The opinion
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
REGINALD ROBERT CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS CASE NO. 18-11632
JAMIE MAURICE, KNIGHT SECTION: “G”
TRANSPORTATION, INC., AND
ABC INSURANCE COMPANY
ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is Defendants Jamie Maurice (“Maurice”) and Knight Transportation,
Inc.’s (“Knight Transportation”) (collectively, “Defendants”) “Motion to Unseal Pleading.”1 In
the instant motion, Defendants urge the Court to unseal the “Ex Parte Motion to Seal Evidence in
this Matter”2 and the exhibits attached thereto filed by Plaintiff Reginald Robert (“Plaintiff”).3
Plaintiff opposes the motion.4 Considering the motion, the memoranda in support and in
opposition, the record, and the applicable law, the Court grants the motion.
I. Background
On November 27, 2018, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendants in this Court,
seeking recovery for injuries and property damage Plaintiff allegedly sustained in a motor vehicle
collision.5 According to the Complaint, on August 9, 2017, Plaintiff was allegedly operating a
vehicle on US 90 while an 18-wheeler driven by Maurice was attempting to merge onto US 90
1 Rec. Doc. 142.
2 Rec. Doc. 94.
3 Rec. Doc. 142 at 1.
4 Rec. Doc. 146.
5 Rec. Doc. 1.
abruptly merged into the third lane of US 90 where Plaintiff was traveling, causing a collision
between the two vehicles.7 Plaintiff alleges that Maurice was driving a vehicle owned by Knight
Transportation and that Maurice was within the course and scope of his employment with Knight
Transportation when he collided with Plaintiff’s vehicle.8 Accordingly, Plaintiff brings a
negligence claim against Maurice and against Knight Transportation under the doctrine of
respondeat superior.9
On January 11, 2019, Knight Transportation filed an answer to the Complaint.10 On March
1, 2019, Maurice filed an answer to the Complaint.11 On September 9, 2019, with leave of Court,
Defendants filed an amended answer to the Complaint.12 In the amended answer, Defendants assert
that “[a]ll alleged damages and/or injuries made the subject of this litigation were proximately
caused solely and entirely by the intentional acts of and/or negligence of Plaintiff, Reginal
Robert.”13
On April 18, 2019, a Scheduling Order was issued along with a Pre-Trial Notice.14 The
Pre-Trial Notice provides in part that “only exhibits included on the exhibit list and/or for which
6 Id. at 3.
7 Id.
8 Id.
9 Id. at 5.
10 Rec. Doc. 7.
11 Rec. Doc. 9.
12 Rec. Doc. 23.
13 Id.
14 Rec. Doc. 12.
considers he has good cause not to disclose exhibits to be used solely for the purpose of
impeachment, he may ex parte request a conference with the Court and make his position known
to the Court in camera.”16
On March 25, 2020, Plaintiff filed an “Ex Parte Motion to Seal Evidence in this Matter”
(the “Motion to Seal”).17 In the Motion to Seal, Plaintiff presented certain evidence to the Court
for in camera inspection because Plaintiff believed that the evidence would be used solely for the
purpose of impeachment and did not need to be disclosed to Defendants before trial.18
Thereafter, the trial in this matter, originally scheduled for April 6, 2020, was continued
due to the COVID-19 pandemic.19 On April 16, 2020, the Court set April 26, 2021, as the new
trial date.20 On December 11, 2020, Defendants filed the instant motion urging this Court to unseal
Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal and the accompanying exhibits.21 On December 22, 2020, Plaintiff filed
an opposition to the instant motion.22 On December 30, 2020, with leave of Court, Defendants
filed a reply to Plaintiff’s opposition.23
15 Rec. Doc. 12-1 at 5.
16 Id.
17 Rec. Doc. 94.
18 Rec. Doc. 94-2.
19 Rec. Doc. 95. Due to the continuance of the trial date, the Court has not ruled on Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal.
