Eaton v. Missouri Department of Corrections

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI

NORTHERN DIVISION

JOSEPH EATON, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) No. 2:21-CV-0049 JMB

)

MISSOURI DEPT. OF CORR., et al., )

)

Defendants. )

OPIONION, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court on the motion of plaintiff Joseph Eaton, an inmate at

Moberly Correctional Center (MCC), for leave to commence this civil action without prepayment

of the required filing fee.1 Having reviewed the motion and the financial information submitted in

support, the Court has determined to grant the motion, and assess an initial partial filing fee of

$1.00. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). Additionally, after reviewing the allegations in plaintiff’s

complaint, the Court will dismiss this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B).

Initial Partial Filing Fee

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1), a prisoner bringing a civil action in forma pauperis is

required to pay the full amount of the filing fee. If the prisoner has insufficient funds in his prison

account to pay the entire fee, the Court must assess and, when funds exist, collect an initial partial

filing fee of 20 percent of the greater of (1) the average monthly deposits in the prisoner’s account,

or (2) the average monthly balance in the prisoner’s account for the prior six-month period. After

payment of the initial partial filing fee, the prisoner is required to make monthly payments of 20

1On August 9, 2021 plaintiff attempted to pay the full $402 filing fee with a credit card. However, the credit

card company reversed the charges in January of 2022. [ECF No. 8]. Therefore, the filing fee has not been

paid in this action.

percent of the preceding month’s income credited to the prisoner’s account. 28 U.S.C. §

1915(b)(2). The agency having custody of the prisoner will forward these monthly payments to

the Clerk of Court each time the amount in the prisoner’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing

fee is fully paid. Id.

Plaintiff has not submitted a prison account statement. As a result, the Court will require

plaintiff to pay an initial partial filing fee of $1.00. See Henderson v. Norris, 129 F.3d 481, 484

(8th Cir. 1997) (when a prisoner is unable to provide the Court with a certified copy of his prison

account statement, the Court should assess an amount “that is reasonable, based on whatever

information the court has about the prisoner’s finances.”). If plaintiff is unable to pay the initial

partial filing fee, he must submit a copy of his prison account statement in support of his claim..

Legal Standard on Initial Review

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), the Court is required to dismiss a complaint filed in forma

pauperis if it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. An

action is frivolous if it “lacks an arguable basis in either law or fact.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S.

319, 328 (1989). An action fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted if it does not

plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Determining whether a complaint states a plausible

claim for relief is a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw upon judicial

experience and common sense. Id. at 679. The court must assume the veracity of well-pleaded

facts, but need not accept as true “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements.” Id. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

This Court must liberally construe complaints filed by laypeople. Estelle v. Gamble, 429

U.S. 97, 106 (1976). This means that “if the essence of an allegation is discernible,” the court

should “construe the complaint in a way that permits the layperson’s claim to be considered within

the proper legal framework.” Solomon v. Petray, 795 F.3d 777, 787 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Stone

v. Harry, 364 F.3d 912, 914 (8th Cir. 2004)). However, even pro se complaints must allege facts

which, if true, state a claim for relief as a matter of law. Martin v. Aubuchon, 623 F.2d 1282, 1286

(8th Cir. 1980). Federal courts are not required to assume facts that are not alleged, Stone, 364

F.3d at 914-15, nor are they required to interpret procedural rules so as to excuse mistakes by those

who proceed without counsel. See McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993).

The Complaint

Plaintiff, an inmate at MCC, brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging

violation of his civil rights. He names the following individuals as defendants in this action: Anne

Precythe (Director, Missouri Department of Corrections (MODOC)); the Missouri Department of

Corrections; Ryan Crews (Deputy Division Director); Amanda Lake (Warden); and Ms. Lee

(Grievance Officer). Plaintiff sues defendants in their individual and official capacities.

Plaintiff appears to be alleging that his due process rights were violated on March 1, 2021

when he was issued a conduct violation at MCC for violation of regulation 11.1 possession and/or

use of a controlled substance and/or intoxicating medication. Plaintiff has attached to his complaint

the “Corrective Action Report,”2 which states:

Based on R & O’s written report /o/ had white powdery residue & crystal-like

substances, cut up paper, one rolled up piece of paper burnt on one end with

unknown substance inside of it. DHO finds /o/ 2nd CDU in 6 months guilty. Note:

NARTEC tested positive for Cocaine.

2Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(c) states that, “A copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a

pleading is a part of the pleading for all purposes.”

