The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
MONROE DIVISION
CORA BRADFORD CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:18-cv-01376
VERSUS JUDGE TERRY A. DOUGHTY
JACKSON PARISH POLICE JURY, MAG. JUDGE KAREN L. HAYES
ET AL.
RULING
Pending before the Court is a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Title
VII and State Law Race Discrimination Claims [Doc. No. 51] filed by Defendant Jackson Parish
Hospital Service District No. 1 d/b/a Jackson Parish Hospital (“the Hospital”). The Hospital
moves for summary judgment dismissing Plaintiff Cora Bradford’s (“Bradford”) remaining race
discrimination claims under Title VII and state law.
On October 31, 2019, Bradford filed a Memorandum in Opposition to the Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 55].
On November 7, 2019, the Hospital filed a Reply Memorandum in support of its Motion
for Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 56].
For the following reasons, the Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is
GRANTED, and Bradford’s race discrimination claims are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
I. FACTS
Bradford, a black female, was first employed by the Hospital on December 1, 2015, as an
accountant.
At the time Bradford was hired, the Hospital’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) was Eric
Cripps (“Cripps”), a white male. Cripps was originally hired as an accountant in September 2008
and promoted to business team leader in January 2011. He resigned on September 21, 2012, but
returned to work at the hospital on February 1, 2013. On May 4, 2015, Cripps was promoted to
CFO, with a salary of $90,000.00. Cripps continued to serve as CFO until December 14, 2015,
when he began serving as both the CFO and the Chief Operating Officer (“COO”). Cripps was
supervised by then-Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) Bobby Jordan. Cripps resigned on
September 22, 2016.
On or about October 14, 2016, Bradford, who has an MBA, was promoted to CFO after
Cripps’ resignation. She was promoted by interim CEO Tim Page [Doc. No. 51-3, Exh. A,
Bradford Depo., p. 2] and then supervised by CEO John Morgan.
As CFO, Bradford was in charge of revenue cycle, accounts payable, payroll, medical
records, and financial reporting. She had the duties of ensuring internal controls were adequate,
safeguarding facility assets, preparing an annual budget, monitoring banking activities, overseeing
the maintenance of inventory and fixed assets, enhancing and developing policies and procedures
to improve the operation and effectiveness of the Hospital, presenting financial information to the
Board of Directors, and scheduling and coordinating with the external auditor and state agencies.
The Hospital terminated Bradford on September 26, 2017, for alleged poor job
performance. The Hospital has submitted affidavits and evidence to show that Bradford paid bills
late, failed to consistently fund the Hospital retirement plan, failed to reconcile bank statements
for six (6) months, lacked knowledge regarding $1.6 million in the Hospital’s bank account, failed
to submit IRS form 941s, and failed to collect significant un-billed amounts owed to the Hospital.
Bradford does not deny the facts presented by the Hospital, but contends that Cripps left
the Hospital in a poor financial condition, that he also failed to pay bills timely, that there were
accounting errors under Cripp’s leadership, and that the Hospital had an inefficient method of
approving invoices (requiring approval of department heads). She cites to the Legislative Auditors
findings of error in the amount of $24,000, on March 29, 2017, which dated back to fiscal year
2016, and which Bradford contends, were based on records compiled while Cripps was CFO.
Bradford further contends that she was treated less favorably because Cripps had been given one
year to remedy the financial problems, but that she was terminated. Additionally, she alleges that
she was treated less favorably than Savannah Maxwell, a white female, in that Maxwell was
allowed to transfer to another position.
On or about October 28, 2017, Bradford filed a charge with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging that the Hospital discriminated against her on the
basis of race and color. [Doc. No. 34, ¶ 25]. The EEOC issued Bradford a Dismissal and Notice
of Rights on August 1, 2018. [Doc. No. 34, ¶ 26].
On October 23, 2018, Bradford filed her original Complaint in this Court against the
Hospital and Inquiseek, LLC (“Inquiseek”), a consulting firm hired by the Hospital to evaluate
its accounting functions. In her original Complaint, Bradford alleged wrongful termination,
disparate treatment, and wage disparity in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
42 USC § 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”); 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 & 1983; the Equal Pay Act of 1963
(“the Equal Pay Act”), 29 U.S.C. §206, an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act
(“FLSA”), 29 USC § 201; and the Louisiana Employment Discrimination Law (“LEDL”), LA.
REV. STAT. § 23:332. See [Doc. No. 1, ¶¶ 17-19]. Additionally, she asserted state tort claims
against Inquiseek based on alleged verbal abuse and threats by its agent, Jeff Harper. She sought
lost wages and benefits; liquidated, exemplary, and punitive damages; attorneys’ fees, interests,
and costs; and an injunction enjoining Defendants from engaging in the alleged discrimination
and requiring them to take affirmative actions to redress their discriminatory practices.
