Samaria Iglesia Evangelica, Inc. v. Lorenzo

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

)

SAMRIA IGLESIA EVANGELICA, INC. )

and SAMRIA EVANGELICAL CHURCH, )

INC., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) Civil No. 18-10004-LTS

)

HECTOR LORENZO, JOSE DAVID )

OSORIO, NANCY MARIN, AIDA L. )

PEREZ, ELIEZER ANDUJAR, and )

IGLESIA DE DIOS CRISTO EL REY, )

INC., )

)

Defendants. )

)

ORDER ON MOTION TO AMEND (DOC. NO. 18) AND

MOTION TO DISMISS (DOC. NO. 7)

July 16, 2018

SOROKIN, J.

Plaintiff Samaria Iglesia Evangelica, Inc. (“Samaria PR”), on its own behalf and on

behalf of Samaria Evangelical Church, Inc. (“Samaria MA”), filed this action seeking rescission

of, and damages from, an allegedly improper transfer of a church building. Doc. No. 1.

Defendants moved for dismissal of the Complaint for lack of diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. §1332 and for lack of standing pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Doc. No. 7. Plaintiff

opposed.1 Doc. No. 8. In order to assess both the jurisdiction and standing questions, the Court

ordered the parties to file organizational documents relevant to Samaria PR’s relationship to

Samaria MA. Doc. No. 11. The parties responded with various documents and a joint report.

1 Defendants’ motion to strike Plaintiff’s opposition as late-filed, Doc. No. 9, is DENIED.

Doc. Nos. 14, 16, and 17 (and attachments to each).2 Separately, Samaria PR moved for leave to

file a First Amended Complaint 9 (“FAC”), Doc. No. 18, and Defendants opposed, Doc. No. 19.

For the reasons that follow, the Court ALLOWS Plaintiff’s motion to amend (Doc. No.

18) and ALLOWS in part and DENIES in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 7).

I. BACKGROUND3

Samaria MA is a church corporation organized under the laws of Massachusetts and

registered with the Secretary of the Commonwealth since June 21, 1971. Doc. No. 18-2 at 1-5.

Samaria MA was incorporated with the stated purpose of “establishing and maintaining the

public worship of God, in accordance with the principles and doctrines of the Bible and the

Samaria Evangelical Church Rules with head curator in Palmer, Puerto Rico[.]” Doc. No. 18-1

¶¶ 9-10. The initial Board of Directors of Samaria MA comprised five agents of Samaria PR.

Id. ¶¶ 14-15. Samaria PR claims to have been at all relevant times Samaria MA’s “only and

controlling member on all essential matters.” Id. ¶ 19. From its formation, Samaria MA has

received various forms of financial support from Samaria PR. Id. ¶¶ 19, 29-34.

On March 14, 1978, Samaria MA acquired a property located at 367 Dudley Street,

Roxbury, Massachusetts. Id. ¶ 20. The deed to the property was recorded in Samaria MA’s

name and signed by one of Samaria MA’s initial directors. Id. ¶¶ 20-21.

2 The Court DENIES Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration (Doc. No. 30). The offered

document was not timely filed; the Court previously had ordered the parties not to file further

briefing without a request from the Court (see Doc. No. 22); and Defendants properly objected to

the submission of this supplement. In any event, the Court has reviewed the proposed

supplement, and the supplement does not alter the Court’s consideration of the issues pending.

3 All facts are drawn from the FAC, Doc. No. 18-1, and attachments thereto. In considering the

motion to dismiss, the Court accepts the FAC’s factual allegations as true except where

otherwise noted. Saldivar v. Racine, 818 F.3d 14, 16 (1st Cir. 2016).

On September 3, 2008, Samaria PR appointed Defendant Jose David Osorio to be

Samaria MA’s pastor. Id. ¶ 33. In a signed document memorializing the appointment, Osorio

undertook to “[p]reserve the properties received and [to] not make any transactions with them

without prior authorization.” Doc. No. 1-8 at ¶ 3 (English translation of Spanish original at Doc.

No. 1-7).

On November 16, 2015, persons purporting to be regular attendees at Samaria MA,

including the individual Defendants, held a meeting and elected the individual Defendants to be

the new directors of Samaria MA. Doc. No. 18-1 ¶¶ 41-42. This meeting was held without prior

notice to the initial directors—still the directors of record—or to Samaria PR. Id. The Secretary

of the Commonwealth recorded a notice of the change of directors on November 18, 2015. Id. ¶

43.