20 Rec. Doc. 101.
21 Rec. Doc. 142.
22 Rec. Doc. 146.
23 Rec. Doc. 149.
A. Defendants’ Arguments in Support of the Motion
Defendants raise two main arguments in support of their motion to unseal Plaintiff’s
Motion to Seal. First, Defendants contend that Plaintiff “cannot satisfy his burden of proof” to seal
the motion and its exhibits because the evidence Plaintiff seeks to seal is substantive and will not
be used solely for the purpose of impeachment.24 Defendants note that in prior pleadings, Plaintiff
“has admitted the information [in the Motion to Seal] contains substantive evidence Plaintiff
apparently believes rebuts one of Defendants’ affirmative defenses,” namely that Plaintiff staged
the alleged accident at issue.25 Defendants argue that they “are entitled to learn of this evidence to
place it in the proper context” and therefore, the evidence should not be filed under seal.26
Defendants contend that Plaintiff bears the burden of proving that this Court should seal the
evidence at issue but that “Plaintiff has not attempted to do so.”27
Alternatively, Defendants allege that Plaintiff failed to “follow proper procedure for
sealing documents” when Plaintiff filed the Motion to Seal.28 Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed
to abide by the requirements set out in Local Rule 5.6 for filing a document under seal, thereby
“depriving Defendants of the opportunity to test whether the information requested should be
sealed.”29 Defendants urge this Court to unseal this information but assert that “at a minimum,
Plaintiff must follow the proper procedure for requesting the Court seal documents in the first
24 Rec. Doc. 142-1 at 5.
25 Id. at 3.
26 Id.
27 Id.
28 Id. at 5.
29 Id.
B. Plaintiff’s Arguments in Opposition to the Motion
Plaintiff argues that the evidence at issue should be sealed because Plaintiff plans to use it
as impeachment evidence.31 Plaintiff contends that, under the terms of the Scheduling Order and
Pre-Trial Notice, evidence that either party plans to use solely for impeachment can be presented
to the Court for in camera inspection.32 Plaintiff asserts that the relevant evidence is “pure
impeachment evidence”33 that “will be offered to refute and discredit any witness who attempts to
verify Defendant’s ‘story’ and Affirmative Defense” that Plaintiff was involved in staging the
accident.34
Plaintiff further argues that the instant motion is untimely.35 Plaintiff contends that
“Defendants were well aware of the filing” of the Motion to Seal on March 26, 2020, and knew
that the Court did not extend discovery deadlines when it continued the trial due to the COVID-19
pandemic.36 Accordingly, Plaintiff argues, Defendants should have filed a motion for leave to file
the instant motion or to modify the Scheduling Order.37 Plaintiffs contend that Defendants, by
filing the instant motion, “failed to abide by the Courts rules.”38
30 Id.
31 Rec. Doc. 146 at 3.
32 Id. at 3–4.
33 Id. at 6.
34 Id. at 4.
35 Id. at 6.
36 Id.
37 Id.
38 Id.
In reply, Defendants argue that the evidence must be disclosed because Plaintiff, in the
opposition brief, “admits the alleged impeachment evidence is actually substantive.”39 Defendants
contend that “[e]vidence addressing the truth of a matter to be determined by the trier of fact, such
as an affirmative defense, is literally the definition of substantive evidence.”40 Defendants argue
that Plaintiff admits in the opposition brief that “he filed substantive evidence under seal under the
improper label of impeachment evidence.”41 Therefore, Defendants assert that they “are clearly
entitled to confront substantive evidence addressing the truth or not of their affirmative defense.”42
Further, Defendants argue that they plan to file a motion in limine seeking to exclude the evidence
at issue because Plaintiff “admittedly did not produce it timely.”43
III. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(1) requires each party to provide initial disclosures
to the other parties “without awaiting a discovery request.” This requirement includes the
disclosure of all documents “that the disclosing party has in its possession, custody, or control and
may use to support its claims or defenses.” Thus, all substantive evidence must be disclosed to the
opposing party. However, Rule 26(a)(1) includes an exception providing that evidence need not
be disclosed “if the use would be solely for impeachment.”