According to the Corrective Action Report, plaintiff made no statement relative to the charges and

had no witnesses when he was found with the alleged drug paraphernalia. He also refused to sign

the report at the time it was made by Officer B. Simmons who recommended twenty (20) days in

the administrative segregation unit, as well as referral to the adjustment board.

Functional Unit Manager Brent Pogue conducted plaintiff’s adjustment hearing regarding

the conduct violation of regulation 11.1 on March 1, 2021. Plaintiff has not provided any

information in his complaint relative to his adjustment hearing in front of FUM Brent Pogue.

However, in the grievance appeal response attached to plaintiff’s complaint filed by Ryan Crews,

the Deputy Division Director of the Division of Adult Institutions for the Missouri Department of

Corrections, Mr. Crews indicates that plaintiff did not request any witnesses during the hearing in

front of Mr. Pogue.

Despite the Corrective Action Report, plaintiff grieved the violation. He attached to the

complaint a copy of his Informal Resolution Request (IRR) form, filed on March 16, 2021. In his

IRR, plaintiff states that although the CDV indicated the residue tested positive for cocaine, he had

never done cocaine and the only remains left were “burnt cigarette paper.” Plaintiff stated that the

only substance on his tablet was a prescription medication called Lamictal. He argued that an 11.1

violation could not be charged against him because the prescription was prescribed to him.

Officer B. Simmons signed the IRR in response on April 1, 2021, stating, “You participated

in your CDV & was found guilty. It was approved through the appropriate chain of command.”

Plaintiff filed a grievance in May of 2021. His grievance was denied, and he filed a

grievance appeal at that time. As noted above, plaintiff has attached a copy of the Missouri

Department of Corrections’ grievance appeal response to his complaint, dated June 10, 2021.

In plaintiff’s Statement of Claim in the complaint he asserts:

I was denied my witness and counsel. I requested a witness during CDV writing.

Caseworker Lee sent my witness (Lee Harrell #350894) away. My counsel/witness

filed an IRR on [Caseworker] Lee3. [Caseworker] Lee changed jobs and handled

my case again denying my grievance working as grievance officer. . .Denied

NARTEC Test results. Denied Urine test results. Denied all findings and evidence.

See attached paperwork. I have NEVER done cocaine or been in possession of it…

It is not entirely clear how long plaintiff was assigned to the segregation unit. In one place

in the complaint he states that he was assigned to the unit for thirty (30) days. However, in another

place in the complaint, it appears that plaintiff may have been in the unit almost sixty (60) days.

The Court will presume plaintiff was in the administrative segregation unit for sixty (60) days for

the purposes of this Memorandum and Order.

Plaintiff asserts that he is seeking compensatory and punitive damages.

Discussion

Plaintiff brings this action against defendants in their official and individual capacities. He

claims that his due process rights were violated in March of 2021 when he was issued a conduct

violation for possession and/or use of a controlled substance and/or intoxicating medication in

violation of regulation 11.1 at MCC and assigned to the administrative segregation unit.

After review of the complaint in its entirety, the Court finds that this action is subject to

dismissal.

A. Official Capacity Claims

In an official capacity claim against an individual, the claim is actually “against the

governmental entity itself.” White v. Jackson, 865 F.3d 1064, 1075 (8th Cir. 2017) (internal

citation omitted). Thus, a “suit against a public employee in his or her official capacity is merely

3At various times in the complaint plaintiff spells defendant Mrs. Lee’s last name as “Lea” and “Lee.” For

consistency the Court will spell defendant’s last name as Lee.

a suit against the public employer.” Johnson v. Outboard Marine Corp., 172 F.3d 531, 535 (8th

Cir. 1999). Here, defendants are all employees of the Missouri Department of Corrections

(“MDOC”). Naming a state official in his or her official capacity is the equivalent of naming the

government entity that employs the official – the State itself. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police,

491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989). “Section 1983 provides for an action against a ‘person’ for a violation,

under color of law, of another’s civil rights.” McLean v. Gordon, 548 F.3d 613, 618 (8th Cir.

2008). However, “neither a State nor its officials acting in their official capacities are ‘persons’

under § 1983.” Will, 491 U.S. at 71.

In addition, in the absence of a waiver, the Eleventh Amendment4 bars a § 1983 suit against

a state official acting in his or her official capacity. Morstad v. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 147 F.3d

741, 744 (8th Cir. 1998). Accordingly, to the extent plaintiff seeks monetary damages against the

defendants, his official-capacity claims are barred by the Eleventh Amendment and should be

dismissed. Andrus ex rel. Andrus v. Ark., 197 F.3d 953, 955 (8th Cir. 1999) (“A claim for damages

against a state employee in his official capacity is barred under the Eleventh Amendment.”).

