Stevenson v. Avis Car Rental

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

EDDIE STEVENSON CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS NO. 21-2181

AVIS CAR RENTAL SECTION: “G”

ORDER AND REASONS

In this litigation, pro se Plaintiff Eddie Stevenson (“Stevenson”), an African American

male, alleges that he was the victim of racial discrimination in an automobile rental transaction.1

After the Court denied Defendant Avis Car Rental’s (“Avis”) first motion to dismiss and granted

Stevenson leave to amend,2 Stevenson filed an Amended Complaint.3 Now before the Court is

Avis’ “Second Motion to Dismiss.”4 Stevenson has not filed an opposition to the motion, and

therefore the instant motion is deemed to be unopposed. This Court has authority to grant a motion

as unopposed, although it is not required to do so.5 Having considered the motion, the

memorandum in support, the record, and the applicable law, the Court grants the motion.

1 See Rec. Doc. 3.

2 Rec. Doc. 25.

3 Rec. Doc. 26.

4 Rec. Doc. 27.

5 Edward H. Bohlin Co. v. Banning Co., 6 F.3d 350, 356 (5th Cir.1993).

I. Background

On January 5, 2022, Stevenson filed a Complaint in this Court.6 In the Complaint,

Stevenson asserted that the day before Thanksgiving in 2020 he visited an Avis Car Rental

location on Canal Street in New Orleans to rent a vehicle to drive to a family event.7 Stevenson

alleged that the rental desk informed him that he would need to provide two forms of

identification because the office was in a “high risk area.”8 Stevenson further alleged the attendant

suggested that the need for two forms of identification had something to do with the fact that he

had a California driver’s license but a Nevada mailing address.9 Therefore, Stevenson asserted

that he was the victim of racial discrimination.10 On this basis, Stevenson asserted claims under

42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983, as well as Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, to recover for

emotional distress.11 Stevenson requested “$5,000,000 plus punitive damages.”12

Avis filed a first motion to dismiss on March 29, 2022, claiming that the Complaint failed

to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.13 Stevenson filed an opposition on April 4,

2022.14 On May 10, 2022, with leave of Court, Avis filed a reply.15 On May 12, 2022, Stevenson

6 Rec. Doc. 3.

7 See Rec. Doc. 3 at 4.

8 Id. at 2.

9 See id.

10 Id. at 4.

11 Id.

12 Id. at 5.

13 Rec. Doc. 16.

14 Rec. Doc. 18.

15 Rec. Docs. 20, 22, 23.

filed a sur-reply.16 The Court denied the motion to dismiss without prejudice and granted

Stevenson leave to amend the Complaint.17 The Court held that “Stevenson ha[d] demonstrated

no grounds for legal recovery,” but, cognizant of the difficulties inherent in proceeding pro se,

permitted his amending the Complaint.18

In the Amended Complaint, Stevenson restates many of the same allegations raised in the

first Complaint. He states that Avis “violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 42

U.S.C. Section 1981 by denying rental to Stevenson based on his racial appearance.”19 He also

claims that Avis “intentionally inflicted emotional distress on plaintiff by racially profiling and

denying service to Mr. Stevenson when he met all criteria to rent the vehicle.”20 His stated “first

cause of action” is for “racial profiling and discrimination,” a claim which he suggests arises

under the two federal statutes mentioned above.21 His second cause of action, intentional

infliction of emotional distress, arises out of the alleged manner of the Avis employee, who

“appeared to take pleasure in denying service to Plaintiff” while also knowing “that Plaintiff was

far from home, did not have transportation, and that it was storming outside.”22 Stevenson’s third

cause of action is new to the Amended Complaint: he asserts a claim under the Louisiana Unfair

Trade Practices Act (“LUTPA”) because “[i]t is deceptive to have a policy and arbitrarily change

16 Rec. Doc. 24.

17 Rec. Doc. 25.

18 Rec. Doc. 25 at 12.

19 Rec. Doc. 26 at 3.

20 Id. (cleaned up).

21 Id. at 5-6.

22 Id. at 7.

the policy for made up reasons to mask discrimination and bias.”23 Stevenson did not bring a

Section 1983 claim in the Amended Complaint. Stevenson again seeks $5,000,000 in damages

alongside compensatory relief, punitive damages, pain and suffering, and attorney’s fees.24

II. Parties’ Arguments

A. Avis’ Arguments in Support of the Motion to Dismiss

Avis asserts that the Amended Complaint “does not remedy the deficiencies outlined in

the Court’s Order and Reasons.”25 First, Avis submits that “there are no facts to support any

allegation that Avis’ refusal to provide [Stevenson] with a rental car on grounds that he failed to

provide proper identification was a pretext for racial discrimination, and so Mr. Stevenson’s