In distinguishing between the two types of evidence, the Fifth Circuit has defined
39 Rec. Doc. 149 at 1.
40 Id.
41 Id.
42 Id. at 2.
43 Id.
by the trier of fact.”44 Impeachment evidence, by contrast, is evidence “offered to discredit a
witness . . . to reduce the effectiveness of [her] testimony by bringing forth evidence which
explains why the jury should not put faith in [her] and [her] testimony.”45
The Fifth Circuit “has made clear that some evidence serves both substantive and
impeachment functions and thus should not be treated as ‘solely’ impeachment evidence” that is
exempt from disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1).46 “Rule 26(a)(1)’s automatic disclosure requirement
was adopted to end two evils that had threatened civil litigation: expensive and time-consuming
pretrial discovery techniques and trial-by-ambush.”47 With this history in mind, the Fifth Circuit
has cautioned that a “too expansive reading of the impeachment exception would cause a
resurgence of these evils.”48
IV. Analysis
Defendants raise two main arguments in favor of unsealing Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal. First,
Defendants contend that Plaintiff “cannot satisfy his burden of proof” to seal the motion and its
exhibits because the evidence at issue is substantive.49 Alternatively, Defendants allege that
Plaintiff failed to “follow proper procedure for sealing documents” when Plaintiff filed the Motion
to Seal.50
44 Id.
45 Id.
46 Id.
47 Id. (quoting Standley v. Edmonds-Leach, 783 F.3d 1276, 1283 (D.C. Cir. 2015)).
48 Id. (quoting Standley, 783 F.3d at 1283–84).
49 Rec. Doc. 142-1 at 5.
50 Id. at 5.
instant action was continued from April 6, 2020 to April 26, 2021. Because the trial was continued,
the Court has not yet ruled on Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal. In the Motion to Seal, Plaintiff presented
certain evidence to the Court for in camera inspection because Plaintiff believed that the evidence
would be used solely for the purpose of impeachment and did not need to be disclosed to
Defendants before trial.51 Accordingly, the Court must determine whether the evidence will be
offered solely for impeachment purposes or whether it is substantive evidence that should be
disclosed to Defendants prior to trial.
One of the defenses in this matter is that “[a]ll alleged damages and/or injuries made the
subject of this litigation were proximately caused solely and entirely by the intentional acts of
and/or negligence of Plaintiff, Reginal Robert.”52 As part of this defense, Defendants have stated
that they plan to present evidence to show that Plaintiff called Cornelius Garrison––an individual
who was previously accused of staging motor-vehicle accidents––several days before the accident
at issue in this litigation.53
Plaintiff attached T-Mobile records related to the alleged phone calls between Plaintiff and
Mr. Garrison to the Motion to Seal.54 Plaintiff indicates that he plans to use this evidence to prove
that the calls went to voicemail and Plaintiff never spoke to Mr. Garrison, which Plaintiff asserts
would disprove Defendants’ theory that Plaintiff staged the accident at issue in the instant case.55
51 Rec. Doc. 94-2.
52 Rec. Doc. 23 at 5.
53 Rec. Doc. 62 at 5.
54 Rec. Doc. 94-4; Rec. Doc. 94-5.
55 See Rec. Doc. 94-2.
This mtended use is clearly substantive and will not be offered solely for the purpose of
impeachment. By definition, substantive evidence is evidence “offered to establish the truth of a
matter to be determined by the trier of fact,” whereas impeachment evidence 1s used to discredit a
witness. °° Plaintiff seeks to present the phone records to prove that Plaintiff did not speak to Mr.
Garrison and therefore did not stage the accident. The issue of whether Plaintiff staged or otherwise
caused the accident is an issue of fact that must be resolved by the jury. Accordingly, because the
evidence attached to the Motion to Seal is not purely impeachment evidence it must be disclosed
to Defendants before trial.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants Jamie Maurice and Knight Transportation,
Inc.’s “Motion to Unseal Pleading”>’ is GRANTED. The evidence attached to Plaintiff's Motion
to Seal°8 will not be offered solely for the purpose of impeachment and should be disclosed to
Defendants before trial.
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, this 28th gay of January, 2021.
NANNETTE JOLIVETTE BROWN
CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
°° Olivarez, □□□ F.3d at204.
*7 Rec. Doc. 142.
*® Rec. Doc. 94.