On November 12, 2018, the Jackson Parish Police Jury and the Hospital filed an Answer
to the Complaint in which they clarified that they had been improperly named in the Complaint
as a single entity (the “Jackson Parish Police Jury d/b/a Jackson Parish Hospital”), effectively
substituting themselves as Defendants. [Doc. No. 5]. On November 13, 2018, Inquiseek filed its
answer. [Doc. No. 6].
On January 15, 2019, all three Defendants filed motions to dismiss. The Police Jury
moved to dismiss the claims against it because it was neither Bradford’s employer, nor took any
of the challenged actions. [Doc. No. 11]. Bradford filed a statement of no opposition to this
motion. [Doc. Nos. 22 & 23]. The Court granted the motion, and all claims against the Police
Jury were dismissed. [Doc. No. 24].
Inquiseek also filed a motion to dismiss Bradford’s claims for tortious interference with
contract, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and for punitive damages. [Doc. No. 14].
Bradford filed an opposition [Doc. No. 25], and Inquseek filed its reply [Doc. No. 30].
The Hospital filed a motion to dismiss seeking dismissal of Bradford’s claims against it
under Sections 1981 and 1983, the Equal Pay Act, and for punitive damages. [Doc. Nos. 13 &
13-1]. Bradford did not timely oppose the motion.
However, on February 6, 2019, Bradford sought leave of court to file an Amended
Complaint. [Doc. No. 28]. Bradford sought to add claims for gender discrimination under Title
VII, Sections 1981 and 1983, the Equal Pay Act, and LA. REV. STAT. § 23:332. [Doc. No. 28-1,
¶¶ 17-19]. The Hospital opposed Bradford’s Motion to Amend [Doc. No. 31], contending that
amendment was futile because all claims other than under the Equal Pay Act were time-barred.
On April 17, 2019, the Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation in which
she granted Bradford’s Motion to Amend Complaint, adding claims for gender discrimination
under Title VII, Sections 1981 and 1983, the Equal Pay Act, and LA. REV. STAT. § 23:332.
[Doc. No. 32]. However, she “fold[ed] the [Hospital’s] arguments regarding futility into the
court’s discussion of the already pending motion(s) to dismiss.” Id. at p. 5.
The Magistrate Judge then addressed the motions to dismiss. The Magistrate Judge
recommended that the Court grant Iquiseek’s motion to dismiss and dismiss Bradford’s claims
for tortious interference with contract, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and for
punitive/exemplary damages. The Magistrate Judge further recommended that the Hospital’s
motion to dismiss be granted in part and denied in part. She recommended that the Court grant
the motion as to Bradford’s claims under §§ 1981 and 1983, for Title VII gender discrimination,
and for punitive damages, but otherwise denied.
On May 2, 2019, this Court issued a Judgment adopting the Magistrate Judge’s Report
and Recommendation, dismissing the claims against Inquiseek with prejudice. [Doc. No. 37].
As a result of the Court’s rulings, only the Hospital remains a Defendant in this matter. The
Court further granted the Hospital’s Motion to Dismiss in part, dismissing Bradford’s Sections
1981 and 1983, Title VII gender discrimination, and punitive damage claims. [Doc. No. 37].
On June 24, 2019, the Hospital filed its first Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
seeking dismissal of Bradford’s state-law gender discrimination claims on the grounds that (1)
the claims are prescribed and (2) Bradford failed to comply with the notice requirements of La.
Rev. Stat. 23:303. [Doc. No. 39]. On June 28, 2019, Bradford filed a Motion to Dismiss the
Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 41]. On July 1, 2019, the Hospital
filed a Reply Memorandum in support of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. No.
42].
On July 23, 2019, the Court issued a Ruling [Doc. No. 45] and Judgment [Doc. No. 46]
granting the Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and dismissing Bradford’s state-
law gender discrimination claims with prejudice on the basis of prescription. The Court
construed Bradford’s Motion to Dismiss as a motion to strike and denied that motion.
On September 9, 2019, the Hospital filed a second Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment seeking summary judgment on Bradford’s wage discrimination claims. [Doc. No. 47].
On September 30, 2019, Bradford filed an opposition memorandum [Doc. No. 49]. On October
4, 2019, the Hospital filed a reply memorandum. [Doc. No. 50].
On October 10, 2019, the Hospital followed up with the instant Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment on Bradford’s Title VII and State Law Race Discrimination Claims [Doc.
No. 51].
On October 23, 2019, the Court issued a Ruling and Judgment [Doc. Nos. 53 & 54]
granting the Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Bradford’s wage
discrimination claims and dismissing those claims with prejudice.
Bradford’s race-based claims against the Hospital for wrongful termination and disparate
treatment under Title VII and the LEDL remain pending and are the subject of the instant
motion. On October 31, 2019, Bradford filed an opposition to the Hospital’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment. [Doc. No. 55]. On November 7, 2019, the Hospital filed a reply
memorandum in support of its motion. [Doc. No. 56].
