deceased plaintiff’s representative can pursue, it lists only those claims

a representative cannot pursue (namely, punitive damages on behalf of someone who died before

August 31, 1982). Plaintiff thus has standing to seek whatever form of relief Galeas would have

been able to obtain.24

Finally, Virgo contends that Plaintiff lacks standing to seek injunctive relief “because the

underlying state court judgment had been vacated against the deceased Plaintiff and the deceased

Plaintiff did not owe any debt to Defendants.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 8.) Virgo is correct that

“to maintain an action for injunctive relief, a plaintiff cannot rely on past injury but must show a

likelihood that he will be injured in the future.” Berni v. Barilla S.p.A., 964 F.3d 141, 147 (2d Cir.

2020) (quotations and ellipses omitted). “Such an allegation of future injury will be sufficient only

if ‘the threatened injury is certainly impending, or there is a substantial risk that the harm will

occur.’” Dorce v. City of New York, 2 F.4th 82, 95 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Susan B. Anthony List

v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 158 (2014)). Here, Plaintiff alleges only past misconduct by

Defendants, and does not present any facts to suggest “threatened injury is certainly impending, or

24 Virgo inexplicably argues that Plaintiff also lacks standing to seek punitive damages

because no “future conduct could affect the deceased Plaintiff or the substituted Plaintiff,” so “such

damages can only be intended to be punitive and are thereby extinguished.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt.

72, at 8.) But punitive damages are intended to be punitive. Virgo fails to explain why Plaintiff

cannot seek punitive damages to vindicate a punitive purpose.

there is a substantial risk that the harm will occur.” Id. Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief

under GBL § 349 therefore must be dismissed.25

C. Supplemental Arguments as to Section 1692g

In its supplemental brief, Virgo also argues that “Plaintiff’s claims that Defendants

attempted to collect a debt without first sending a Notice of Assignment and 1692g Notice are

speculative and time barred.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 1.) For the reasons already discussed,

Plaintiff’s Section 1692g claims must be dismissed, so this argument is moot.

* * *

In sum, the Court finds that the substitution of Galeas’s estate administrator as Plaintiff

does not extinguish any of his claims, except that Plaintiff’s 1692g claim is dismissed for reasons

unrelated to Virgo’s substitution arguments.

IV. Houslanger’s Motion to Strike

In addition to the allegations pertaining to Defendants’ interactions with Galeas, the

Amended Complaint identifies other instances in which Houslanger allegedly engaged in similar

misconduct toward others. (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 97–134.) Houslanger moves to strike

these allegations.

A. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides that “[t]he court may strike from a pleading

an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R.

25 Virgo also argues that “the FDCPA does not provide for injunctive relief and Courts

have found that injunctive relief is unavailable to FDCPA Plaintiffs.” (Virgo Supp., Dkt. 72, at 6

(citing Milton v. Rosicki, Rosicki & Assocs., P.C., No. 02-CV-3052 (NG), 2007 WL 2262893, at

*3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 3, 2007).) But Plaintiff asks the Court to enter “[a]n order, pursuant to GBL

349(h), enjoining and directing Defendants to cease violating that statute” (see Am. Compl., Dkt.

22, ¶ 160g (emphasis added)); his request for an injunction does not arise under the FDCPA.

Civ. P. 12(f). Still, “motions to strike material solely on the ground that the matter is impertinent

and immaterial are disfavored.” Brown v. Maxwell, 929 F.3d 41, 52 n.42 (2d Cir. 2019) (quotations

omitted). “[T]he motion will be denied, unless it can be shown that no evidence in support of the

allegation would be admissible.” Lipsky v. Commonwealth United Corp., 551 F.2d 887, 893 (2d

Cir. 1976). “Courts should not tamper with the pleadings unless there is a strong reason for doing

so.” Id. “Because ‘the questions of relevancy and admissibility in general require the context of

an ongoing and unfolding trial,’ courts should be especially reticent to wade into evidentiary issues

on the basis of the pleadings alone.” Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *10 (quoting Lipsky, 551 F.2d

at 893).