§ 1981 claim must necessarily fail.”26 Next, Avis claims that Stevenson “makes no attempt to

address any of the deficiencies identified by the Court” with regard to his Title II claim.27 Avis

further asserts that “Mr. Stevenson has not plead facts sufficient to show that race played any

factor in Avis’ alleged decision to refuse to rent a vehicle to him, or that Avis’ alleged requirement

that Mr. Stevenson provide a second form of identification was intended or calculated to cause

severe emotional distress.”28 Finally, Avis submits that the claims made by Stevenson “do not

approach the immoral, unethical, oppressive or unscrupulous standard required to sustain a

violation of the LUTPA.”29

23 Id. at 8.

24 Id. at 9.

25 Rec. Doc. 27-1 at 2.

26 Id. at 7-8.

27 Id. at 8.

28 Id. at 9.

29 Id. at 10 (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. No Opposition Filed

The motion was set for submission on August 10, 2022. Local Rule 7.5 of the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana requires that a memorandum in

opposition to a motion be filed no later than eight days before the noticed submission date, which

deadline in this instance was August 2, 2022. Stevenson filed no opposition to this motion.

III. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides that an action may be dismissed “for

failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”30 A motion to dismiss for failure to

state a claim is “viewed with disfavor and is rarely granted.”31 “To survive a motion to dismiss,

a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that

is plausible on its face.’”32 “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.”33 A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff has pleaded facts that allow

the court to “draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”34

On a motion to dismiss, asserted claims are liberally construed in favor of the claimant,

and all facts pleaded are taken as true.35 However, although required to accept all “well-pleaded

facts” as true, a court is not required to accept legal conclusions as true.36 “While legal

30 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

31 Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Sales, Inc. v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 677 F.2d 1045, 1050 (5th Cir. 1982).

32 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2008)).

33 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556.

34 Id. at 570.

35 Leatherman v. Tarrant Cnty. Narcotics Intel. & Coordination Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 164 (1993); see also

Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322–23 (2007).

36 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677–78.

conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual

allegations.”37 Similarly, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by

mere conclusory statements” will not suffice.38 The complaint need not contain detailed factual

allegations, but it must offer more than mere labels, legal conclusions, or formulaic recitations of

the elements of a cause of action.39 That is, the complaint must offer more than an “unadorned,

the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”40 From the face of the complaint, there must

be enough factual matter to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence as

to each element of the asserted claims.41 If factual allegations are insufficient to raise a right to

relief above the speculative level, or if it is apparent from the face of the complaint that there is

an “insuperable” bar to relief, the claim must be dismissed.42

IV. Analysis

Avis argues that Stevenson fails to state a claim for relief under § 1981 or § 2000a of Title

II of the Civil Rights Act. Avis argues that Stevenson also fails to state a claim for intentional

infliction of emotional distress or for a violation of the LUTPA. The Court considers each claim

in turn.

A. Section 1981 Claim

“To establish a claim under § 1981, a plaintiff must allege facts in support of the following

37 Id. at 679.

38 Id. at 678.

39 Id.

40 Id.

41 Lormand v. U.S. Unwired, Inc., 565 F.3d 228, 257 (5th Cir. 2009).

42 Carbe v. Lappin, 492 F.3d 325, 328 n.9 (5th Cir. 2007); Moore v. Metro. Hum. Serv. Dep’t, No. 09-6470,

2010 WL 1462224, at * 2 (E.D. La. Apr. 8, 2010) (Vance, J.) (citing Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)).

elements: (1) the plaintiff is a member of a racial minority; (2) an intent to discriminate on the

basis of race by the defendant; and (3) the discrimination concerns one or more of the activities

enumerated in the statute.”43 Stevenson has alleged that he is African American, and the alleged

discrimination regarded the making of a contract, which is enumerated in the statute.44 However,

Stevenson has not shown by any more than conjecture an intent to discriminate on the basis of

race.

“Although ‘naked allegation[s]’ of discriminatory intent are too conclusory to survive a

motion to dismiss, . . . discriminatory motive may be—and commonly is—demonstrated by

circumstantial evidence.”45 One such kind of circumstantial evidence is an “allegation that

similarly situated non-minorities received better treatment.”46 Stevenson attempts to allege such

discrimination in the Amended Complaint by noting that “Defendant did not ask any of the other

customers who were white for two forms of identification.”47 Stevenson does not allege, however,

that these white customers were “similarly situated” as he does not allege that they had out-of-

state licenses. Nor does Stevenson allege that, had he provided a second form of identification,

he would still have been denied a rental on the basis of his race. Simply put, Stevenson has failed

to remedy the deficiencies the Court previously identified in this claim. Therefore, Stevenson’s

§ 1981 claim must be dismissed.