In April 2016, Samaria MA, acting through its new directors, sold the church property for

$10 to Defendant Iglesia de Dios Cristo el Rey, Inc. (“Dios Cristo el Rey”). Defendant Osorio

represented Dios Cristo el Rey in the sale. Id. ¶ 46. Defendant Hector Lorenzo, acting on behalf

of Samaria MA, prepared a quitclaim deed in connection with the sale. Doc. No. 18-2 at 23-25.

Samaria PR challenges both the election of new directors and the sale of the church

property. The FAC alleges, on behalf of Samaria MA, usurpation of corporate leadership (Count

1) and fraudulent transfer of property without authority or consideration (Counts 2, 3, and 4).

The FAC also alleges, on behalf of Samaria PR, violation of the corporate purpose of Samaria

MA (Count 5), harm to Samaria PR’s reputation (Count 6), loss of revenue from Samaria MA

(Count 7), and breach of employment contract (Count 8). Doc. No. 18-1.

II. MOTION TO AMEND

Plaintiff seeks to amend the Complaint to add three of the individual Defendants—

Eliezer Andujar, Aida Perez, and Nancy Marin—to existing Count 8, which alleges breach of

employment contract.4 Doc. No. 18 ¶ 3. Plaintiff relies on documents that it says establish that

Samaria PR had employed these three Defendants to serve Samaria MA in certain roles:

resignation letters signed by Marin and Andujar, Doc. Nos. 16-10 to 16-13, a certificate of

appointment as co-missionary for Perez, Doc. Nos. 16-14 and 16-15, and “Appointments of

Samaritan Workers” forms indicating acceptance of the position of “Evangelist” by Andujar,

Doc. No. 20-1, “Admonisher” by Marin, Doc. No. 20-2, and “Co-Pastor” by Perez, Doc. No. 20-

3.5 Defendants opposed the motion to amend, countering that these Defendants’ appointments

by Samaria PR to roles within Samaria MA did not create employment relationships between

these Defendants and Samaria PR. Doc. No. 19 at 3.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) provides that leave to amend a complaint prior to trial should be

“freely give[n] when justice so requires.” Defendants argue that the Court should nonetheless

deny the motion because the amendment would be futile. Doc. No. 19. Here, however, the

proposed amendment states a plausible claim for relief against these three Defendants, for

reasons that the Court explains below. Thus, Plaintiff’s motion to amend (Doc. No. 18) is

ALLOWED, and the Court deems the FAC to be the operative complaint in this matter.

4 Other amendments in the FAC (i) provide additional factual assertions consistent with the

proposed amendments to Count 8 and (ii) correct certain details misstated in the original

Complaint. The FAC does not otherwise alter the facts recited in the original Complaint.

5 Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File Documents (Doc. No. 26) is ALLOWED. Despite the

Court’s prior order that no more filings shall be made on the motion to amend without a request

from the Court (Doc. No. 22), Defendants raised no objection to Plaintiff’s motion. Moreover,

the late-filed appointment forms are directly relevant to the existence of employment agreements

between Samaria PR and these three Defendants.

III. MOTION TO DISMISS

A. Claims on Behalf of Samaria MA

Defendants move to dismiss the claims brought on behalf of Samaria MA (Counts 1

through 4) on the grounds that Samaria PR lacks standing to bring a derivative action on Samaria

MA’s behalf. Doc. No. 7 at 7. A derivative action may be brought by “one or more shareholders

or members of a corporation or an unincorporated association […] to enforce a right that the

corporation or association may properly assert but has failed to enforce.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1(a)

(emphasis added).6 Defendants contend that Samaria PR is neither a shareholder nor a member

and, thus, cannot bring claims on behalf of Samaria MA. Following careful review of the

parties’ documentary submissions,7 the Court agrees.

Massachusetts law provides for incorporation of a church under M.G.L. c. 67, secs. 47-

55.8 Under Section 49, “the resident members of such church may assemble” at the time of

incorporation “and by ballot elect … a standing committee … or a board of trustees, managers,

directors, … and such other officers as they may deem necessary” (emphasis added). Upon

incorporation, “[t]he church may make by-laws and may prescribe therein the manner in which

and the officers and agents by whom the purposes of its incorporations may be effected.”

6 No party has suggested that the Court should apply Massachusetts law rather than federal law

on the question of whether Samaria PR may bring a derivative suit on Samaria MA’s behalf.

7 Because Samaria PR’s disputed claim to membership in Samaria MA implicates not only

standing, but also diversity jurisdiction, the Court “address[es] the merits of the jurisdictional

claim by resolving the factual disputes between the parties.” Valentin v. Hospital Bella Vista,

254 F.3d 358, 363 (1st Cir. 2001). “In conducting this inquiry, the court enjoys broad authority

to order discovery, consider extrinsic evidence, and hold evidentiary hearings in order to

determine its own jurisdiction.” Id.