B. The Court Declines to Strike the Additional Allegations

The additional allegations here involve Houslanger prolonging unsupported debt-

collection suits against purported debtors and offering unfair settlement stipulations like the one

offered to Galeas. (See, e.g., Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶¶ 100–02, 118–19.) Because these allegations

are relevant to Plaintiff’s GBL § 349 claim and punitive damages request, the Court declines to

strike them.

In Hunter, the Southern District declined to strike allegations regarding a separate

complaint a third-party had filed against the defendant years before, relating to similar issues of

sewer service. 2017 WL 5513636, at *10. The court explained that “[t]he existence of allegations

of impropriety against a process server used by [the defendant] (and related entities) may

ultimately be relevant in [multiple] respects.” Id. The court reasoned that the defendant’s

“knowledge of allegations of impropriety against one of its process servers and against similar

entities could inform whether or not their actions in this case were ‘reckless’ or ‘willful,’ as

required for the award of punitive damages,” and “the existence of similar allegations of

misconduct could support [the plaintiff’s] argument that [the defendant’s] actions in this case had

the potential to affect similarly situated consumers, as required for Plaintiff’s Section 349 claim.”

Id. (quotations omitted). The allegations Houslanger challenges here are similarly relevant to

Plaintiff’s claims in this case.

First, if Houslanger has been sued for this behavior before, that bears on whether the

practice “has a broader impact on consumers at large,” Himmelstein, 171 N.E.3d at 1197 (N.Y.

2021) (quotations omitted), or is “unique to the parties,” Plavin, 146 N.E.3d at 1169 (quotations

and brackets omitted), and thus whether it is “consumer-oriented” under GBL § 349, see Nick’s

Garage, 875 F.3d at 124. Houslanger responds that “Galeas chose to withdraw his GBL § 349

claim regarding the Stipulation,” so whether “Defendants’ use of the Stipulation potentially affects

other consumers (i.e., whether the conduct is ‘consumer-oriented’) is irrelevant.” (Houslanger Br.,

Dkt. 44-3, at 18 (citing PMC Opposition, Dkt. 23, at 2).) As Houslanger points out, Plaintiff’s

PMC Opposition says that “[t]o the degree that Plaintiff’s Original Complaint is based on the

Stipulation as deceptive under 1692e or GBL [§] 349, Plaintiff has filed a First Amended

Complaint to make clear the Stipulation demand violates 1692f.” (PMC Opposition, Dkt. 23, at

2.) But Plaintiff’s PMC Opposition also claims that part of Houslanger’s GBL § 349 violation

involved “attempt[ing] to pressure Plaintiff into signing the Stipulation.” (Id. at 3.) And the

Amended Complaint alleges that “Plaintiff does not bring a GBL [§] 349 claim based solely on the

language in the Stipulation.” (Am. Compl., Dkt. 22, ¶ 147 (emphasis added).) Thus, as

Houslanger admits, “if read literally, the [Amended Complaint] does not exclude” a GBL § 349

claim based on the language in the Stipulation. (Houslanger Br., Dkt. 44-3, at 4 n.4.) In any event,

the allegations Houslanger moves to strike, concerning additional lawsuits, are not based “solely”

on the language of the similar stipulations in those cases.

Second, as in Hunter, Houslanger’s “knowledge of [similar] allegations of impropriety,”

Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *10, is potentially relevant to whether its present “conduct

constitutes willful or wanton negligence or recklessness” to support Plaintiff’s claim for punitive

damages, see Gonzalez-Vasquez, 2018 WL 3341227, *2 (quoting Wilner, 893 N.Y.S.2d at 218).

Houslanger’s motion to strike therefore must be denied.

CONCLUSION

For the above reasons, Houslanger’s motions to dismiss and strike are denied in their

entirety. Virgo’s motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff’s Claims under

15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e and 1692f may proceed. Plaintiff’s New York General Business Law § 349

claims may proceed. Plaintiff’s New York Judiciary Law § 487 claims may proceed. Plaintiff’s

conversion claims may proceed. Plaintiff may pursue punitive damages under GBL § 349 and for

conversion. To the extent Plaintiff alleges Defendants violated 15 U.S.C. § 1692g, that claim is

dismissed. To the extent Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief under GBL § 349, that request is

dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

/s/ Pamela K. Chen

Pamela K. Chen

United States District Judge

Dated: March 28, 2022

Brooklyn, New York