Plaintiff’s individual capacity claims also fail to state a claim for relief.

B. Individual Capacity Claims

First, the complaint fails to adequately allege facts showing how each named defendant

was personally aware of and disregarded a substantial risk to plaintiff’s health or safety during his

time in administrative segregation.

Liability under § 1983 requires a causal link to, and direct responsibility for, the deprivation

of rights.” Madewell v. Roberts, 909 F.2d 1203, 1208 (8th Cir. 1990), see also Martin v. Sargent,

4The Eleventh Amendment provides: “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to

extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens

of another state, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend XI.

780 F.2d 1334, 1338 (8th Cir. 1985) (claim not cognizable under § 1983 where plaintiff fails to

allege defendant was personally involved in or directly responsible for incidents that injured

plaintiff). Plaintiff cannot hold the defendants liable simply because they held supervisory or

administrative positions. See Boyd v. Knox, 47 F.3d 966, 968 (8th Cir. 1995) (claims sounding in

respondeat superior are not cognizable under § 1983). He has not indicated how any of the alleged

defendants failed to deprive him of his constitutional rights except to contend that he did not take

cocaine and he does not believe he was afforded proper procedural safeguards relative to his

placement in segregation.

However, to the extent plaintiff is attempting to assert that his due process rights were

violated simply by his placement in disciplinary segregation, he has failed to state a claim upon

which relief may be granted. In the administrative segregation context, the determination of

whether prison officials denied an inmate due process involves a two-step inquiry. Williams v.

Hobbs, 662 F.3d 994, 1000 (8th Cir. 2011). First, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he or she was

deprived of life, liberty, or property by government action.5 Phillips v. Norris, 320 F.3d 844, 846

(8th Cir. 2003); see also Beaulieu v. Ludeman, 690 F.3d 1017, 1047 (8th Cir. 2012) (stating that a

court “need reach the question of what process is due only if the inmates establish a constitutionally

5Although plaintiff alleges that his “substantive” due process rights have been violated, it is likely he is

referring to his “procedural” due process rights. “To state a substantive due process claim, [a plaintiff] must

allege that a government action was ‘sufficiently outrageous’ or ‘truly irrational, that is, something more

than . . . arbitrary, capricious, or in violation of state law.’” Young v. City of St. Charles, Mo., 244 F.3d 623,

628 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Anderson v. Douglas County, 4 F.3d 574, 577 (8th Cir.1993)). “An alternative

way to bring a substantive due process claim is to assert that the government’s actions ‘either shock the

conscience’ or ‘offend judicial notions of fairness or human dignity.’” Id. (quoting Riley v. St. Louis County

of Mo., 153 F.3d 627, 631 (8th Cir. 1998)). “To establish a procedural due process violation, a plaintiff

need not only show a protected interest, but must also show that he or she was deprived of that interest

without sufficient process, i.e., without due process. The due process clause ensures every individual subject

to a deprivation the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. The

circumstances of the deprivation dictate what procedures are necessary to satisfy this guarantee.” Swipies

v. Kofka, 419 F.3d 709, 715 (8th Cir. 2005) (quotations and citations omitted).

protected liberty interest”). Once it has been established that a liberty interest exists, the process

necessary to protect that interest must be determined. Williams, 662 F.3d at 1000.

As life or property is not at issue in this case, plaintiff must identify a liberty interest to

sustain his due process claim. See Phillips, 320 F.3d at 847. The United States Supreme Court has

determined that prisoners have a protected liberty interest in avoiding conditions of confinement

that impose an “atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents

of prison life.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995). To assert a due process violation

based on a liberty interest of avoiding administrative segregation, “an inmate must show that the

segregation created an atypical and significant hardship on him in relation to the ordinary incidents

of prison life to demonstrate that his liberty interest was curtailed.” Rahman X v. Morgan, 300 F.3d

970, 973 (8th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations omitted).

The Eighth Circuit has stated that an assignment to disciplinary or administrative

segregation is not, in and of itself, an atypical and significant hardship. See Portley-El v. Brill, 288

F.3d 1063, 1065 (8th Cir. 2002) (stating that Eighth Circuit has “consistently held that

administrative and disciplinary segregation are not atypical and significant hardships under

Sandin”); Kennedy v. Blankenship, 100 F.3d 640, 642 (8th Cir. 1996) (stating that plaintiff’s

“demotion from administrative segregation to punitive isolation is not the sort of deprivation that

qualifies as atypical and significant”); Wycoff v. Nichols, 94 F.3d 1187, 1190 (8th Cir. 1996)

(stating that plaintiff “has no liberty interest in avoiding administrative segregation unless the

conditions of his confinement present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state

might conceivably create a liberty interest”). This is so even if the demotion to segregation is

without cause. Phillips, 320 F.3d at 847. Additionally, in Orr v. Larkins, the Eighth Circuit found

that nine months in administrative segregation did not constitute atypical and significant hardship.