8 Plaintiff argues that Chapter 180, rather than Chapter 67, governs. Plaintiff is mistaken. Even

if Chapter 180 could apply to a religious organization like Samaria MA—a question not

currently before the Court—Samaria MA’s own Certificate of Organization indicates that

Samaria MA was incorporated pursuant to Chapter 67. Doc. No. 1-4.

M.G.L. c. 67, sec. 50. Nonetheless, Section 52 provides: “None but members of [the

incorporated church] shall be members of such corporation, and only resident members shall

vote” (emphasis added). Samaria PR, a non-profit corporation organized and operating in Puerto

Rico, is not a resident of Massachusetts. Samaria PR therefore is not, and never could have

been, a resident member of Samaria MA.

Nonetheless, Section 52 also provides that “any such corporation may, upon such

conditions as it may prescribe, admit any regular financial supporters of the church to associate

membership, with a vote upon financial questions only” (emphasis added). Plaintiff asserts, in

its reply to Defendants’ motion to dismiss, that it “is at least an associate member of Samaria

MA.”9 Doc. No. 8 at 2-3 and 9. Specifically, Plaintiff claims that it was Samaria MA’s “only

and controlling member” and de facto parent corporation at all relevant times; that it exercised

administrative control of Samaria MA; that Plaintiff retained authority “to appoint and substitute

the pastors and leadership of Samaria MA, including its directors and officers”; and that Samaria

MA’s officers continued to operate as Plaintiff’s agents. Id. at 1 and ¶¶ 19, 31, and 54. Plaintiff

maintains that “[s]uch authority was, at all times, unanimously accepted by all individuals that

regularly attended Samaria MA as well as by the leadership of Samaria MA[.]” Id. ¶ 32.

Plaintiff also cites its history of financial support for Samaria MA, including repayment of

Samaria MA’s tax burden, payment of Samaria MA pastors and missionaries, and receipt of

9 Defendants insist that Samaria PR cannot be a resident member or an associate member

because it is not a natural person. Doc. No. 7 at 6 (“Quite simply, a non-profit corporation

doesn’t sit in the pews at Samaria MA[.]”). However, no provision in the applicable sections of

Chapter 67 suggests that a non-natural person cannot be a member or associate member of an

incorporated church, and the Court is aware of no case law that has so limited church

membership.

monthly financial reports from Samaria MA continuing at least through March 2016. Doc. No.

17-1 at 1.

These facts, without more, do not establish or plausibly state a claim that Samaria PR is

or has been an associate member of Samaria MA. Section 52 permits an incorporated church to

designate associate members “upon such conditions as it may prescribe[.]” The parties have

produced no bylaws or other documents indicating that Samaria MA affirmatively made Samaria

PR an associate member at any point. Samaria PR’s appointment of pastors and missionaries for

Samaria MA and its supervision of Samaria MA’s finances do not by themselves establish

Samaria PR’s associate membership in Samaria MA. See, e.g., Antioch Temple, Inc. v. Parekh,

383 Mass. 854, 861-62 (1981) (“[A] church may be hierarchical in terms of internal

administration and discipline, and yet congregational as far as control and use of its property is

concerned.”). Even assuming, without deciding, that associate membership may arise merely

through a pattern of conduct (i.e., absent express designation), the evidence submitted, even

drawing all reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, is insufficient to support a plausible claim

by Samaria PR to associate membership in Samaria MA. All of the evidence merely supports

the conclusion that, over the years, Samaria PR provided financial assistance that Samaria MA

accepted and that sometimes came with certain conditions. None of the evidence suggests that

Samaria PR as an entity ever enjoyed a voting right in Samaria MA on financial matters or

otherwise. Indeed, when Samaria PR agents incorporated Samaria MA, they simply formed a

Massachusetts church corporation, elected a board of directors, but created no special role for

Samaria PR in the governance of Samaria MA.

Accordingly, Counts 1 through 4 are DISMISSED for lack of standing.10

10 Defendants’ challenge to diversity jurisdiction over these claims is therefore moot.

B. Claims on Behalf of Samaria PR

In ruling on the motion to dismiss Counts 5-8 brought by Samaria PR on its own behalf,

the Court applies the familiar standard governing Rule 12(b)(6) motions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).11

In Count 5, Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants acted contrary to the purpose for which

Samaria MA was created, in violation of the Articles and Certificate of Incorporation of MA.

