The opinion
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
DWIGHT WHITE, CIVIL ACTION
Plaintiff
VERSUS NO. 19-9310
DYNAMIC INDUSTRIES, INC., SECTION: “E” (1)
Defendant
ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is a Motion in Limine, filed by Dwight White (“Plaintiff”) to
exclude “any and all evidence of the results of a drug and alcohol screen[,] which was
performed on May 10, 2018” by Lafayette General Hospital.1 Dynamic Industries, Inc.
(“Dynamic”) opposes.2 Plaintiff filed a reply in support.3 For the foregoing reasons, the
motion in limine is GRANTED.
BACKGROUND
This case stems from Plaintiff’s work as a rigger for Fluid Crane & Construction
aboard an offshore platform owned by Fieldwood Energy, located in block 281 of the
South Marsh Island area.4 On August 15, 2018, a helicopter owned by PHI and piloted by
Adam Ferris landed on the platform’s helideck.5 Downdraft from the helicopter caused
scaffolding installed by Dynamic Industries to dislodge and strike Plaintiff.6 Plaintiff sued
Dynamic Industries, Inc., PHI, GIR Solutions, LLC, and Fieldwood Energy, LLC, for
negligence, invoking federal jurisdiction under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act
(“OCSLA”).7
1 R. Doc. 121-1 at p. 1.
2 R. Doc. 123. Additional Defendants in this case, PHI, Inc., GIR Solutions, LLC, and Fieldwood Energy,
LLC, filed no opposition.
3 R. Doc. 126.
4 R. Doc. 58 at p. 2. Block 281 lies off the coast of central Louisiana, on the outer Continental Shelf. Id.
5 Id.
6 Id.
7 Id. (citing 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1)).
Industries negligently failed to secure and assemble the scaffolding that struck him.8
Plaintiff alleges PHI is directly liable for negligently training its helicopter pilot and
vicariously liable for the pilot’s careless operation of the helicopter.9 According to
Plaintiff, PHI’s pilot “approach[ed] too close” to the scaffolding, causing the scaffolding
to break free and fall on him.10 Fieldwood Energy (platform owner) and GIR Solutions
(Fieldwood’s contractor) allegedly failed to properly supervise and provide overall safety
for the operations on the platform.11
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Relevant to the instant motion, Plaintiff seeks damages for future lost wages and
impairment of future earning capacity.12 Plaintiff’s motion in limine seeks to exclude
evidence of a May 10, 2018 drug and alcohol screening that returned a positive result for
alcohol and cocaine use.13 Following an unrelated motor vehicle accident, Plaintiff
completed the screening at Lafayette General Hospital.14 Plaintiff argues this evidence is
irrelevant to the litigation and, in the alternative, that the unfair prejudice of admitting
the evidence outweighs its probative value.15 Dynamic opposes the motion, arguing the
evidence bears on Plaintiff’s credibility generally and is relevant to Plaintiff’s damages
claim for future lost wages and impairment of future earning capacity.16
As a general matter, courts have held a plaintiff’s past history of alcohol or drug
use may be relevant to a damages claim for future lost wages and impairment of future
8 Id.
9 Id.
10 Id.
11 R. Doc. 85 at p. 2; see also R. Doc. 71 at p. 2.
12 R. Doc. 1 at p. 3.
13 R. Doc. 121 at p. 1.
14 R. Doc. 121-1 at p. 1.
15 Id.
16 R. Doc. 123 at p. 1.
a deck hand aboard a vessel fell on the job when the vessel was involved in a collision.18
The deck hand sued the vessel owner, seeking damages for, among other things, future
lost wages.19 Before trial, the defendant filed a motion in limine to admit evidence of the
plaintiff’s drug and alcohol abuse as relevant to Plaintiff’s work life expectance and wage
earning capacity.20 Judge Vance, relying on decisions of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Eighth Circuit and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, found that the evidence
may be relevant to the plaintiff’s claims because it potentially bore on his future earning
capacity.21 Be that as it may, the court in McIntyre also recognized potentially “[r]elevant
evidence may be excluded, however, if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice” under Rule 403.22
Revak v. Interforest Terminal UMEA AB is instructive in terms of ascertaining the
specific probative value of the May 10, 2018 drug and alcohol screening—and balancing
probative value against unfair prejudice for Rule 403 purposes.23 In Revak, an injured
longshoreman filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence of his past alcohol
consumption even though the longshoreman’s “history of alcohol use [wa]s relevant to
[his claim for] future loss of earnings.”24 The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District
of Pennsylvania excluded the evidence under Rule 403 because the party who sought to
introduce the evidence into the record “offer[ed] no evidence that [the longshoreman’s]
17 See McIntyre v. Bud's Boat Rental, L.L.C., No. Civ. A. 02-1623, 2003 WL 22174236, at *4 (E.D. La.
9/9/2003) (Vance, J.); Butler v. French, 83 F.3d 942, 945 (8th Cir. 1996); Haney v. Mizell Memorial
Hospital, 744 F.2d 1467, 1475 (11th Cir. 1984).