43 Green v. State Bar, 27 F.3d 1083, 1086 (5th Cir. 1994).

44 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a).

45 Body by Cook, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 869 F.3d 381, 386 (5th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted).

46 Id.

47 Rec. Doc. 26 at 5.

B. Section 2000a Claim

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000a, states in relevant part that

“[a]ll persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities,

privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined

in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or

national origin.”48 Avis is not, however, a place of “public accommodation” as defined in § 2000a.

Those places include:

(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient

guests, … (2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other

facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, … (3) any

motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of

exhibition or entertainment, and (4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located

within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii)

within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and

(B) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.49

This list is to be construed strictly.50 Avis does not qualify as a place of public accommodation

under this statute, and so Stevenson has no cause of action under this statute. Stevenson makes

no attempt to address this or the other concerns identified by the Court in its prior Order and

Reasons. This claim too must be dismissed.

C. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim

Under Louisiana law, a plaintiff must prove the following three elements in order to

recover for intentional infliction of emotional distress: “(1) that the conduct of the defendant was

extreme and outrageous; (2) that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was severe; and

48 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(a).

49 Id. at § 2000a(b).

50 See Denny v. Elizabeth Arden Salons, Inc., 456 F.3d 427, 431 (4th Cir. 2006) (explaining that § 2000a(b)

“sets forth a comprehensive list of establishments that qualify as a ‘place of public accommodation,’ . . . and in so

doing excludes from its coverage those categories of establishments not listed.”).

(3) that the defendant desired to inflict severe emotional distress or knew that severe emotional

distress would be certain or substantially certain to result from his conduct.”51 “The conduct must

be so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of

decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.”52

While racial discrimination is indeed “atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized

community,”53 Stevenson has not demonstrated that racial discrimination informed the Avis

employees’ decision-making process. He has alleged that he was severely emotionally distressed,

and he has alleged that “Defendant knowingly humiliated and embarrassed Plaintiff,” that the

defendant “knew that Plaintiff was far from home, did not have transportation, and that it was

storming outside.”54 However, Stevenson has not alleged that Avis “desired to inflict severe

emotional distress or knew that severe emotional distress would be certain or substantially certain to

result from [its] conduct.”55 The threshold for recovery for intentional infliction of emotional

distress under Louisiana law is a high one.56 Stevenson has not plead facts to meet that high

threshold.

D. Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Claim

The LUTPA prohibits “[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce.”57 “In general, acts which comprise unfair

51 White v. Monsanto Co., 585 So. 2d 1205, 1209 (La. 1991).

52 Id.

53 Id.

54 Rec. Doc. 26 at 7.

55 White, 585 So. 2d at 1209.

56 See Nicholas v. Allstate Ins. Co., 1999-2522, p. 1 (La. 8/31/00); 765 So. 2d 1017, 1019.

57 La. Rev. Stat. § 51:1405(A).

trade practices involve fraud, deception, misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, or other

unethical conduct. To succeed on a LUTPA claim, the plaintiff must show that the alleged conduct

offends established public policy and is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or

substantially injurious. The span of prohibited practices under LUTPA is extremely narrow.”58

“The real thrust of the LUTPA … is to deter injury to competition.”59

None of Stevenson’s allegations fit within the “extremely narrow” window of prohibited

practices under LUTPA. At most, he has plausibly alleged that Avis requires two forms of

identification from out of state residents at one location. He has alleged no element of injury to

competition, no unethical conduct, and no evidence of fraud. These allegations do not

demonstrate a policy which falls afoul of LUTPA, and Stevenson has failed to demonstrate any

other prohibited practice. As such, this claim too must be dismissed.

V. Conclusion

The Amended Complaint does not address the deficiencies identified in the Order and

Reasons addressing Avis’ first motion to dismiss. While the Court remains sympathetic to Mr.

Stevenson’s pains, he has again failed to demonstrate a legal remedy for his pains. Accordingly,

58 Walker v. Hixson Autoplex of Monroe, L.L.C., 51,758 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/29/17); 245 So. 3d 1088, 1095

(citations omitted).

59 Omnitech Int'l, Inc. v. Clorox Co., 11 F.3d 1316, 1331 (5th Cir. 1994).

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant Avis Car Rental’s Motion to Dismiss™ is

GRANTED and this action is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, this 19th day of August, 20272.

NANNETTE JOLI yet BROWN

CHIEF JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

60 Rec. Doc. 27.

11