Doc. No. 18-1 at 9-10. Specifically, Plaintiff claims that Defendants’ departure from the

purpose, and failure to change the purpose in accordance with rules of Massachusetts corporate

law, “disenfranched Samaria PR from its status as only and controlling member of Samaria

MA[.]” Id. Because the Court has determined that Samaria PR is not, in fact, a member of

Samaria MA under relevant Massachusetts law, Samaria PR does not have standing to sue for

violation of Samaria MA’s corporate purpose. The Court therefore DISMISSES Count 5.

Plaintiff alleges in Count 6 that Defendants spread false information about Samaria PR

and “also defamed some members of the leadership of Samaria PR and/or some of its affiliated

corporations throughout the United States.” Doc. No. 18-1 ¶ 78. Under Massachusetts law,

defamation is “the publication of material by one without a privilege to do so which ridicules or

treats the plaintiff with contempt.” N. Shore Pharmacy Servs., Inc. v. Breslin Assocs. Consulting

LLC, 491 F.Supp.2d 111, 124 (D. Mass.2007) (quoting Correllas v. Viveiros, 410 Mass. 314,

319 (1991)). Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not require Plaintiff to set forth

11 The Court declines to grant Plaintiff’s request for additional briefing in favor of its claims in

Counts 5-8, Doc. No. 8 at 2 n. 2, in light of the already extensive briefing in this case.

the alleged defamatory statements verbatim, Plaintiff is required to “set forth … allegations in

support of its defamation claim that [a]re sufficient to give the [defendant] fair notice of its claim

and the grounds upon which it rests.” N. Shore Pharmacy Servs., Inc., 491 F.Supp.2d at 124.

Here, Plaintiff fails to plead even the context, timing, or recipient of any statement that it alleges

“affect[ed] its reputation.” Doc. No. 18-1 ¶ 78. The Court thus DISMISSES Count 6.

In Count 7, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants have prevented and continue to prevent

Samaria MA from paying dues owed to Samaria PR. To state a claim for intentional interference

with contractual relations, Plaintiff must demonstrate that (1) Plaintiff had a contract with

Samaria MA; (2) that Defendants knowingly induced Samaria MA to break the contract; (3) that

Defendants’ interference was intentional and improper in motive or means; and (4) that Plaintiff

was harmed by Defendants’ actions. Am. Paper Recycling Corp. v. IHC Corp., 707 F.Supp.2d

114, 122 (D. Mass. 2010). In the FAC, Plaintiff alleges the existence of a contract between

Samaria MA and Samaria PR; a course of actions taken by Defendants to act on behalf of

Samaria MA and to transfer Samaria MA property to Dios Cristo El Rey; and a diversion of dues

contractually payable to Samaria PR to Dios Cristo El Rey. These allegations state a plausible

claim for relief. The Court thus DENIES the motion to dismiss with respect to Count 7.

Finally, Count 8 alleges that individual Defendants Osorio, Andujar, Perez, and Marin

each breached the terms of his or her respective employment agreement with Samaria PR. To

state a claim for breach of contract, Plaintiff must allege that a valid, binding contract existed,

that the specified Defendants breached the terms of the contract, and that Plaintiff sustained

damages as a result of the breach. See Michelson v. Digital Fin. Servs., 167 F.3d 715, 720 (1st

Cir. 1999). Moreover, Plaintiff must describe with “substantial certainty” the specific

contractual promise the Defendants breached. Buck v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 476 F.3d 29, 38 (1st

Cir. 2007). Plaintiff submits as an exhibit to the FAC an “Appointments to Samaritan Workers”

form indicating Osorio’s acceptance of the position of pastor at Samaria MA. Doc. No. 18-2 at

13-15. The form contains an undertaking to “[p]reserve the properties received and [to] not

make any transactions with them without prior authorization.” Id. ¶ 3 (English translation, which

Defendants do not contest). The FAC refers to identical provisions in the alleged agreements

with Andujar, Perez, and Marin. Plaintiff alleges that these Defendants disregarded this

contractual obligation by conveying the church property to Dios Cristo El Rey. Doc. No. 18-1 at

11. Because the FAC asserts a plausible claim for breach of contract against these Defendants,

the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss with respect to Count 8.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court ALLOWS Plaintiff’s motion to amend (Doc. No. 18)

and, further, ALLOWS Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 7) as to Counts 1-6 and

DENIES the motion as to Counts 7 and 8. Defendants shall file an answer to Counts 7 and 8

within 14 days, and the Clerk shall schedule a Rule 16 conference thereafter in the ordinary

course.

SO ORDERED.

/s/ Leo T. Sorokin

Leo T. Sorokin

United States District Judge