The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
DARLA LACARA CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS NO: 21-2321
KOHL'S INC., ET AL SECTION S (2)
ORDER AND REASONS
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's Motion in Limine to exclude the testimony
of Dr. Chad Millet, M.D. (Rec. Doc. 24) is DENIED.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff has filed suit against Kohl's Inc. ("Kohl's") arguing that she suffered a labral tear
to her hip as a result of an injury she sustained while shopping in a Kohl's department store.
According to plaintiff, she was walking through the store when her purse got caught on a hook
protruding from a shelving unit, which then fell on her, causing her to brace herself against the
rack and twist to push the rack off her body, allegedly causing the tear.
Defendant seeks to admit the expert testimony of Dr. Chad Millet, who will testify that it
is his opinion that plaintiff's injury was not caused by the incident in Kohl's, but that plaintiff's
injury was caused due to "repeated impingements because of the aspherical nature of her femoral
head. This repetitive trauma caused this anterior superior labral tear and was not cause by her fall
at Kohl's department store."1 Dr. Millet formed his opinion based on a review of plaintiff's
medical records. He did not examine or interview plaintiff.
1 Rec. Doc. 24-4, Millet Report, 3.
Plaintiff now moves to exclude Dr. Millet's testimony under Daubert v. Merrill Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), arguing that Dr. Millet's methodology is unreliable
because he relied solely upon medical records, and that his opinion is based on the
misconception that plaintiff fell during the accident at Kohl's. Defendant opposes the motion.
APPLICABLE LAW
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides that for expert testimony to be admissible, “(1)
the testimony [must be] based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) ... the product of reliable
principles and methods, and (3) the witness [must have] applied the principles and methods
reliably to the facts of the case.” FED. R. EVID. 702. The reliability inquiry requires the court to
assess whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the expert's testimony is valid. See
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93. The goal is to exclude expert testimony that is based merely on
subjective belief or unsupported speculation. See id. at 590. This rule requires the district court
to act as a gatekeeper to ensure that “any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not
only relevant, but reliable.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589.
However, “as a general rule, questions relating to the bases and sources of an expert's
opinion affect the weight to be assigned that opinion rather than its admissibility and should be
left for the jury's consideration.” Primrose Operating Co. v. Nat'l Am. Ins. Co., 382 F.3d 546,
562 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. 14.38 Acres of Land, 80 F.3d 1074, 1077 (5th Cir.
1996)). “[T]he trial court's role as gatekeeper is not intended to serve as a replacement for the
adversary system: ‘Vigorous cross-examination [and] presentation of contrary evidence ... are
the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence.” Id. at 1078
2
(citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff contends that Dr. Millet's opinion was based on insufficient facts because he did
not physically examine plaintiff, meet with her to complete a medical history, review images or
measurements of the display rack which fell on her, or review her deposition. Plaintiff also
contends that Dr. Millet did not know how the accident occurred. Essentially, plaintiff argues
that Dr. Millet's opinion is inherently unreliable because it was based solely on his review of her
medical records.
However, expert witnesses are permitted to offer opinions “that are not based on
firsthand knowledge or observation.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592. Consistent with that principle,
“[n]umerous courts have held that an expert witness need not personally examine a plaintiff in
rendering his opinion.” Mendoza v. Lafarge N. Am., Inc., 2016 WL 153952, at *3 (E.D. La. Jan.
13, 2016) (collecting cases). Instead, "review of a plaintiff's medical records, combined with the
expert's medical experience, is sufficient to ensure the reliability of that expert's testimony."
Gonzales v. Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Co., 2020 WL 13609936, at *6, report and
recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 13610359 (W.D. Tex. July 23, 2020). A medical expert's
reliance on "medical records, instead of personally examining [a plaintiff], does not compel the
conclusion that his opinion must be excluded; rather, that issue goes to the weight—not the
admissibility—of his testimony." Grant v. CRST Expedited, Inc., 2021 WL 1151560, at *10
(E.D. Tex. Jan. 28, 2021). Accordingly, the court finds that Dr. Millet's methodology – a review
of medical records informed by his 30-year experience as a board-certified hip and knee
3
specialist – is not based merely on subjective belief or unsupported speculation. Rather, it is
acceptable and sufficiently reliable to allow him to testify before the jury. Plaintiff's counsel is
free to cross-examine him and the jury will decide what weight to give his opinions.
Plaintiff also contends that Dr. Millet's testimony is was based on the faulty premise that
plaintiff had fallen to the ground during the incident. Plaintiff described her accident as follows:
Q. So you're walking from the machine towards the aisle, and you said a rack fell.
Tell me what happened.
A. So I just did the price checker, so I was just literally walking to the aisle to go -
- I was going to buy the underwear so I could leave. And next thing I know, I'm
pulled back into the rack. It fell into my right arm. I twisted my left body to push
it back up with my left hand back into -- I guess that little -- what it was laying
next against. So the hook on it -- when I looked at it, it had a couple of hooks on it
-- maybe three or four hooks -- and it had gotten on my purse, and that's how it
fell -- it pulled -- it fell into my arm.
Q. So your purse was on your right shoulder?
A. Yes.
Q. And as you walked by the hook, you caught the purse on the protruding hook?
A. Correct.2
In describing the accident at the outset of his report, Dr. Millet stated:
This is a records review and report on Darla Lacara. She is a 42-year-old female
who was at Kohl’s department store in Covington, Louisiana, when she alleges
that she sustained a left hip injury on December 23, 2020. She stated that she was
walking through the store carrying her purse on her shoulder when the purse got
caught on a hook that was protruding from a display rack. She stated that it pulled
her backwards causing the rack to fall on her right side. She stated she twisted her
2 Rec. Doc. 24-2, Lacara Depo. 73:18-74:15.
4
body to the right and used her left hand to push the rack off her body.3
Thus, Dr. Millet's understanding of how the accident occurred is entirely consistent with
plaintiff's. While it is true that he stated in his deposition that in addition to the foregoing, he
assumed plaintiff fell, that does not render his opinion inadmissible. On the surface, it would
seem that his assumption that plaintiff suffered additional physical trauma that she did not suffer
would make him more likely to ascribe plaintiff's injuries to the Kohl's incident. However, when
informed that plaintiff did not fall, Dr. Millett stated it did not affect his causation opinion
because he did not base his medical opinion on the fall, but rather believed her injury was caused
by a chronic condition, i.e., repeated impingements resulting from her aspherical femoral head.4
Again, plaintiff's challenge goes to the basis for Dr. Millet's opinion, which "affect the weight to
be assigned that opinion rather than its admissibility and should be left for the jury's
consideration." See Primrose Operating Co., 382 F.3d at 562. Thus, the court will allow Dr.
Millet's testimony, and plaintiff's counsel may vigorously cross-examine him and present
contrary evidence. Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's Motion in Limine to exclude the testimony
3 Rec. Doc. 24-4, Millet Report, 3.
4 The court also notes that plaintiff's expert has testified that he rendered his opinion
without knowing how the incident occurred. Rec. Doc. 29-1, Dr. Rudd Depo., 65:10-13.
5
of Dr. Chad Millet, M.D. (Rec. Doc. 24) is DENIED.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 25th day of August, 2023.
Many ANN VIAL LEMMON
UNITEDSTATES DISTRICT JUDGE