The motion is fully briefed, and the Court is now prepared to rule.
II. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment “shall [be] grant[ed] . . . if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence would
affect the outcome of the lawsuit under applicable law in the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute about a material fact is “genuine” if the evidence is
such that a reasonable fact finder could render a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id.
If the moving party can meet the initial burden, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving
party to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Norman v. Apache
Corp., 19 F.3d 1017, 1023 (5th Cir. 1994). The nonmoving party must show more than “some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In evaluating the evidence tendered by the parties, the Court
must accept the evidence of the nonmovant as credible and draw all justifiable inferences in its
favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
B. Race Discrimination Claims
Title VII prohibits employers from discriminating “against any individual with respect to
his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a). Likewise, the Louisiana
Employment Discrimination Law (“LEDL”) provides: “It shall be unlawful discrimination in
employment for an employer to . . . discharge any individual, or otherwise to intentionally
discriminate against any individual with respect to compensation, or terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, because of the individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
LA. STAT. § 23:332. Claims under the LEDL are “essentially identical, analytically, to Title VII.”
Bustamento v. Tucker, 607 So.2d 532, 538 n. 6 (La. 1992). Therefore, the Court applies the same
analysis to Bradford’s Title VII and state law race discrimination claims.
Pursuant to McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), when a plaintiff
relies on circumstantial evidence of discrimination, courts employ the traditional burden-shifting
framework. First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case by showing that (1) she is a
member of a protected class, (2) she is qualified for the position at issue, (3) she was subject to an
adverse employment action, and (4) she was replaced by someone outside the protected class or
that similarly situated individuals outside the protected class were treated more favorably. See
Okoye v. Univ. of Tex. Houston Health Sci. Ctr., 245 F.3d 507, 512-13 (5th Cir. 2001) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to provide
a “legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the adverse action. Id. at 512. “However, the burden
on the defendant at this stage is one of production, not persuasion.” Keller v. Coastal Bend Coll.,
629 F. App'x 596, 601 (5th Cir. 2015), as revised (Mar. 22, 2016) (citing Reeves v. Sanderson
Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000)).
Finally, if the defendant meets its burden of production, then the burden shifts back to the
plaintiff. “To carry this burden, the plaintiff must produce substantial evidence indicating that the
proffered legitimate nondiscriminatory reason is a pretext for discrimination.” Laxton v. Gap, Inc.,
333 F.3d 572, 578 (5th Cir. 2003) (citing Reeves, 530 U.S. at 143). “A plaintiff may establish
pretext either through evidence of disparate treatment or by showing that the employer's proffered
explanation is false or unworthy of credence.” Id. (citing Reeves, 530 U.S. at 143) (other citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).1
1. Prima Facie Case
The Hospital concedes for purposes of summary judgment that Bradford is a member of a
protected class, that she was qualified for her former position as CFO, and that she was terminated.
However, the Hospital contends that Bradford cannot make out a prima facie case because she
admits that her discrimination claims are based solely on her belief that she was terminated because
of her race.
Bradford opposes the Hospital’s motion, arguing that she has presented sufficient evidence
to raise a genuine issue of material fact for trial. In addition to the first three elements, Bradford
contends that she can make out the fourth element because the Hospital treated her differently from
Cripps, who is white. She argues that many of the problems attributed to her were based on Cripps’
performance, but that he was treated more favorably because he was given one year to remedy to
financial problems that “originated before 2014 under his tenure.” [Doc. No. 55, p. 2]. She also
contends that another Hospital employee, Savannah Maxwell, who is white, was treated more
favorably because she was allowed to transfer to another position.
To satisfy the fourth element of the prima facie case as argued, [a plaintiff] was
required to demonstrate that “he was treated less favorably because of his
membership in that protected class than were other similarly situated employees
who were not members of the protected class, under nearly identical
circumstances.” Lee [v. Kansas City Southern Ry.Co, 574 F.3d [253, 259 (5th Cir.
(2009)]. “The employment actions being compared will be deemed to have been
taken under nearly identical circumstances when the employees being compared
held the same job or responsibilities, shared the same supervisor or had their
1A plaintiff may also establish a “mixed-motive” case by showing that the defendant’s reason for the
contested employment action, while true, is only one of the reasons for its conduct and another motivating factor
is race. See Machinchick v. PB Power, Inc., 398 F.3d 345, 351-52 (5th Cir. 2005). While the Hospital cited this law in
its motion, Bradford has not argued or otherwise indicated that she is attempting to proceed under a mixed -
motive analysis. Therefore, the Court’s analysis is limited to pretext. The Court would note, however, that
Bradford has not presented evidence of mixed motive either.
employment status determined by the same person, and have essentially
comparable violation histories.” Id. at 260 (footnotes omitted). On the other hand,
“[e]mployees with different supervisors, who work for different divisions of a
company or ... who have different work responsibilities ... are not similarly
situated.” Id. at 259–60. Significantly, if a difference between the plaintiff and the
proposed comparator “accounts for the difference in treatment received from the
employer, the employees are not similarly situated for the purposes of an
employment discrimination analysis.” Id. at 260 (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Black v. Pan Am. Labs., L.L.C., 646 F.3d 254, 262 (5th Cir. 2011).