610 F.3d 1032, 1033-34 (8th Cir. 2010). Thus, even if the Court assumes that plaintiff was in

administrative segregation for sixty (60) days, he has not alleged enough to show that he was

subjected to a due process violation.

To the extent plaintiff is asserting that he suffered a loss of “good time credits,” or an

“early-out date” because of the assessment of the conduct violation, there is no constitutional or

inherent right of a convicted person to be conditionally released before the expiration of a valid

sentence. Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal & Corr. Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7 (1979); Adams

v Agniel, 405 F.3d 643, 645 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing Marshall v. Mitchell, 57 F.3d 671, 673 (8th Cir.

1995). Thus, he cannot establish a due process violation with such a claim.

Similarly, there is nothing in the complaint to indicate that plaintiff suffered from an equal

protection violation. The Equal Protection Clause provides, “No State shall . . . deny to any person

within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. “The purpose

of the equal protection clause ... is to secure every person within the state’s jurisdiction against

intentional and arbitrary discrimination, whether occasioned by express terms of a statute or by its

improper execution through duly constituted agents.” Sunday Lake Iron Co. v. Wakefield Tp., 247

U.S. 350, 352 (1918). Unequal treatment of “‘those who are entitled to be treated alike[] is not a

denial of equal protection unless there is shown to be present in it an element of intentional or

purposeful discrimination.’” Batra v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Neb., 79 F.3d 717, 721 (8th Cir.

1996) (quoting Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 8 (1944)). “The good faith of [state] officers and

the validity of their actions are presumed; when assailed, the burden of proof is upon the

complaining party.” Sunday Lake, 247 U.S. at 353. Without more, “opprobrious epithets” like

“‘willful’ and ‘malicious’” and characterizations of an officer’s conduct “as an unequal, unjust,

and oppressive administration of the laws” are not enough. Snowden, 321 U.S. at 10.

To the extent plaintiff is asserting an equal protection claim, he can only be attempting to

assert a “class-of-one” equal protection claim. The Supreme Court recognizes a “class of one”

equal protection claim “where the plaintiff [does] not allege membership in a class or group,” but

instead “plaintiff alleges that she [or he] has been intentionally treated differently from others

similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Vill. of

Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000) (per curiam); accord Barstad v. Murray Cnty.,

420 F.3d 880, 884 (8th Cir. 2005). “Identifying the disparity in treatment is especially important

in class-of-one cases.” Barstad v. Murray County, 420 F.3d 880, 884 (8th Cir. 2005).

However, this class-of-one theory has limits. Considering the importance of “a clear

standard against which departures, even for a single plaintiff, [can] be readily assessed,” the class-

of-one theory may not apply to “some forms of state action … which by their nature involve

discretionary decision making based on a vast array of subjective, individualized assessments. In

such cases the rule that people should be ‘treated alike, under like circumstances and conditions’

is not violated when one person is treated differently from others, because treating like individuals

differently is an accepted consequence of the discretion granted.” Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric.,

553 U.S. 591, 602-04 (2008).

Here, plaintiff’s equal protection claim fails because the allegations of the complaint do

not establish that plaintiff was intentionally and purposefully discriminated against as compared

to a similarly situated individual. Plaintiff has not alleged that there were others with prior

violations who raised the same safety and security concerns as the violations received by plaintiff

who did not receive the same punishment. Therefore, plaintiff cannot establish a “class of one”

equal protection claim.

Nothing in the complaint indicates intentional or purposeful discrimination on the part of

the defendants. For these reasons, plaintiff's complaint fails to state individual-capacity claims

against defendants.

Accordingly,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's motion to proceed in forma pauperis [ECF

No. 2] is GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that plaintiff must pay an initial filing fee of $1.00 within

thirty (30) days of the date of this Order. Plaintiff is instructed to make his remittance payable to

“Clerk, United States District Court,” and to include upon it: (1) his name; (2) his prison

registration number; (3) the case number; and (4) the statement that the remittance is for an original

proceeding.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this action is DISMISSED pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1915(e)(2)(B).

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that an appeal of this action would not be taken in good

faith.

A separate Order of Dismissal shall accompany this Memorandum and Order.

Dated this 11" day of January, 2022.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

11