18 McIntyre, 2003 WL 22174236, at *1.
19 Id.
20 Id.
21 Id. at *4. Ultimately, Judge Vance found the prejudicial effect outweighed the evidence’s minor probative
value and excluded the evidence. Id.
22 Id.
23 2009 WL 2929259 (E.D. Pa. 9/8/2009).
24 Id. at *1.
absence of such evidence, “any reference to alcohol consumption . . . create[d] a high risk
of prejudice to [the longshoreman] with minimal corresponding probative value.”26
Applying the reasoning of Revak to the case at bar, Dynamic has presented no
evidence demonstrating Plaintiff’s life expectancy or employability are, have been, or will
be in the future affected by his alleged drug or alcohol use as reflected in the May 10, 2018
drug and alcohol screening.27 While Dynamic states in opposition that its vocational
rehabilitation expert will testify at trial regarding the impact of alcohol dependence on
employability as a general matter, a review of the expert’s report reveals she did not
provide an opinion concerning alcohol dependence and its effect on employability.28 To
the extent Dynamic’s vocational rehabilitation expert now seeks to provide an opinion not
expressed in her expert report, she will not be allowed to do so at trial.29 As a result,
consistent with Revak, there is very little probative value in the May 10, 2018 drug and
alcohol screening.
Conversely, the unduly prejudicial effect of admitting the May 10, 2018 drug and
alcohol screening is clear given the context of this case. There is no evidence Plaintiff’s
use of drugs and alcohol on May 10, 2018, played a role in the accident that occurred on
August 15, 2018.30 No one argues Plaintiff’s drug and/or alcohol use played a role in the
accident. In fact, Plaintiff took a drug test the day after the August 15, 2018 accident,
25 Id. at *3.
26 Id.
27 In opposition, Dynamic concludes the drug and alcohol screening “certainly effects his employability.” R.
Doc. 123 at p. 3. The ipse dixit of defense counsel is not evidence. Moreover, while Dynamic points to other
evidence of alcohol use by Plaintiff, that evidence does not in and of itself connect alcohol use with Plaintiff’s
employability or life expectancy.
28 R. Doc. 123-6.
29 Opinions not included in a required report may not be offered. See, e.g., Davis v. Signal Int’l, LLC, 2015
WL 65278, at *3 (E.D. La. 1/5/2016) (Morgan, J.) (excluding an opinion “because it was not included in
[the expert’s] report” as required by Rule 26).
30 R. Doc. 121-1 at p. 1.
great potential to unfairly prejudice Plaintiff, all the while having very little probative
value. Applying Rule 403’s balancing standard, the Court exercises its discretion32 to
exclude evidence of the May 10, 2018 drug and alcohol screening completed by Lafayette
General Hospital.
Finally, to the extent Dynamic argues the May 10, 2018 drug and alcohol screening
bears on Plaintiff’s credibility generally because during his deposition Plaintiff denied
having used drugs before,33 this fact is not admissible at trial to show Plaintiff’s general
lack of credibility.34 Rule 608(b), also known as the specific contradiction rule, prohibits
a party from introducing extrinsic evidence of prior misconduct solely to impeach the
general credibility of a witness.35 As a result, the May 10, 2018 screening cannot be
admitted solely to impeach Plaintiff’s credibility as a general matter. Moreover, Rule 403
is an overarching objective of the federal evidentiary rules, meaning even if the 2018
screening was admissible under Rule 608(b), which it is not, the 2018 screening would be
inadmissible under Rule 403 for the reasons already stated.
31 R. Doc. 126 at p. 1.
32 See, e.g., Huffman v. Turner Industries, Group, LLC, 2013 WL 2285047, at *1 (E.D. La. 5/22/2013)
(Brown, J.).
33 Dynamic also asserts Plaintiff denied using alcohol in his deposition, though Plaintiff points to a portion
of the deposition transcript where Plaintiff admitted to alcohol use. R. Doc. 126 at p. 2. Moreover, from the
record before the Court, it is unclear whether Plaintiff was dishonest as to drug use during his deposition
on the basis of the question asked by defense counsel—“Had you used any cocaine that day?”—because
Plaintiff alleges he was unknowingly “slipped . . . some cocaine” at a party. Id. Be that as it may, courts must
leave to juries the difficult choice of whether to credit evidence. See Ballou v. Henri Studios, Inc., 656 F.2d
1147, 1154 (5th Cir. 1981) (“Rather than discounting the probative value of the [evidence] on the basis of its
perception of the degree to which the evidence was worthy of belief, the district court should have
determined the probative value of the [evidence] if true, and weighed the probative value against the danger
of unfair prejudice, leaving to the jury the difficult choice of whether to credit the evidence.”).
34 See, e.g., Savoia-Mchugh v. Glass, 2020 WL 12309562, at *3 (N.D. Fla. 11/30/2020).
35 FED. R. EVID. 608(b).
CONCLUSION
IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs Motion in Limine>* is GRANTED.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 13th day of December, 2022.
SUSIE og
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
36 R, Doe. 121.