Heggemeier v. Caldwell Cty., Texas, 826 F.3d 861, 868 (5th Cir. 2016)
In this case, Bradford raises two comparators: Maxwell and Cripps. She makes no
argument comparing herself to Maxwell, but does attach Maxwell’s deposition. In that deposition,
Maxwell testified that she was employed by Human Resources and was supervised by Phillip
Thomas and later by Tenniel Stewart and then Bradford herself to a certain extent. [Doc. No. 55-
2, Exh. A, Maxwell Depo., p. 16]. Maxwell testified that she resigned her employment as Interim
Human Resources Manager, but that CEO John Morgan had offered her a position as a registration
clerk. Id. at p. 28. Based on these facts, Bradford has failed to make a prima facie showing that
she and Maxwell were similarly situated.
Second, Bradford compares herself to Cripps and argues, in essence, that the same
problems were present with his performance and that she inherited some of the problems from
him, but he was given a year in the position to correct problems, and she was not. However, as
the Court found in its previous ruling, Bradford and Cripps were not similarly situated. Although
they both served as CFO, Cripps took on the second role of COO during his tenure at the request
of the then-CEO Jordan. Bradford, on the other hand, was promoted by interim CEO Page and
was supervised by CEO Morgan at the time of her termination.
Under these circumstances, the Court finds that Bradford has failed to establish a prima
facie case of discrimination, and the Hospital is entitled to summary judgment on her remaining
claims.
2. Pretext
Even assuming arguendo that Bradford established a prima facie case, the Hospital has
met its burden of production to show legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for her termination
by producing extensive documentation to support her termination for poor performance. The
burden then shifts to Bradford to produce a genuine issue of material fact for trial that the
Hospital’s reasons were false or pretext for discrimination.
Bradford fails to meet this burden as well. Bradford does not deny or dispute the evidence
presented by the Hospital and thus does not attempt to show that her termination was for a “false”
reason.
Instead, Bradford points to the Hospital’s alleged disparate treatment of her when
compared to former white employees Maxwell and Cripps. The Court has found that these two
former employees are not proper comparators, and the Court finds no further analysis as to
Maxwell is necessary. The Court recognizes that Cripps did serve solely as CFO, as did Bradford,
during part of his tenure, and there were financial problems based on the evidence. However,
ultimately, at least according to Bradford, the Hospital terminated Cripps for the poor performance.
At best, Bradford contends that she has shown pretext because the hospital fired Cripps sixteen
months after he was promoted to CFO and nine months after he began serving in the dual role of
COO and CFO, but fired her after only eleven months. This evidence is insufficient to show
pretext when the facts, circumstances, and supervisors were all different.
Additionally, Bradford admitted in her deposition that she does not “have any facts, other
than how I feel” to show that she was subject to discrimination. [Doc. No. 51-3, Exh. A, Bradford
Depo., p. 134].
Ultimately, Bradford does not deny the reasons advanced by the Hospital for her
termination, but contends that she should have been given more time to rectify the issues because
she had inherited some of the problems and some were the result of poor policies. That may or
may not be the case, but “it is not our place to second-guess the business decisions of an employer,
so long as those decisions are not the result of discrimination.” Jackson v. Watkins, 619 F.3d 463,
468 n.5 (5th Cir. 2010). The Court does not sit as a “super-personnel department” to review the
wisdom of employer’s decisions, so long as those decisions are not discriminatory. See, e.g.,
Davenport v. Northrop Grumman Sys. Corp., 281 Fed. App’x. 585, 588 (7th Cir. 2008); Riser v.
Target Corp., 458 F.3d 817, 821 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal citation omitted) (“While [employee]
may have some concerns about [employer’s] management style, he does not have a Title VII
claim.... ‘ [T]he employment-discrimination laws have not vested in the federal courts the authority
to sit as super-personnel departments reviewing the wisdom or fairness of the business judgments
made by employers, except to the extent that those judgments involve intentional
discrimination.’”).
Under the evidence presented, the Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on her
race discrimination claims under Title VII and the LEDL is GRANTED.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Hospital’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. No.
51] is GRANTED, and Bradford’s race discrimination claims under Title VII and the LEDL are
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
MONROE, LOUISIANA, this 20" day of December, 2019.
CAA (\
ERRY A. DOUG fry
UNIT STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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